无损检测在日本落叶松材性育种中的应用前景探讨

使用 Pilodyn和微秒计对20个日本落叶松无性系进行无损检测,研究无性系间无损检测指标的表型和遗传变异,结果表明：应力波速( SWV)的表型变异系数和遗传变异系数分别为5.09%和3.57%,低于 Pilodyn南向测定值(Ps)和北向测定值(Pn);3个无损检测指标无性系重复力的分布范围为0.34～0.48,说明它们受中等强度的遗传控制。研究无损检测指标与各材质性状间的关系,结果表明： Ps和 Pn与生长轮密度、早材密度、生长轮壁腔比和早材壁腔比呈极显著负相关; SWV与生长轮微纤丝角、早材微纤丝角和晚材微纤丝角呈极显著负相关,但与生长轮弹性模量、早材弹性模量和晚材弹性模量呈极显著正相关。多元回归分析表明,对 Ps,Pn和 SWV 贡献率排名前2位的材质性状分别为生长轮密度和早材壁腔比、生长轮密度和生长轮壁腔比以及早材微纤丝角和生长轮弹性模量。建立无损检测指标与相对应材质性状的线性回归方程,发现 Ps与生长轮密度间方程的决定系数(0.340)略小于 Pn与生长轮密度的决定系数(0.360); SWV 与早材微纤丝角、生长轮弹性模量间方程的决定系数分别为0.348和0.316。     

浙江桂幼龄材的生长特性及主要材性

以3株6年生浙江桂幼龄材为试材,研究了其生物量、材积、基本物理力学性能及生长轮的宽度、纤维长度、宽度、微纤丝角和结晶度的径向变异规律。结果表明,浙江桂幼龄材单株平均总生物量27.93 kg,平均材积0.0124 m3,生长轮平均宽度9.15 mm（3.12~10.57 mm）,基本密度为0.414 g/ cm3,除髓心外其余各生长轮宽度和密度无明显差异,反映浙江桂生长较为稳定;顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度和弹性模量等物理力学综合性能中上等;纤维长度为830.6μm（581~1043μm）,纤维宽度为23.6μm（21~24μm）,结晶度为38.46％~58.43％,微纤丝角为13.6°~24.6°;纤维长度、宽度和结晶度自髓心向外逐渐增加,微纤丝角自髓心向外逐渐减小,结晶度与纤维长度、宽度间相关性极显著。     

基于生长轮的杉木早材黏弹性

【目的】比较不同生长轮木材早材黏弹性,探讨全干密度、管胞胞壁率、微纤丝角等因子与木材黏弹性之间的关系,从细胞水平理解木材黏弹行为的作用机制。【方法】以人工林杉木为研究对象,采用X射线剖面密度仪、ZEISS Imager A1显微镜、X射线衍射仪、动态力学分析仪(DMA 2980)分别测定第3、6生长轮(心材)以及第14、18生长轮(边材)早材的全干密度、管胞胞壁率、微纤丝角、弹性模量、贮存模量和损耗模量。【结果】1)边材(第14、18生长轮)的全干密度比心材(第3、6生长轮)略高,4个生长轮管胞胞壁率无明显差异,微纤丝角随树龄增加呈减小趋势。2)早材的弹性模量、贮存模量和损耗模量均随树龄增加而增大,微纤丝角与弹性模量、贮存模量、损耗模量呈显著负相关关系。3)在本研究测量温度范围内(-120～120℃),4个生长轮早材均出现2个力学松弛过程:一是在10℃附近的α力学松弛过程,关于其分子运动归属目前尚无统一定论;二是在-40℃附近的β力学松弛过程,是基于木材细胞壁无定型区中伯醇羟基的回转取向运动引起的。不同生长轮之间的力学损耗峰温度几乎无差异。4)随测量频率(1、2、5和10 Hz)增加,β力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度移向高温方向,α力学松弛过程的损耗峰温度并不随测量频率增加而改变,即无频率依存性。5)与位于边材区域(第14、18生长轮)的早材相比,位于心材区域(第3、6生长轮)的早材发生力学松弛过程所需的表观活化能均较大,可能是由于杉木心材相较于边材有更多的抽提物,抽提物的沉积限制细胞壁中分子链段运动所致。【结论】微纤丝角是影响不同生长轮内早材刚度和阻尼的关键因子,心材与边材表观活化能的差异可能是抽提物沉积所致。     

火炬松速生材构造变异规律的研究

对火炬松（ＰｉｎｕｓｔａｅｄａＬ．）速生材５个高度木材的基本密度、年轮宽度、生长率、晚材率和管胞弦壁纤丝角进行系统测量、统计和分析，结果表明，木材基本密度随树干高度的增加而降低．但各高度之间的差异不显著；生长率从髓心向外，南北方向都是随年轮数的增加而减小，在高度上是随树干高度的增加而增大．但其差异性均不显著．晚材率与木材基本密度呈线性正相关，与纤丝角呈线性负相关；木材基本密度与纤丝角呈负相关；纤丝角与生长率呈正相关．其相关显著性均随树干高度的增加而减弱．这些规律，为火炬松速生材的有效利用和林木生长调控提供了理论依据．     

日本落叶松无性系微纤丝角遗传变异的研究

对10个10年生日本落叶松无性系的早材和晚材微纤丝角进行了测定,结果表明:早、晚材微纤丝角无性系间差异极显著,同一年轮内早材微纤丝角大于晚材.日本落叶松微纤丝角的径向变异规律为:在髓心处最大,以后逐渐减小.早、晚材微纤丝角与树木年轮间的变异模式(径向变异)以对数和乘幂式方程拟合效果较好,R2(R为相关系数)均在0.8以上.早、晚材微纤丝角同树高、形率、树皮厚度、主枝粗、枝干比、主枝夹角、主枝长的相关关系不显著,早、晚材微纤丝角同胸径、冠幅的相关关系达到显著水平;早材与晚材的微纤丝角也相关显著.早材和晚材的微纤丝角受中到强度遗传控制,广义遗传力分别为0.767 4、0.804 3.按照20%的选择率,早材和晚材的微纤丝角的遗传增益分别为21.82%和29.75%.     

落羽杉种源木材微纤丝角和纤维形态的变异

对16个落羽杉种源的14年生人工林木材微纤丝角和木材纤维形态进行测定.结果表明:1)16个种源落羽杉木材微纤丝角存在显著差异,微纤丝角变化在29.9～35.8°之间.从径向变化看,落羽杉胸径处木材微纤丝角在髓心处最大,由髓心向外逐渐减小;从纵向变化看,微纤丝角在基干处最大,随树木高度的增加而逐渐减小.2)16个落羽杉种源木材的纤维长度和宽度均存在显著差异,纤维长度的变化在1 764.84～2 900.08 μm之间,纤维宽度的变化在28.48～51.21 μm之间,纤维长宽比的变化在42.79～82.12之间.落羽杉胸径处木材纤维形态的径向变化为纤维长度和纤维宽度从髓心到树皮逐渐增加,纵向变化规律为纤维长度和纤维宽度在树干基部较小,随树高的增加而逐渐增加.3)落羽杉木材微纤丝角与木材纤维长度呈极显著的负相关关系,与木材的纤维宽度和纤维长宽比呈一定的负相关,木材纤维长度与木材纤维宽度呈显著的正相关.4)16个落羽杉种源依据木材微纤丝角和木材纤维长度2个木材材性指标可以分为4类:第Ⅰ类,木材的微纤丝角较大,木材纤维长度中等;第Ⅱ类,微纤丝角和木材纤维长度均处于中等水平;第Ⅲ类,微纤丝角较小,木材纤维长度较长;第Ⅳ类,木材纤维长度较短,微纤丝角中等.综合考虑微纤丝角和木材纤维长度,2号和30号种源可作为纤维工业原料用材的优良种源.     

油松株内幼龄材与成熟材材性的比较研究

本文就中条山油松株内幼龄材与成熟材材性差异的比较研究,讨论对幼龄期划分的依据。根据木材解剖特征、物理力学性质的径向变异规律,确定其幼龄期为14年。随着树干高度的增加,油松木材幼龄期逐渐缩短、株内幼龄材范围及所占断面上的比例变小。株内幼龄材与成熟材材性差异显著。幼龄材管胞长度短、直径小,胞壁薄,微纤丝角度大,生长轮较宽,晚材率低,浸提物含量高,基本密度较大。幼龄材的力学强度远远小于成熟材。     

尾巨桉S2层微纤丝角及组织比量的径向变异

对8个尾巨桉家系木材的S2层微纤丝角和组织比量进行了系统研究.结果表明：（1）S2层微纤丝角自髓心向外呈缓慢的减小趋势.（2）导管组织比量径向上呈递增趋势,随后在第5至第11生长轮间略有降低或基本保持平稳;纤维组织比量从髓心向外的数个生长轮内变异规律不明显,近树皮处有上升或下降的现象;木射线组织比量随树龄的增加而减小,以后又呈波动性的增加或基本保持稳定;轴向薄壁组织比量径向上变动幅度较大,无一定规律.（3）家系间及家系内个体间的组织比量在个体水平上分布范围较广,呈正态分布,开展个体选择的潜力大.（4）S2层微纤丝角和纤维长度间存在一定负相关,但关系密切程度比针叶材低.     

人工幼龄印度黄檀木材解剖性质和结晶度的径向变异及预测模型

对元江地区幼龄印度黄檀木材各生长轮间的解剖各参数和结晶度的径向变异趋势及它们的相关性做了全面的测定和分析,结果表明:纤维长度和宽度、导管分子长度和弦径、纤维比量总体径向变化趋势是从髓心往外呈增加趋势;纤维壁厚和生长轮的径向变异趋势是先增加后减小;导管比量、胞壁率和微纤丝角的变化趋势是沿髓心向外呈递减趋势;结晶度的径向变异趋势是先增加后减小.方差分析表明:各生长轮间的解剖参数和结晶度差异均明显.相关分析表明:生长轮年龄与各解剖参数和结晶度相关性显著,据此建立了木材解剖性质和结晶度预测模型,相关系数大都达到0.88以上.     

人工林场杨木材性质与生长培育关系的研究

本文以生长在 3种长江滩地类型 (江滩、洲滩、湖滩 )、3种栽植密度 ( 3m×4m ,4m× 5m ,5m× 6m)下的3个品系速生人工林杨树木材 [欧美杨无性系 72杨 (Populus×euramericacv.I -72 58) ,美洲黑杨无性系 63杨(P .deltiodescv.I-63 51 )和 69杨 (P .deltoidescv.I-69 55) ,以下简称 72杨 ,63杨 ,69杨 ]为对象 ,深入地分析了人工林杨树木材材性与生长培育之间的关系。结果表明 :( 1 )品系对滩地杨树木材材性有较大的影响。安徽新洲洲滩和湖北黄洲江滩上生长的 63杨 ,湖南沅江湖滩上生长的 72杨纤维长度最长 ,微纤丝角最小 ,导管比量最大 ,方差分析表明 :72、63、69杨微纤丝角和主要物理力学性质差异均达显著和极显著。 ( 2 )滩地类型对72、63、69杨木材材性都有或大或小的差异。方差分析表明 :63杨、69杨微纤丝角、基本密度、抗弯强度和干缩率差异显著 ,说明 63杨和 69杨受滩地类型影响较大。 ( 3)栽植密度对 72、63、69杨木材材性的影响因材性指标的不同而不同。对 72、63、69杨来讲 ,栽植密度越大 ,微纤丝角、导管比量增大 ,纤维长度、木纤维比量、木射线比量都减小 ,基本密度、抗弯弹性模量和抗弯强度也越小。方差分析表明 ,72杨和 69杨受栽植密度影响较大 ,63杨受栽植密度影响较小     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.