速生杉木酸性染料常规渗透性试验

研究常规条件下用木染色工艺主要参数：试件含水率、染料浓度、染料处理时间对木材染料渗透性的影响。通过系列化单因素试验和多因素正交试验，确定影响水材染料渗透性的主要工艺参数的最理想取值为：试件含水率３０％，染料浓度２０％，染料处理时间４５ｍｉｎ。     

毛竹竹片的染料溶液渗透特性及影响因子研究

采用常压和真空加压渗透法,进行不同条件下毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocyclacv pubescens)竹片的染料溶液渗透试验。结果表明:当渗透时间相同时,毛竹竹片的质量增加率和渗透深度均随竹片含水率的升高而较快降低,当渗透时间为24h时,含水率为50%的试材渗透深度约为含水率为12%的试材的207%;竹片越长染料溶液的渗透性能越差,当渗透时间为24h时,200mm长度试材的渗透深度约为100mm的663%;无竹节竹片的染料溶液渗透性能优于含竹节竹片,当渗透时间为24h时,有竹节试材的渗透深度约为无竹节试材的705%;染料溶液在竹片纵向的渗透性能比径向和弦向大得多,其渗透深度的大小顺序为:径向弦向纵向;酸性染料溶液的渗透性能优于碱性染料;染料溶液浓度越大,渗透性能越低,1%酸性大红染料水溶液的渗透深度分别为浓度为3%、5%的1256%、1857%;染料溶液的pH值为45时渗透性能最好;提高染料溶液的温度可以提高渗透性能;增加染料溶液的渗透时间可以较快提高其渗透性能;真空加压浸注与常压浸注相比,能显著提高竹片的染料溶液渗透性能。     

不同染色工艺对杉木边材染色渗透性的影响

酸性染料由于颜色丰富,价格低廉而成为现阶段木材工业常用的染料。木材的染色效果通常与染料的渗透深度和分布均匀性密切相关。为了提高染料的染色效果,同时充分利用丰富的国产速生材,以杉木边材为试材,研究恒温浸渍法、冷热交替法和真空浸注法3种工艺对染料纵向和横向渗透性的影响。结果表明:(1)恒温浸渍法中,横向渗透性随着染液温度升高而增加,纵向渗透性则相反。横向渗透在染液温度为90℃时最大,为0.66~0.94 mm,而纵向渗透在染液温度为28℃时最大,为3.2~4.67 mm。在恒温浸渍中,染料的渗透深度随染色时间的延长呈现出无规则变化;(2)冷热交替法中,染料渗透性介于真空注入与恒温浸渍之间,温度差对横向渗透性的影响远大于对纵向渗透性的影响;相同时间内,交替次数的增加能显著提高染料在横向的渗透性,而纵向渗透性远低于横向渗透性;(3)真空注入中,染料在纵向和横向渗透性均最大,比恒温90℃浸渍2 h提高2.0~3.0倍。     

意大利杨和楸木染色试验研究

为探索影响染料在木材中渗透差异的原因,本研究选用酸性黑10B、酸性橙Ⅱ和酸性大红GR三种酸性染料对意大利杨和楸木进行染色渗透试验。结果表明,影响染料渗透效果的主次因素排序为染料种类、染液温度、染液溶度和渗透时间。此外,树种对渗透效果影响很大,楸木密度大,单位体积的空隙小,染液浸入阻力大,渗透性差。     

人工林杨树木材液体纵向渗透性研究

通过系列化试验，用常压和减压浸渍的方法，研究了人工林杨树木材的渗透工艺及工艺参数对纵向渗透性能的影响。试验结果表明：（1）真空浸渍优于常压浸渍；（2）渗透剂的加入对杨树木材的液体纵向渗透性有很大的影响；（3）增加浸渍时间，可显著增大深度，浸渍24h渗透深度是浸渍4hN10倍，但再延长时间效果不明显；（4）提高染液温度在较短的时间内能较好地改善杨树木材的渗透性，染液温度达到95℃时，纵向渗透深度最深可达38mm。染色的最佳温度为85～90℃。     

龙竹的常压液体渗透性研究

采用常压渗透法对竹材液体渗透性进行了试验测定,以单位体积增重率作为评价指标对竹材液体渗透性进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)预处理方式对竹材液体渗透性有影响,水煮处理竹材试件的液体渗透效果较好。(2)竹材构造对竹材液体渗透性有显著影响。未剖分含竹青和竹黄竹材试件的液体渗透性小于去掉竹青和竹黄的竹材试件的液体渗透性;不含竹节试件的液体渗透性优于含竹节试件的液体渗透性;竹材纵向的液体渗透性优于横向的液体渗透效果。(3)液体种类和液体浓度对竹材液体渗透性有影响,低浓度酸性染料渗透效果较好。(4)竹材液体渗透效果随含水率的升高而降低。     

龙竹竹材纵向气体渗透性测定

参照木材流体渗透特性相关理论和研究方法,对大型丛生竹种———龙竹竹材的纵向气体渗透性进行了测定和分析,结果表明预处理方法和含水率对竹材纵向渗透性有显著影响。预处理可提高竹材气体渗透性,水煮预处理试件的渗透性优于汽蒸预处理试件的渗透性;随竹材试件含水率降低,竹材纵向气体渗透性增加。这些结论可为竹材防霉处理、染色处理、防火处理等改性处理提供有益的参考。     

电场强度对氯化钠溶液在杉木中渗透能力的影响

为了研究采用电场手段改良杉木的可行性,将一定含水率的杉木板材置于不同的电场强度(极板间电势差)中,并在杉木板材上部稳定地保持一定量的氯化钠溶液,5 h后,测试板材不同高度(厚度)部位的含水率和钠离子含量,并与未在电场中渗透的杉木的对应值比较分析,研究电场强度对氯化钠溶液在杉木中渗透能力的影响,结果表明:①定向电场的存在,能促进氯化钠溶液在杉木中的渗透;②在本试验范围内,随着电场强度的增加,氯化钠溶液中水分和钠离子在杉木中、下部渗透量增加,并使各渗透层面的含水率均匀性提高.     

工艺条件对杉木微波处理后渗透性能影响的研究

采用单因素试验,对不同工艺因素条件下微波处理后杉木的阻燃渗透性进行了分析。试验结果表明：微波处理后,杉木的渗透性得到明显改善;微波功率、处理时间、心边材和含水率对载药量、注入深度和氧指数有不同程度的影响,但均没有呈现出明显的规律性;心边材对结果影响很小,可忽略这一因素的影响;径向、弦向和纵向三个方向之间的注入深度差异显著,总体表现为纵向大于弦向大于径向。     

杨木前处理对活性染料渗透性的影响

染液在木材中的移动和渗透是木材深度染色的关键.分别采用热水浸提、烧碱、过氧化氢等试剂对染色前的杨木进行染色前处理.实验结果表明:三种方法都可以不同程度提高杨木的染色深度,其中烧碱对提高染液渗透深度影响最大.较优前处理工艺条件为:烧碱用量8 g/L,碱液温度90~95℃,前处理时间2 h.与未进行前处理的试件对照,染料纵向渗透深度提高48.0%,横向渗透深度提高43.7%.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.