酸雨对杨树生长和木材化学性质的影响

对受酸雨危害和未受酸雨危害杨树的年轮宽度和木材化学性质的对比研究表明：酸雨对杨树生长和木材化学性质产生了明显的影响。酸雨会导致树木生长减缓,年轮宽度变窄,受害材的年轮宽度较健康材相对降低１２．６７％。受害材与健康材的ｐＨ值无明显差异,酸、碱缓冲容量有显著差异。与健康材相比,受害材的戊聚糖和木质素含量相对升高１．４３％和３．７２％,而综纤维素的含量相对减少３．４５％,灰分的含量相对减少８．３４％。受     

酸雨及大气污染对马尾松木材材性影响的研究──Ⅰ．木材化学性质与基本密度

对生长在酸雨及大气污染严重危害地区、轻度危害地区和未受危害地区三种条件下马尾松的木材化学性质和基本密度的对照研究表明，生长在受危害地区试材的心、边材生材含水率比在未受危害条件下生长的树木分别低３０％和２２％左右；基本密度与未受危害的树木无明显的差异。酸雨及大气污染危害对木材的化学性质有较为明显的影响，主要表现在：生长在受危害地区试木中的抽提物和木素含量高；而α－纤维素含量则比生长在未受危害地区的试材约低１％至３％；在严重危害条件下生长的试材中组成纤维素的葡萄糖比在受轻度危害和未受危害条件下生长的试材约低２％；在受酸雨和大气污染条件下生长的树木中的纤维素相对结晶度比在来受危害条件下生长的树木含量约低８％。在受危害严重地区生长的试材中的钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、铁、钛和锌的含量高于在轻度危害和未受危害地区生长的试材。其中铝和铁的含量比未受害地区的试材高一倍多，锌的含量高近三倍。生长在受酸雨和大气污染严重地区的试材各年轮中的淀粉和游离糖含量均低于生长在未受危害地区的试材。     

七种人工林针叶树材抽出物含量比较

对７种人工林针叶树材抽出物含量进行了比较研究,结果表明：１）７种木材的热水抽出物含量在９．３９％－２．２４％之间,其中日本落叶松的抽出物含量最高为９．３９％,马尾松含量最低为２．２４％,２）１％ＮａＯＨ抽出物含量在１８．００％－１１．８０％之间,其中长白落叶松的含量最高为１８．００％。杉木含量最低为１１．８０％;３）苯－醇抽出物含量在２．９０％－１．６７％之间,其中杉木的含量最高为２．９０％,云南     

云斑天牛对五年生南方四季杨木材性质的影响

对受云斑天牛危害和未受云斑天牛危害的5 a生南方四季杨木材性质的对比研究表明:云斑天牛对杨树木材性质产生了一定的影响.云斑天牛导致生材含水率增加,全干生材含水率差异相对值增加了11.89%;健康材与危害材在1%NaOH抽提物含量显著差异,健康材1%NaOH抽提物含量明显小于危害材,差异相对值达27.29%;健康木与云斑天牛危害杨木基本密度、全干密度差异显著;危害材的干缩湿胀均比健康材要大,而且差异显著;云斑天牛对南方四季杨纤维长度的影响有极显著差异,危害材与健康材差异相对值为8.32%.     

酸雨对杨树生长特性的影响

对受酸雨危害和未受酸雨危害的杨树进行了对比研究，结果表明：酸雨对杨树生长特性产生了很大的影响。受害杨树表现出典型的酸雨危害症状，受害杨树的年轮宽度、胸径、胸高断面积和地上部分生物量均显著变小。     

马尾松间伐材立木充脂研究(Ⅲ)——百草枯与其它药剂混用的情况

百草枯分别和乙烯利、二甲四氯的配合均可作为马尾松间伐材立木充脂的药剂。用含３％百草枯和３％乙稀利处理，充脂木段苯－醇抽出物平均含量为１４．４％，比增４．５倍。用３％百草枯和５％二甲四氯处理，充脂木段苯－醇抽出物平均含量为１５．５％，比增４．９倍。乙烯利和二甲四氯在配合药剂中能促进充脂材的形成，并减少副作用。     

马尾松间伐材立木充脂研究（Ⅲ）

百草枯分别和乙烯利、二甲四氯的配合均可作为马尾松间伐材立木充脂的药剂。用含３％百草枯３％乙烯利处理，充脂木段苯－醇抽出物平均含量为１４．４％，比增４．５倍。用３％百草枯和５％二甲四氯处理，充脂木段苯－醇抽出物平均含量为１５．５％，比增４．９倍。乙利用和二甲四氯在配合药剂中能促进充脂材的形成，并减少副作用     

火炬松纸浆林材性变异和优质原料培育期的确定*

１６年生火炬松纸浆材性状研究表明：管胞长度径向呈递增稳定的模式，纵向呈递减变化；其长宽比变异类似于管胞长度的变化；管胞长度变化范围为１．４０３～４．４５６ｍｍ，长宽比为４６．７～７０．１，腔径比为０．７１１～０．７８６，壁腔比为０．３８１～０．４９６。基本密度径向由０．３２４ｇ／ｃｍ３递增到０．４２８ｇ／ｃｍ３；纵向递减，其均值变动于０．３１４～０．４０１ｇ／ｃｍ２；株间木材密度均值与管胞长度两性状不相关。纤维素含量由髓心附近３７．０４％递增到树皮附近４３．９１％，木素、多缩戊糖含量分别由２８．７８％、１４．５９％递减到２５．７４％、１２．０５％，其苯醇抽出物含量变化在２．１２％～８．３８％之间。火炬松木材幼龄期约为１０～１３ａ。基于火炬松木材各树龄材性的变化，结合生长量指标，确定其短周期纸浆林适宜采伐树龄约为１２～１３ａ。     

白桦木材侵染菌侵染材的化学分析

白桦木材在自然和人工干燥过程中易受真菌类微生物的侵染产生色变,在一定程度上降低了白桦木材的加工利用价值。本文针对白桦木材侵染菌侵染试材的化学成分变化进行分析,以期为白桦木材生物变色防治提供参考。首先对白桦木材侵染菌进行分离、纯化与鉴定,确定侵染白桦试材的侵染菌的基本类型,然后进行白桦试材接菌,最后对白桦侵染菌侵染木材的化学成分进行测定。结果表明,与未侵染素材相比,侵染菌侵染试材中苯醇抽提物含量、1%NaOH抽出物含量、热水抽出物含量和多戊糖含量均较高,而纤维素及木素含量较低。这表明侵染菌在适宜的条件下会侵蚀白桦木材细胞壁组织,造成纤维素和木素等主要成分含量的降低,导致木材组分的破坏。同时,侵染菌的存在会造成白桦木材抽提物组分中的显色及助色物质的含量变化,以致木材产生不同程度的变色。     

杨树无性系生长与材性遗传变异及综合选择研究

以6年生18个杨树无性系为材料，研究其生长与材性性状的遗传变异及性状问的相关性，结果表明：除纤维含量、纤维长度外，树高、胸径、材积、纤维宽度、长宽比、木材基本密度6性状在无性系间均存在显著差异，各性状重复力在0．6109～0．9053之间，生长性状受高度遗传控制，纤维宽度、长宽比、木材基本密度受中等至强度遗传控制；生长与材性性状遗传具有相对独立性，就杨树纸浆材而言，材性改良应以生长性状的改良为前提；利用灰色关联度分析法评选出XL-90、XL-77、XL-101、XL-75、XL-92共5个综合性状优异的美洲黑杨杂交新无性系，其中XL-90、XL-77表现尤为突出，与I-69比较，其单株材积生长量分别提高60．71％、46．45％，单株纤维产量分别提高51．43％、44．13％。     

Physical properties of wood in thinned Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) from plantations in northern Spain

? The physical properties of wood and the associated variations within and between trees were evaluated by analysing 770 small specimens of clear wood from 11 Pinus sylvestris L. trees thinned from 3 plantations.

? Within-tree variations in basic density or volumetric shrinkage increased with cambial age and decreased with increasing ring width. The effect of the height in the stem on wood properties was considered indirect and height was not included as an explanatory variable in the mixed models proposed to estimate basic density and volumetric shrinkage.

? The models had random components for the intercept parameter and explained 52.5% of the total variance in basic density and 56% of the total variance in volumetric shrinkage. Linear shrinkage in the direction of the grain was extremely variable.

? Between-tree variation and between-plot variation in the physical properties of wood were high, considering that all trees sampled were growing in similar sites and stands. It would then be desirable to predict physical properties of wood on living trees in order to use the quality of wood as a criterion for timber tree selection in thinnings.

     

Physical properties of thinning wood in maritime pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinaster</Emphasis> Ait.): case study

Forty young trees from a stand of maritime pine in the southern mountains of Galicia, Spain (42°21′N: 8°01′W) were felled to obtain the material required for studying density and shrinkage in clear and small wood specimens. The wood ranged from light to moderately heavy, and the dimensions remained reasonably stable with varying moisture content. The results were consistent with those obtained in previous studies of adult trees, except for axial shrinkage, which was very high and variable in this study. The between-tree variation in wood properties was high considering that the sampled trees came from the same stand. However, the relationships between density and height in the stem were similar in all trees. A general model for the prediction of volumetric shrinkage was developed, with oven-dry density and ring width as predictor variables. The model is feasible for estimation of wood quality in living trees. It is applicable to tree selection for thinning and for genetic improvement of stock.     

Basic density,longitudinal shrinkage and tracheid length of juvenile wood of Picea abies (L.) Karst

Variation in the growth ring width, basic density, longitudinal shrinkage and tracheid length was investigated in the juvenile wood of Norway spruce samples taken from different heights in the stem. Annual height increments were cut from the ten youngest shoots from trees of three different heights. By this method the properties of an individual growth ring could be analysed without taking samples from each ring. Sixteen tree tops of an average stem height of 8, 15 and 25 m were analysed. Basic density was low in the first shoot, highest in the second or third one and decreased gradually thereafter. Longitudinal shrinkage was highest close to the pith and decreased to about 0.2% in the outer rings. Tracheids were only ca. 1 mm long close to the pith and their length increased sharply towards the tenth shoot. The properties of juvenile wood varied with the height in the stem. Longitudinal shrinkage around the pith seemed to increase with increasing height and basic density was highest at 25 m stem height. The applicability of the method for the calculation of basic density and tracheid length in individual growth rings close to the pith is discussed.     

Inter-tree and intra-tree variation in the physical properties of wood of laurel (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Laurus nobilis</Emphasis>)

The laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) is a common species in southern Europe, but the properties of its wood are not well described in the literature and from that perspective any novel information is valuable. Because of that, a group of laurels was felled for the analysis of wood properties on small defect-free specimens (17 trees and 1250 valid specimens). The sampled wood was moderately heavy and unstable. The following mean values were obtained (density at 12% moisture content 699 kg m^?3; basic density 566 kg m^?3; total volumetric shrinkage 18.0%; volumetric shrinkage coefficient 0.59%). Highly significant inter-tree and intra-tree variation was observed for most of the properties considered. The inter-tree variation was attributed to tree dimensions, being remarkable that volumetric, radial and tangential shrinkage coefficients were significantly related to breast height diameter and slenderness. The trends of these variables suggest that in trees older than those used in the study (24–41 years old) the dimensional stability would increase. As regards the inter-tree variation, a low but highly significant decrease was found for density at highest positions in the tree. Volumetric and linear shrinkage diminish very significantly along the stem. Due to the uniformity of density and the increment of wood dimensional stability along the trunk, the harvesting of the full stem is advisable.     

Pilot Study to Examine Radial Variation in Annual Ring Width, Density and Shrinkage

The annual ring width, density and shrinkage variation from pith to bark in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Boka sugi (Cryptomeria japonicd) were studied and compared. The results show that the ring width decreased sharply from pith to bark for Chinese fir. However, the ring width variation pattern for Boka sugi followed a different way, i.e., the ring width decreased to the fifth ring, increased to the tenth ring, decreased again to the fifteenth, and then increased to the twentieth, where it became constant. The large variations of Boka sugi appeared to show the maintenance of fast growth for many years. The annual ring mean density of Chinese fir increased gradually from pith to bark. However, the density changes for Boka sugi indicated the opposite trend, i.e., the mean density decreased gradually from pith to bark. The former showed a pattern as the same as a pine and a larch, and the latter was often found in a cedar and a cypress. The longitudinal shrinkage in juvenile wood was much hig     

人工林杉木和杨树木材物理力学性质的株内变异研究

按照中国国家标准研究杉木和I-214杨树木材的抗弯弹性模量、抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度,同时按照日本国家标准研究2个树种的顺纹抗剪强度.结果表明:杉木的抗弯强度、顺纹抗压强度和密度由胸高直径处向上呈波浪形增加,抗弯弹性模量则稳定降低,但不同高度间杉木的物理力学性质没有显著差异;近树皮处木材的物理力学性质高于近髓心处木材,并有极显著差异.对于I-214杨树,只有抗弯弹性模量从髓心到树皮逐渐增加,其他的物理力学性质,最小值在从髓心到树皮的过渡区,最大值在近树皮处,从髓心到树皮,杨树的物理力学性质有极显著的差异.杉木和杨树的径面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮有极显著差异,并且近树皮的高于近髓心的木材,而弦面顺纹抗剪强度从髓心到树皮没有显著差异.木材密度与力学性质有很好的线性相关关系,木材密度是一个很好的力学强度的预测手段.     

Radial variations of wood properties in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Casuarina equisetifolia</Emphasis> growing in Bangladesh

Radial variations of wood properties (basic density, fiber length, vessel element length, and compression strength) in plantation-grown Casuarina equisetifolia in Bangladesh were investigated for effective utilization of the wood. Samples disks at breast height were randomly collected from trees in a 10-year-old plantation in Cox’s Bazar Forest Division, Bangladesh. The basic density showed a near-constant value up to 30 mm from the pith and then rapidly increased up to 60 mm from the pith. The fiber length and vessel element length gradually increased from the pith to bark. When radial variation of wood properties was determined according to relative distance from the pith, similar radial patterns were observed among the sample trees, indicating that the wood properties in C. equisetifolia may be related to the growth rate. The compression strength parallel to the grain (CS) increased from the pith to bark. A significant positive correlation was found between the air-dried density and the CS. The results obtained indicated that wood around the pith has a relatively low density, and wood outside the pith area has a relatively high density, suggesting that it could be used as structural lumber. Part of this report was presented at the 58th Annual Meeting of Japan Wood Research Society, Tsukuba, March 2008     

Radial distribution of thujaplicins in old growth and second growth western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn)

Summary Radial distribution of thujaplicins in western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) trees of varying ages was studied in order to assess relative decay resistance of their wood. Samples were extracted with ethanol: benzene (1: 2), and the extractives were analyzed for thujaplicin codtent by a new method utilizing capillary gas chromatography of their methylated derivatives. The combined concentration of thujic acid and methyl thujate was also determined for each sample. Distribution of extractives, thujaplicins and thujic acid, generally increased from pith to outside heartwood, then decreased in the sapwood. Maximum extractive and thujaplicin contents were also related to tree age. This suggests that products made from the wood of younger trees will be less resistant to decay than similar products made from the wood of old trees.     

长江滩地立木腐朽杨树与正常杨树生长与材性的比较研究

本文对长江滩地意杨的生长和木材材性进行了初步研究，着重讨论长江滩地立木腐朽杨树与正常杨树在树高、胸径生长的差异，通过回归分析，给出了杨树胸径生长与年龄的回归方程。分析研究腐朽木和正常木在年轮宽度、含水率、木材密度、干缩率等方面的差异。通过扫描电镜观测腐朽木和正常木细胞壁层的差异和菌丝在木材细胞的分布状况。研究结果表明：地势低是导致杨树立木腐朽的直接原因；腐朽对杨树的胸径生长和高生长及木材材性有显著影响；腐朽材内部生材含水率远低于正常材内部生材含水率，这是由于腐朽杨树内部导管比量明显比正常材低导致其输导水分功能减弱所致；而腐朽材的密度和干缩率均高于正常材；腐朽木中出现了具有应拉木特征的区域，菌丝入侵立木杨树主要通过夹皮裂隙，然后通过导管和木射线细胞向木纤维中扩散。