果树涌泉灌溉方式的技术应用

涌泉灌又称小管出流.涌泉灌溉技术是针对滴灌系统使用过程中灌水器容易堵塞,以及农业生产管理水平不高而设计的一种微灌技术.它具有节水、节能、灌水均匀、水肥同步、适应性强、管理方便等优点.经过试用,涌泉灌溉果树一般较传统的地面灌节水50%～70%,增产6%～10%,灌水均匀度在90%以上.该文介绍了涌泉灌溉技术及田间设计要点.     

果树涌泉灌溉方式的技术应用

涌泉灌又称小管出流。涌泉灌溉技术是针对滴灌系统使用过程中灌水器容易堵塞，以及农业生产管理水平不高而设计的一种微灌技术。它具有节水、节能、灌水均匀、水肥同步、适应性强、管理方便等优点。经过试用，涌泉灌溉果树一般较传统的地面灌节水50%～70%，增产6%～10%，灌水均匀度在90%以上。该文介绍了涌泉灌溉技术及田间设计要点。     

涌泉根灌节水灌溉技术特点、应用及展望

涌泉根灌是一种可以直接将水肥输送到作物根区进行局部灌溉的地下微灌技术,由于克服了其他微灌技术灌水器易堵塞、毛管易老化、对果林树灌水效率低等缺点,是一种节水、省工且水肥利用效率高的灌溉技术,在中国果树节水灌溉领域具有广阔的发展前景。该研究从涌泉根灌技术在节水灌溉技术应用中的特色出发,介绍了涌泉灌溉技术结构特点、工作原理、灌溉方式、布置形式、水力性能以及投入成本与运行管理等方面的特点,分析了涌泉根灌与传统微灌相比表现出的优势,探讨了该技术在田间水分利用、土壤水氮运移以及对作物生长发育和产量影响等方面的应用效果和研究进展,在总结对比前期研究取得进展基础上,提出了涌泉根灌技术存在田间试验单一、研究周期不连续、施肥条件下相关研究不足以及灌水器性能需改善等方面的问题,同时针对涌泉根灌技术存在的问题,明确了涌泉根灌灌水技术在灌水器性能改进、典型果树灌溉制度优化、土壤水氮运移与利用以及信息化与自动化管理等方面需进一步研究的方向,对于进一步完善涌泉根灌节水灌溉技术利用具有一定借鉴意义。     

不同沟灌方式下玉米根区矿物氮迁移动态研究

为探索交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根区矿物氮分布规律, 通过遮雨棚内微区试验, 研究了常规沟灌、交替隔沟灌和固定隔沟灌3 种沟灌方式对玉米根区硝态氮、铵态氮迁移的影响。结果表明: 交替隔沟灌溉根区硝态氮等值线和常规沟灌相似, 沟内硝态氮含量基本沿垄的中心对称分布。固定隔沟灌溉的湿润沟内硝态氮含量小于干燥沟, 施氮后非灌水沟硝态氮保持较高水平。收获时交替隔沟灌溉的根区硝态氮残留量比常规灌溉略高。与硝态氮分布相比, 铵态氮在根区土壤中的含量很小, 3 种沟灌方式在沟和垄中的铵态氮含量没有明显差异。     

地膜小麦膜缝灌节水增产试验研究

根据膜缝灌水试验资料，从膜缝灌的水流推进速度，节水节能效果及灌水均匀度等方面，分析了膜缝灌的优点，并从增产的角度分析了膜缝灌溉的经济效益，为地膜小麦在灌区推广及进行灌溉提供了理论依据。     

半干旱地区沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯最优沟垄比的确定

采用沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯,垄作为集水区,沟作为种植区,采用三种沟垄比和两种下垫面材料。在2001～2002年的试验中,膜垄种植马铃薯平均水分利用效率分别是对照的2.8倍(2001)和2.4倍(2002),土垄种植马铃薯水分利用效率和对照相差不大;由于降雨量和降雨高峰期出现时段的不同,虽然使2001～2002年度沟垄微型集雨种植马铃薯产量有所差异,但在两年试验中,马铃薯增产趋势基本一致,膜垄种植马铃薯产量分别比对照平均提高231%(2001)和153%(2002),土垄种植马铃薯产量分别比对照平均提高58%(2001)和23%(2002)。通过直线回归分析,在半干旱地区膜垄种植马铃薯最佳沟垄比为60 cm∶40 cm,当沟垄比为60 cm∶40 cm马铃薯产量的期望值可以达到最大,该技术是适合于半干旱地区的能较好提高降水利用率和产量的一种种植方式。     

垄膜沟种不同沟垄比对春玉米水分利用和产量的影响

为进一步提高半干旱区春玉米水分利用效率和产量,设计3种垄膜沟种不同沟垄比带型,分别为60cm∶60cm,60cm∶45cm和60cm∶30cm,以传统种植为对照,研究不同处理对土壤水分和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在2008—2009年的两年试验中,垄膜沟种不同带型处理的平均土壤贮水量在玉米整个观测期基本上比对照不同程度有所增加。由于两年间降雨量不同且降雨分布不均,使2008—2009年度沟垄集雨种植玉米产量差异很大。但不同带型增产趋势基本一致,两年间不同带型垄膜沟种的产量比对照分别增加9.85%~14.52%和24.88%~27.20%,水分利用效率分别比对照增加12.57%~14.75%和7.42%~18.03%。通过回归分析得出在辽西半干旱地区玉米垄膜沟种比较适宜的沟垄比为60cm∶40.5cm,此条件下可使玉米理论产量达到最高。垄膜沟种技术是适合于半干旱地区能较好提高水分利用效率和产量的一种种植方式。     

横坡垄作下雨型对褐土坡面细沟侵蚀过程的影响

雨型对细沟侵蚀过程起关键作用,而横垄坡面具有独特的细沟侵蚀特征。为定量研究雨型对横垄坡面细沟侵蚀过程的影响,以褐土横垄坡面为研究对象,设计了降雨动能、降雨量和平均雨强相同的4种雨型,采用可同时调节垄向和坡面坡度的土槽进行模拟降雨,分析了各雨型下细沟发育形态、产流产沙特征和细沟水流的水动力特性等。结果表明:雨型间细沟沟头溯源、沟壁崩塌和沟底下切侵蚀速率的不同导致细沟形态具有明显差异,增加-减弱型、减弱-增加型和减弱型的沟宽和沟深较增加型分别增加158.8%和38.9%,115.7%和-27.8%,21.6%和-33.3%,相应宽深比的增加率分别为14.9%,60.4%,82.6%。雨型间的细沟径流量和侵蚀量均差异显著,径流量为增加-减弱型>减弱-增加型>减弱型>增加型,而侵蚀量为增加-减弱型>减弱型>减弱-增加型>增加型。4种雨型下产沙率与径流率之间均符合幂函数关系,但增加-减弱型、减弱型和减弱-增加型方程中的指数较增加型(0.54)分别增加2.52,2.46,1.46倍。雨型间差异最大的水力学参数为雷诺数,侵蚀动力参数则为水流功率;增加-减弱型、减弱-增加型和减弱型的雷诺数和水流功率较增加型分别显著增加107.0%和106.8%,42.2%和41.9%,16.6%和16.7%。研究结果有助于深入理解横坡垄作对坡面细沟侵蚀过程的作用机制,并为横坡垄作措施的合理利用提供依据。     

“痕量”无法灌溉——对“痕量灌溉”的思考

该文从为什么要灌溉、灌溉水的来源、作物的需水(耗水)规律、土壤在灌溉中的作用、灌溉系统的任务这五个问题出发,谈及对"痕量灌溉"的思考。笔者认为痕量灌水器无法满足大田作物高峰需水期的需水要求,在大田作物需水高峰期痕量灌溉系统无法将水输送到植物根区,而在大田作物非需水量高峰期又有可能供水过量。哈密痕量灌溉试验本质上是小流量地下滴灌。哈密痕量灌溉试验的初步结论可以看出:痕量灌溉灌水器流量太小不能满足枣树需求且不具备自适应能力;水分利用率的算法及试验设计不科学。理论和实践都证明:痕量灌溉的"超低流量供水"实现不了"与植物自然需水规律相匹配"。对痕量灌溉不能实现"自适应灌溉"原因进行了分析。     

日光温室番茄灌水量与根层硝态氮淋溶特征及渗漏关系研究

针对蔬菜灌溉水肥渗漏问题,采用田间试验和室内分析相结合,研究了番茄膜下沟灌灌水量与土壤硝态氮的根层外渗漏关系,分析了灌水量与不同根层土壤硝态氮的淋溶和保蓄特征,结果表明:灌溉不施肥条件下灌水量与土壤硝态氮淋溶量和淋溶率、灌溉施肥条件下灌水量与土壤施入硝态氮的保蓄率和渗漏率均呈直线关系;灌溉均会引起浅根层(0—20 cm)硝态氮淋溶,灌溉施肥条件下7.5～15 mm灌水量范围硝态氮积累有一个峰值,而22.5～45 mm范围则有两个峰值;灌水量在7.5～15mm之间,灌溉不施肥条件下根层土壤硝态氮淋溶率为0,灌溉施肥条件下土壤硝态氮渗漏率为0～5.19%;灌水量在22.5～45 mm之间,灌溉不施肥土壤硝态氮淋溶率为5.38%～19.08%,灌溉施肥条件下根层土壤硝态氮渗漏率为21.91%～61.96%。日光温室番茄膜下沟灌能减少肥料淋溶与渗漏的节水灌水量为15 mm。     

Monographs on underutilized and neglected crops

An initiative is presented which is intended to promote the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. The aim of this project is to identify key information sources and to systematically compile, analyze and disseminate information on a selected set of neglected crop species/gene pools with a view to facilitate the development of a well-targeted global plan of action to improve their conservation and use. The resulting information base will support continued research on these neglected crops. So far, 24 monographs have been published.     

Accumulation of lead and arsenic in Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) leaves grown on urban and orchard soils

Ethnic vegetable crops are increasingly being grown in the United States and may accumulate heavy metals when grown on urban soils. This study evaluated accumulation of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) in tissues of Malabar spinach (Basella alba L.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) grown on an urban and an orchard soil with Pb concentrations of 1,120 and 272 mg kg^?1, respectively, and As concentrations of 6.92 and 90 mg kg^?1, respectively. Tissue Pb was higher in both crops grown on both contaminated soils compared with an uncontaminated soil, while tissue As was higher on the orchard soil only. Malabar spinach did not accumulate Pb or As in its shoot, but concentrations of both metals were higher in sweet potato stems compared to leaves or tubers. Consumption of sweet potato stems should be avoided when sweet potato leaves are grown as a vegetable on soils with elevated levels of Pb and As.     

The ‘Bavarian Turnip’ — a rediscovered local vegetable variety of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica rapa</Emphasis> L. em. Metzg. var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">rapa</Emphasis>

The Bavarian Turnip (Bayerische Rübe, Brassica rapa L. em. Metzg. var. rapa) is a nearly lost crop today. Until 1900, this local variety was commonly grown in Bavaria for human consumption. The special and very distinct characters of this variety in comparison with recent breeds are preferred by the farmers families and assured the persistence and survival of this turnip in situ (on farm). In the region of Dachau and Freising, located north of Munich, only four farms are known, where this old crop is still grown and maintained. Urgent measures have to be taken to safe this cultural relict for future generations.     

Comparison of two spring seeding methods to establish forage cover crops in relay with winter cereals

The establishment of cover crops, in relay, to minimise soil erosion, improve soil physical condition and provide a main-season crop in rotation with potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a recommended agronomic practice in Atlantic Canada. This is usually achieved by seeding winter rye (Secale cereale L.) or winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) immediately after potato harvest for ground cover followed, the next spring, by inter-seeding an annual or biennial forage crop by drilling. Spring drill seeding can, however, be delayed or prevented by wet ground conditions, thus, making broadcast seeding a considered alternative. This study examined, therefore, the comparative merits of spring broadcast seeding and drill seeding of two adapted forages, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), into a standing crop of fall-seeded winter rye or winter wheat. Crop performance was evaluated, using meter-square quadrats, as ground coverage and grain yield (of cereals). Soil compaction, evaluated as shear strength in the 0–15 cm layer (avoiding wheel tracks) of a fine sandy loam (Orthic Podzol), was greater after drill seeding than after broadcast seeding by a factor of 7.2% and was attributed to the greater ground-contact mass of the drill seeder. The forage crops provided 5.5% more ground coverage with drill seeding than with broadcast seeding. However, seeding method had no effect on the cereal host crops' ground coverage or grain yield. Ryegrass coverage was 123% of red clover coverage and winter rye coverage was 176% of winter wheat coverage. Forage coverage, in this study, suffered no setback because of the greater soil compaction associated with drill seeding. However, soils are subject to greater compaction under wetter conditions, thus, broadcast seeding is expected to be a better option, the wetter the spring.     

The zinc status of some Nova Scotia soils and crops

Abstract

Ranges for total, 0.1N HCl and EDTA‐(NH₄)₂CO₃ extractable Zn in 69 samples of surface soil (0–15 cm), representing nine soil series, were 14–108, 0.9–10.5 and 0.5–8.0 ppm respectively. Total Zn in barley (Hordeum vulgare), carrot (Daucus carata sativa), corn (Zea mays L), grape (Vitis spp.), onion (Allium cepa), pea (Pisum sativum, strawberry (Fragaria spp.), and wheat (Triticum spp.) leaves and in barley and wheat grain ranged from 13.5 to 80.6 ppm.

The results suggest that, with the possible exception of corn leaf samples from one location, Zn levels in plant tissue were adequate. However, the results also indicate that liming strongly acid sandy soils reduces Zn availability and may induce a deficiency in Zn sensitive crops.     

Uptake of Microelements by Crops Grown on Heavy Metal–Amended Soil

Abstract

A small‐plot field experiment on microelement pollution (Aluminum (Al), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn)) was initiated in 1994 at Tass‐puszta Model Farm of Gyöngyös College, Hungary. The experimental plants were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori et Pool.) in 1995, maize (Zea mays L.) in 1996, and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in 1997. Plant samples were taken each year during the vegetation period at phenophases characterized by intensive nutrient uptake. The Al content of crops was not influenced by Al load of the soil. Arsenic accumulation was not considerable in the grain with the highest As load. Cadmium accumulation was significant both in vegetative and reproductive parts of crops with increasing Cd loads of the soil. The Cd content was about 10–40 times higher in treated sunflower seeds than in the control; as a result the seeds were not suitable for consumption. Cadmium can accumulate in the reproductive tissue, so it is a real risk in the food chain. In the first year, Cr(VI) had a toxic effect on wheat, but it was not mobile in the soil–plant system. Vegetative parts of winter wheat accumulated significant amounts of Hg, but maize and sunflower seeds did not accumulate Hg. Lead, Cu, and Zn showed only moderate enrichment in crops following increasing loads in the soil.     

Agronomy and Physiology of Tropical Cover Crops

Cover crops are important components of a sustainable crop production system. They can be planted with plantation crops such as cacao, coffee, banana, rubber, and oil palm or in rotation with cash crops. Their use in a cropping system is mainly beneficial for soil and water conservation, recycling of nutrients, control of pests and improved microbiological activities. However, beneficial effects depend on the selection of appropriate cover crops and their management. Hence, understanding their agronomy and physiology is fundamental for their use in sustainable cropping systems. Growth and development of a crop (physiological aspects) is determined genetically as well as influenced by environmental variables. This information can be useful in improving production of these crops and, consequently, their incorporation in farming systems, wherever it is possible. There are hundreds of tropical cover crops and, therefore, it is not possible to include all of them in one article. Hence, selected cereals and legumes are included.     

CERES-Wheat作物模型参数全局敏感性分析

作物生长模型广泛应用于区域作物估产研究与应用之中,如何选择最佳作物模型优化参数是获得较好模拟预测结果的关键之一。研究选择河南洛阳为试验区,应用扩展傅里叶振幅灵敏度检验（EFAST）法对CERES-Wheat模型作物参数及田间管理参数进行了全局敏感性分析。结果表明,完成一片叶生长所需积温、最适温度条件下通过春化阶段所需天数、光周期参数、最佳条件下标准籽粒质量参数、开花期单位株冠质量的籽粒数参数等指标具有较高敏感性,系为模型参数“本地化”的关键参数。播种日期、播种密度、施肥日期、播种深度、灌溉日期是模型区域化应用的最佳优化变量。研究表明,EFAST敏感性分析是模型参数“本地化”和选择最佳“区域化”优化变量的有效方法。     

EFFECT OF DELAYED NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) GRAIN YIELDS AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY

Maize grain yield potential can be estimated mid-season using NDVI at the V8 growth stage, thus affording delayed sidedress nitrogen (N) application. Several combinations of preplant and sidedress N at various growth stages were evaluated. Maize grain yields were maximized with 90 kg N ha-1 preplant followed by 90 kg N ha-1 sidedress at V6 or V10 (8 of 9 site-years). Delaying N application until V10 growth stage when preplant N was applied did not result in lower yields. Mid-season N supplies fertilizer at the time when crop need and N uptake are at a maximum, and thus facilitates more efficient N use. Lowest nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) were observed with higher N rates and when all N was applied preplant. Highest NUE's were achieved with 45 kg N ha-1 preplant followed by 45 kg N ha-1 sidedress applied at V6 growth stage (8 of 9 site-years) and at V10 (6 of 9 site-years).     

The effect of crop-pasture rotations on the C,N and S contents of soil aggregates and structural stability in a volcanic soil of south-central Chile

Abstract

The effects of six crop-pasture rotations were evaluated on properties of soil aggregates in a volcanic soil (Humic Haploxerand) of south-central Chile. Rotations that included intensive cropping without pastures, and crops with short- or long-term pastures were maintained for 12 years after which soil samples were taken at 0–5 and 5–10 cm depths for analysis of the C, N and S contents in the different grades of water-stable aggregates. The mean weight diameter of the aggregates was also determined as an indicator of structural stability. The results showed that the rotations which included long-term pastures of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or white clover (Trifolium repens L.) had higher contents of C, N and S in soil and there was a higher concentration of these elements in macro-aggregates (>0.5 mm) than in micro-aggregates (<0.5 mm). Additionally, the rotations with pastures also produced greater structural stability of the soil aggregates. Consequently, crop rotations that included pastures, particularly those of longer duration, improved the soil and were therefore a more sustainable use of the soil resource compared to the more intensive rotations. Additionally, there was evidence of hierarchical organization of the soil structure, which is a previously non-described feature of volcanic soils.