虹鳟鱼在双层浮球式生物滤器封闭循环水系统中的养殖试验

本文介绍了虹鳟鱼在双层浮球式生物滤器封闭循环式养殖系统中的养殖试验。该养殖系统主要包括射流暴气增氧、沉淀分离和双层浮球生物过滤器过滤,过滤悬浮物能力达到90％,氨氮处理能力达到149~(gm-3.d-1)(在养殖水体15度条件下),利用臭氧催化氧化法完成杀菌、消毒及二次去除氨氮作用。在8个养殖水体为1m~3的养殖池,放养1015尾平均体重240g虹鳟鱼的循环水养殖系统中,应用动力为0．75kW、处理能力为20 T/h的BAF—20型双层浮球生物过滤设备进行循环养殖水体的处理。在养殖试验过程中,对养殖水体的pH、DO、COD、悬浮物、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等水化学指标进行了监测,并对虹鳟鱼在养殖过程中不同阶段的生长情况进行了测量。结果表明,在水体循环周期为2次/h,换水周期为一次/每两周的条件下COD≤15mg/l、氨氮≤1mg/l、亚硝酸盐≤0．13mg/l、硝酸盐≤24mg/l,经对比养殖试验表明,没有循环鱼池的水体和经过浮球式生物滤器封闭循环系统的循环水体的各项指标具有明显的差别。试验表明浮球式生物滤器封闭循环水系统完全满足虹鳟鱼工厂化养殖生产的要求,确保虹鳟鱼养殖水体的水质和鱼类生长环境,达到良好养殖效果。     

Energy use in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): A review

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RASs) are intensive fish production systems, with reduced use of water and land. However, their high energy requirement is a drawback, which increases both operational costs and the potential impacts created by the use of fossil fuels. Energy use in RAS has been studied indirectly and/or mentioned in several publications. Nevertheless, its importance and impacts have not been studied. In aiming to achieve economic and environmentally sustainable production a compromise has to be found between water use, waste discharge, energy consumption and productivity. The current review discusses published studies about energy use and RAS designs efficiencies. Moreover, with the aim of making an industry baseline study a survey about the energy use in commercial scale RAS was conducted. The design of more efficient and less energy dependent RAS is presented, including optimized unit processes, system integration and equipment selection. The main conclusions are: fossil based fuels are less cost-effective than renewable energies; energy is of little concern for the majority of the industry, and renewable energies are of potential use in RAS.     

不同浓度臭氧对循环水养殖系统生物膜活性及其净化效能的影响

本文通过在循环水养殖系统中添加不同浓度的臭氧,研究其对循环水养殖系统生物膜活性及其净化效能的影响.结果显示,当氧化还原电位(ORP)小于450 mV时,氨氮的去除率随着臭氧浓度升高而升高,最高去除率达39.9％,亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率为28.2％,生物膜菌群的平均存活率为88.1％,生物膜对养殖水体氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的处理效果良好;当氧化还原电位为500 mV时,经过臭氧24 h处理,氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别由36.5％、28.1％降到12.2％、8.4％,而臭氧4h处理后,生物膜对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别由47.5％、32.1％降到5.0％、3.3％,水处理效果明显下降,生物膜菌群存活率由88.1％降到31.5％.由此可见臭氧添加浓度对生物膜及净化效能有重大影响.综合试验结果和分析评估,建议封闭循环水养殖系统的臭氧添加量以控制生物滤池内的氧化还原电位低于400 mV为宜,可保证循环水系统的安全性和经济性.     

循环水养殖欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)重金属污染状况与富集分布特征

为了解并评估天津市某循环水养殖企业的养殖产品重金属安全性和分布规律,本研究采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP法)和原子荧光法(AFS法),对该封闭循环水养殖系统中欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchus labrax)幼鱼、养殖中期和成鱼3个阶段的鱼体肌肉、肝脏和鳃中8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)含量进行测定.结果显示,从生长阶段来看,随养殖过程推进,各重金属在欧洲鲈鱼体内分布特征不同,肌肉中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为1.93 mg/kg,Cu和Hg则相反,最大值分别为0.354和0.021 mg/kg;肝脏中As、Cd和Cu含量均随时间增加,最大值分别为1.47、1.09和143.00 mg/kg;鳃中As含量随时间增加而增加,最大值为0.321 mg/kg,Cr、Cu、Zn和Hg含量呈先降后升的趋势,最大值分别为0.356、45.8、19.2和0.0137 mg/kg.从组织分布特征来看,As含量为肌肉＞肝脏＞鳃,Cd、Cu和Zn含量均为肝脏＞鳃＞肌肉,Hg含量为肌肉＞鳃＞肝脏,Cr含量为鳃＞肝脏＞肌肉.可食部分,即肌肉中各重金属含量均符合食品安全国家标准(GB 2762-2012),参考鱼体重金属残留污染程度分级,该系统中的欧洲鲈鱼均属于未污染.水体样本,除养殖中期进水中Pb和Cd超标,其余重金属含量均符合我国渔业水质标准(GB 11607-89).表明该养殖系统中重金属污染在安全范围内.     

循环水养殖系统生物滤器负荷挂膜技术

循环水养殖系统启动运行前往往需要经过一段时间的生物膜预培养,使生物膜达到成熟稳定,从而保证系统的水质净化功能。本研究通过养殖试验,研究了生物滤器负荷挂膜的技术方法,以期实现生物膜的快速成熟和系统的快速启动。为此,构建了6组循环水系统组成的养殖车间,建成后立即投入试验生产。试验为期120 d,养殖种类为红鳍东方鲀,初始放养平均体重(632.5±2.26)g。期间,红鳍东方鲀平均增重29.91%,养殖成活率98.7%,养殖密度由(19.34±1.89)kg/m3增加到(32.17±3.40)kg/m3,投饵率由0.2%增加到0.5%–0.7%,每日换水量由50%逐渐减至10%。结果表明,在生物膜的生长期,通过对投饵量及新水补充量的有效调节,可以把养殖水体中的氨氮和亚硝氮浓度控制在安全范围以内,以保证养殖鱼类的生长。生物膜在50天左右达到完全成熟,此后便可依靠生物膜的净化作用将氨氮浓度控制在0.5?1.2 mg/L、亚硝氮浓度控制在0.2?0.5 mg/L、pH值控制在6.5–7.5、COD值低于4 mg/L、细菌总数控制在800–2100 cell/ml的安全范围内。利用生物滤器负荷挂膜技术,在合理调控水质指标的条件下,循环水养殖系统建成后可以立即投入生产,实现生物滤器挂膜与养殖生产的同步进行。     

七带石斑鱼和云纹石斑鱼幼鱼在封闭循环水条件下的生长特性

观测研究了七带石斑鱼(Epinephelus septemfasciatus)幼鱼和云纹石斑鱼(Epinephelus moara)幼鱼在封闭式循环养殖系统中的生长特性,用SPSS 17.0软件中的Curve Estimation对相关数据进行模型分析与参数估计。结果表明,经过122 d的养殖,七带石斑鱼幼鱼平均体质量由(114.836±25.343)g增加到(213.861±38.604)g,相对增长率为0.707%,全长(TL)与养殖时间(t)的函数关系式为TL=-0.006t3+1.622t+13.954,体质量(W)与体长(BL)的关系式为W=0.436BL2.055;云纹石斑鱼幼鱼平均体质量由(79.620±13.007)g增加到(238.086±46.307)g,相对增长率为1.631%,全长(TL)与养殖时间(t)的函数关系式为TL=-0.013t2+2.008t+11.540,体质量(W)与体长(BL)的关系式为W=0.018BL3.083。两种幼鱼丰满度生长差异不显著(P0.05),都保持在2.2-3.4之间。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)循环水养殖塘挂膜式生物滤器内微生物的多样性

为了解凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)养殖过程中挂膜式生物滤器内不同位置间微生物群落结构多样性的差异,采集已运行46 d的挂膜式生物滤器内挂膜上部外侧和内侧、下部内侧和外侧及收集盘5个不同位置的微生物,采用分子生物学手段,通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序法对生物滤器内微生物进行多样性分析,并对不同位置间功能性微生物进行对比.结果显示,在门水平上,5个不同位置共鉴定出10个主要类群,其中,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)所占丰度比例较大,为主要优势类群,硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae)在挂膜内外两侧检出比例均较高(平均4.3％),收集盘内则较低(0.33％),存在显著性差异.共鉴定出41种优势属,其中地杆菌属(Pedobacter)为绝对优势种属,短小盒菌属(Parvularcula)为次优势属,二者丰度比例均在10％以上,硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira)为第三优势属,挂膜不同位置丰度比例(平均4.31％)显著高于收集盘内比例(0.28％).挂膜上氨氧化细菌(AOB)平均丰度比例为1.70％,硝化细菌(NOB)平均比例为6.99％,是系统中主要去除氨氮和亚硝酸氮的微生物.生物滤器各部位微生物物种多样性丰富,微生态系统稳定,可有效维持循环水系统的水质.生物滤器硝化作用主要在上部进行,下部净化能力较弱,收集盘内基本没有硝化能力.生产中应合理配置挂膜数量,科学设计挂膜长度以提高生物滤器的净化效率.     

封闭式循环水养殖水质处理技术简况

封闭式循环水养殖系统(以下简称循环水系统)概念有两个主要部分，一是循环，一是封闭。循环水是指同一养殖水体经过养殖系统内部的处理过程后循环使用。封闭是指此养殖环境既不受外界水源和气候制约，又不对外界环境产生危害。由于循环的需要，养殖系统本身有充分的能力改变和控制养殖水环境，从而达到与外界封闭的效果。     

不同氨氮和溶解氧条件下循环海水养殖系统生物滤池对氨氮、化学耗氧量及颗粒悬浮物的处理效果

为了建立优化的循环海水养殖系统,采用水质国标检测方法分析了珊瑚石生物滤池在不同氨氮和溶解氧(DO)负荷实验条件下对养殖废水中氨氮、化学耗氧量(COD)及颗粒悬浮物(SS)的处理效果。结果显示,进水氨氮浓度对出水氨氮(正相关)、COD(正相关)均有极显著的影响(P0.01),对SS处理效果影响不显著。当进水氨氮浓度为0.45~0.65 mg/L时,滤池对水体处理效果最优(氨氮平均清除率为82.1%±3.3%;COD平均清除率为7.1%±1.5%;SS平均清除率为5.8%±1.6%)。DO浓度对水体氨氮(负相关)和COD(负相关)处理效果的影响显著(P0.05),对SS处理效果影响不显著。DO浓度为5.0~7.0 mg/L时,水体处理效果最优(氨氮平均清除率为78.7%±3.5%;COD平均清除率为23.0%±5.3%;SS平均清除率为7.1%±2.0%)。因此,本实验环境下的循环海水养殖系统珊瑚石生物滤池在氨氮浓度为0.45~0.65 mg/L,DO浓度为5.0~7.0 mg/L时,对水体中的氨氮、COD、SS的综合处理效果最优。     

Development of a Bacterial Denitrification Filter for Sand-Based Recirculating Saltwater,Penaeus japonicus Shrimp Culture Systems

Abstract

This study investigated the ability of a simple bacterial denitrification filter (BDF) to reduce nitrate levels in experimental low-intensity recirculating broodstock tanks. These broodstock tanks are equipped with a sand-substrate system which provided the dual purpose of habitat and nitrification filter. The BDF was constructed of 50-mm PVC pipe, filled with 50% gravel and 50% crushed pipi shell. The BDF was designed to be easily fitted to individual tanks (assisting biosecurity) and to operate with minimal management.

There were 3 treatments, each with 3 replicates: control tanks with no BDF; tanks with BDFs receiving 0.605 g C/day as glucose (Low C); and tanks with BDFs receiving 1.512 g C/day as glucose (High C). Kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicuswere maintained in all tanks at a density of 185 g/m² (avg. weight of 8.02±2.4 g), and no water was exchanged for the duration of the experiment. In the control tanks, nitrate increased at about 1 mg/L/day until 38 days when it peaked at 38.9 mg/L. Nitrate levels in control tanks decreased slightly (i.e., by up to 2.5 mg/L) from 38 days to 50 days when the experiment was concluded. In the Low C treatments, nitrate increased at a similar rate at first; however, it peaked at 24 days (18 mg/L) and then gradually reduced to 12 mg/L after 50 days. In the High C treatments, nitrate also peaked at 18 mg/L after 24 days, but then decreased to zero by 50 days.

Sand-substrate in the High C treatment tanks was anoxic by the end of the experiment (black beneath the surface, with redox potential < –100 mV). However, in the control and Low C treatments, where nitrate levels were above 10 mg/L, the substrate remained in good condition (no black sediment, and redox potential –10 to 50 mV).

These results demonstrate that a simply-designed and operated BDF, together with an appropriate nitrification system, can effectively maintain nitrate below 20 mg/L, removing the need for water exchange and improving biosecurity. The BDF operation should be limited to allow nitrate to be maintained at about 10 mg/L, to help maintain oxidized conditions in the sediment.     

循环水产养殖系统生物安全体系的构建

根据我国闭合循环水产养殖场建设的技术水平和发展要求,借鉴欧美国家循环水产养殖系统的工艺特点和先进技术,运用危害分析及关键控制点(HACCP)准则,确定了适合我国国情的循环水产养殖系统生物安全体系的主要内容,包括减少设施引入病原体的措施;减少病原体在整个设施传播的措施;提高所养鱼抗感染能力的措施。构建生物安全体系的目的是减少病原体。     

Applications of computational fluid dynamics to modeling hydrodynamics in tilapia rearing tank of Recirculating Biofloc Technology system

Biofloc Technology (BFT) has been widely used in tilapia rearing. However, the Total Suspended Solids (TSS) at the bottom of rearing tank will increase to high concentration due to biofloc sedimentation and accumulation. Therefore, it will be have negative effects on the feeding enthusiasm, gill and even survival of cultured species, and especially in the initial stages of larvae culture. The Recirculating Biofloc Technology (RBFT) would be one of the potential solution for the above concerns. To achieve an accurate TSS regulation, the biofloc distribution should be as homogenous as possible. The aim of this work is to specify the optimal bubble size and Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) to the uniformity of biofloc distribution in a RBFT system through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. For this, a three-dimensional and three-phase unsteady transient model was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics in a gas-liquid-solid tilapia rearing tank based on the commercial software Workbenching 15.0. Firstly, to achieve a more reliable prediction, the influence of the grid types and the computation turbulence model (Standard, Renormalization-Group (RNG), Realizable) to the simulation result were discussed by contrasting the simulations and experiments results of solid holdup at dimensionless radial position. Secondly, appropriate mesh size (181395 elements) and mixture standard k-e model were implemented to study the effect of bubble size and HRT on solid distribution uniformity. Simulations were performed by using three different mean bubble sizes (diameter = 1, 2, 3 mm) and three different HRTs (0.56, 1.13, and 2.25 h) to study the sensitivity of the results to the uniformity of the biofloc distribution, respectively. The results showed that to get a better biofloc distribution, the bubble size should be range in 1 mm and 2 mm, and as the HRT decreasing, the distribution of biofloc distribution will be more homogeneous (0.45 ≤ HRT ≤ 0.56 h). This paper provides an essential data set for determining the bubble size and HRT in production, as well as evaluating the accuracy of various CFD models for capturing the complex flow field in a BFT rearing tank.     

循环海水养殖系统硝化滤器中氨氧化微生物分析

研究循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上附着生物膜的微生物群落结构可以为提高其处理速率和效率,并为特异性工程菌构建提供依据。采用改良的AFLP方法分析了循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上附着的氨氧化细菌16S rRNA基因和氨单加氧酶amoA基因片段及其系统发育情况。结果表明:分析16S rRNA基因得到的序列片段比分析amoA基因片段得到了更多信息,准确度较高,可作为分析循环水养殖硝化滤器氨氧化菌群组成的有效方法。克隆测序所得序列与网上公布数据比对,可见存在于循环水养殖硝化滤器载体上的氨氧化细菌与Nitrosomonas cryotolerans、Nitrosomonas oligotropha、Nitrosospira tenuis、Nitrosomonas marina相似度达100%,与Nitrosomonas aestuarii相似度为87%。大部分属于亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),仅少数序列属于亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)。采用16S rRNA基因和amoA片段分析方法得到的附着于封闭循环海水养殖硝化滤器载体上的氨氧化细菌主要为变形菌(Proteobacteria)的β-亚类的亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)和少量的亚硝化螺菌属(Nitrosospira)氨氧化细菌,以及一定数量的γ-亚类氨氧化细菌。     

工厂化循环水养殖系统中流场特性与鱼类互作影响的研究进展与展望

随着人口与经济的发展,水产养殖业在世界范围内迅速兴起,集约型工厂化循环水养殖因其高密度、低污染、高效率等独特的优势,契合水产养殖业绿色发展理念,已成为水产养殖转型升级的重要方向之一。水作为循环水养殖系统中重要的环境因子,其流态能够直接影响鱼类的生长及福利,同样,鱼类存在及运动也会影响到系统流态的构建。本文综合分析了循环水养殖系统中流场条件对不同鱼类生长发育及福利的影响,鱼类及其运动行为对养殖池内水动力条件及性能的影响,以及鱼类对养殖池内流场流态、水体混合等的影响。将研究鱼类运动对流场特性的影响方法主要归纳为实测法和数值研究,通过对比分析2种方法的优点和不足之处,并结合当前循环水养殖产业系统构建中的问题提出针对性方法建议,旨在为系统中水动力条件的设计拓展思路,促进循环水养殖产业流态构建向“鱼”与“水”兼顾的方向发展。     

The effects of long-term 20 mg/L carbon dioxide exposure on the health and performance of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post-smolts in water recirculation aquaculture systems

Previous research and experience has linked elevated dissolved carbon dioxide (CO₂) to reduced growth performance, poor feed conversion, and a variety of health issues in farm-raised fish, including Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Supplemental control measures in water recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) to reduce CO₂ accumulation, however, such as increased water pumping to decrease tank hydraulic retention time, can represent significant costs for operators. We exposed post-smolt S₀ Atlantic salmon (197 ± 2 g, 423 days post-hatch) to either high (20 ± 1 mg/L) or low (8 ± <1 mg/L) dissolved CO₂ in six replicated freshwater RAS for 384 days to investigate differences in performance and health as the salmon were grown to harvest size. All RAS were operated at moderate water exchange rates (1.0% of the total recirculating flow), a 24-h photoperiod was provided, fish were fed to satiation, and densities were maintained between 40 and 80 kg/m³. Over the study period, dissolved oxygen was kept at saturation, mean water temperature was 14.1 ± 0.1 °C, and alkalinity averaged 237 mg/L as CaCO₃. At study’s end, no significant differences in fish weight (high CO₂ mean weight = 2879 ± 35 g; low CO₂ mean weight = 2896 ± 12 g), feed conversion ratio (1.14 ± 0.12 vs. 1.22 ± 0.13, respectively), or thermal growth coefficient (1.45 ± 0.01 vs. 1.46 ± 0.01, respectively), were observed. No significant differences in survival (high CO₂ mean survival = 99.1 ± 0.4%; low CO₂ mean survival = 98.9 ± 0.3%) or culls due to saprolegniasis (3.5 ± 1% vs. 3.0 ± 1%, respectively) were determined, and no nephrocalcinosis was observed through histopathological evaluation. Blood gas and chemistry evaluation revealed higher pCO₂, bicarbonate, and total CO₂, and lower chloride and glucose, in the high CO₂ cohort. Molecular analyses of gill enzyme regulation showed significantly higher expression of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase α1a in high CO₂ fish at 3-weeks post-challenge, indicating physiological adaptation to the higher CO₂ environment without any noticeable long-term impacts on health or performance. Overall, the results of this study suggest that, at 237 mg/L as CaCO₃ mean alkalinity, post-smolt Atlantic salmon can be raised in freshwater RAS to harvest size with up to 20 mg/L CO₂ without significantly impacting fish health and performance.     

A Novel Zero Discharge Intensive Seawater Recirculating System for the Culture of Marine Fish

Results are presented of a zero‐discharge marine recirculating system used for the culture of gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. Operation of the system without any discharge of water and sludge was enabled by recirculation of effluent water through two separate treatment loops, an aerobic trickling filter and a predominantly anoxic sedimentation basin, followed by a fluidized bed reactor. The fish basin was stocked for the first 6 mo with red tilapia Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus at an initial density of 16 kg/m³. During this period salinity was raised from 0 to 20 parts per thousand. Then, gilthead seabream, stocked at an initial density of 21 kg/m³, replaced tilapia at day 167 and were cultured for an additional 225 d. Non steady‐state inorganic nitrogen transformations occurred as a result of these salinity changes. After day 210, the system operated at all times with those water quality parameters considered critical for successful operation of mariculture systems, within acceptable limits. Thus ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations did not exceed 1.0‐mg total ammonia‐N/ L, 0.5‐mg NO₂:‐N/L and 50‐mg NO₃‐N/L, respectively. Sulfide levels in the fish basin were below detection limits and oxygen > 6 mg/L after the oxygen generator was added at day 315. Ammonia, produced in the fish basin and to a lesser extent in the sedimentation basin, was converted to nitrate in the aerobic trickling filter. Nitrate removal took place in the sedimentation basin and to a lesser extent in the fluidized bed reactor. Sludge, remaining in the sedimentation basin at the end of the experimental period, accounted for 9.2% of the total feed dry matter addition to the system. The system was disease‐free for the entire year and fish at harvest were of good quality. Water consumption for production of 1 kg of tilapia was 93 L and 214 L for production of 1 kg of gilthead seabream. Additional growth performance data of gilthead seabream cultured in a similar but larger system are presented. During 164 d of operation of the latter system, maximum stocking densities reached 50 kgl M³ and fish biomass production was 27.7 kg/m³. Relatively poor fish survival and growth resulted from occasional technical failures of this pilot system.     

Start-up of a “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system using woodchip denitrification,constructed wetland,and sand infiltration

Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) discharge management limits the development of the aquaculture sector, because RAS do not automatically result in low nutrient emissions. Research has helped develop discharge management systems such as wetlands and woodchip bioreactors that have been adopted by Danish commercial model trout farms. To further develop the Danish concept, we have modelled and built a novel “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system with an annual capacity of approximately 14 tonnes. The aim of this paper is to describe the entire concept and present the results from the start-up phase of the whole system. The concept includes the treatment of RAS effluent (overflow and sludge supernatant) using a hybrid solution of a woodchip bioreactor, constructed vertical wetland, and sand infiltration. Using this three-step process, the nitrate, phosphorus, and organic matter effluent are decreased to acceptable levels to reuse the water in the RAS process reducing the need for new raw water. In the first nine months of operation, a water treatment field was used as an end-of-pipe treatment to ensure the water was safe to recirculate for fish. During the winter, the water temperature dropped to 2.7 degrees in the sand filter, but the frost did not reach the water levels in any of the treatment processes. It therefore appears that a hybrid solution can operate sufficiently even in winter conditions. In the first year of operation, a woodchip bioreactor can remove 97 % of the nitrate, although the slow start-up of the RAS caused the bioreactor to be N-limited. On average, 79 % and 92 % of the inflow phosphate concentration was removed in the woodchip bioreactor and the entire hybrid treatment field respectively. The wetland and sand filter removed organic matter sufficiently (35 %), but because of the longer than designed actual water residence, it leached from the bioreactor more than was expected. Further experimentation is needed to identify the financial applicability and performance during higher feeding rates.     

封闭循环水养殖哲罗鱼试验

在水温15~17℃下,将5 000尾平均体质量(10±3)g的哲罗鱼Hucho Taimen幼鱼饲养在由24个直径1 800mm×高1 000mm养殖池组成的封闭循环水系统中,以探索工厂化循环水养殖哲罗鱼的主要技术参数。经过8个月的养殖表明:养殖密度达到31.8kg/m~3,成活率96%,肥满度为1.01~1.30,鱼的平均体质量增加350g,体长增加21.3cm,鱼体生长状况良好。生物滤器两天反冲洗一次,有效提高了生物滤器的氨氮转化效率;紫外线消毒方式有效对系统进行了消毒杀菌;监测表明,系统水处理效果显著,其中NH_4~-平均浓度维持在(0.56±0.05)mg/L;NO_2~-含量为(0.15±0.05)mg/L;NO_3~-平均浓度为(41.86±2.62)mg/L;溶解氧为8.37~9.45mg/L;p H8.21~8.63。     

池塘养殖水体改良与调控技术的新进展

从池塘良好水质的一般特征、池塘良好水质的理化和生物指标、调节池塘水质的主要措施和改善池塘水环境的技术发展等方面论述了池塘养殖水体改良与调控技术的新进展。     

Design criteria for recirculating, marine ornamental production systems

While recirculating aquaculture systems for food animals are well defined in the literature, little information is available for the emerging production of high value marine ornamental species. These organisms typically require systems which operate within a narrow range of parameters compared to most food animals, and in addition to growth and survival issues, individual appearance of animals is critical to success. This paper is a general review of the primary design criteria parameters for the production of marine ornamental species in stable, oligotrophic, recirculating aquaculture systems.