刨切薄竹载药量对薄竹胶合板力学性能的影响

利用复配阻燃剂研究了浸渍温度、浸渍时间及浸渍浓度对刨切薄竹载药量的影响,并测试了不同载药量薄竹胶合板的力学性能。结果表明:在温度60℃,时间8 h,浸渍浓度30%时为最佳浸渍条件;力学性能测试表明,经过阻燃处理的薄竹胶合板随着载药量的增加其胶合强度有所下降,未处理试样的胶合强度为0.85 MPa,含水率为11.0%,经阻燃处理载药量为6%、8%、10%、12%的胶合板胶合强度依次为0.75 MPa、0.71 MPa、0.64 MPa、0.58 MPa,分别下降了11.8%、16.5%、24.7%、31.8%,含水率范围为12.3%~13.2%。当载药量为6%和8%时胶合强度满足普通胶合板的国标指标值,即≥0.70MPa;综合含水率和胶合强度可知8%为最佳载药量。     

不同阻燃剂对胶合板胶合强度和燃烧性能影响

选用3种自制阻燃剂浸渍思茅松单板,通过测试胶合板的胶合强度、氧指数和烟密度,分析阻燃剂对胶合板的胶合强度和燃烧性能的影响.研究结果表明:工业制备阻燃胶合板的胶合强度、氧指数、烟密度等级满足国家标准GB/T 17657和GB 8624-2006的要求,说明工业生产阻燃胶合板是可行的.与对照试件相比较,阻燃胶合板的氧指数提高了75.8％～149.8％、烟密度等级降低了15.4％～60.5％、胶合强度降低了43.9％ ～ 56.1％;其中阻燃剂FR-B对胶合板氧指数影响最大,阻燃剂FR-A对胶合板的烟密度影响最大,阻燃剂FR-C对胶合板的胶合强度影响最小.     

薄竹单板浸渍工艺对阻燃胶合板性能的影响

在常压下研究了温度、时间、复配阻燃剂质量分数等不同浸渍工艺参数对薄竹单板载药量的影响,测定了不同载药量薄竹胶合板的燃烧和力学性能。结果表明,在温度为60℃,时间为8h,复配阻燃剂质量分数为30%时,单板载药量趋于稳定;单板厚度增加,单板载药量会相应减少。力学性能表明,经过阻燃处理的薄竹胶合板随着载药量的增加,胶合强度有所下降,与未处理试样的胶合强度相比,经载药量为6%,8%,10%和12%阻燃处理的胶合板胶合强度分别下降了16.1%,22.0%,28.0%和35.6%,含水率范围为12.3%~13.2%,胶合强度和含水率均能满足Ⅱ类胶合板的要求。燃烧性能表明,随着载药量的增加,胶合板的点燃时间和残余质量逐渐增加,而总热释放量和总烟释放量逐渐减小,阻燃效果明显。因此,利用常压浸渍工艺生产阻燃薄竹胶合板是可行的。     

氮磷型阻燃脲醛树脂胶在胶合板制造中的应用

将氮磷型阻燃剂(NPR)与脲醛树脂胶(UF)混和后,应用于阻燃胶合板的制备,探讨NPR添加量对胶合板含水率、胶合强度、浸渍剥离性能及阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,当阻燃剂添加量8%,固化剂添加量0.2%时,胶合板的含水率为7.8%,胶合强度达0.87 MPa,浸渍剥离合格率达93%,阻燃性能达到GB 8624-2012《建筑材料及制品燃烧性能分级》的B_1难燃级。     

影响阻燃胶合板胶合强度因素的研究

分析了使用BL-环保阻燃剂压制环保阻燃胶合板过程中,热压温度、热压时间、单板浸渍时间和涂胶量对胶合强度的影响,并检测了氧指数、甲醛释放量和含水率。研究表明,使用BL-环保阻燃剂生产环保阻燃胶合板可以达到胶合强度标准,并提出了最佳工艺条件。     

4A分子筛改性阻燃胶合板的研制

用4A分子筛改性脲醛树脂、BL阻燃剂处理杨木单板,通过正交试验设计,制备阻燃胶合板并检测其胶合强度及阻燃性能。结果表明,分子筛可提高阻燃胶合板的胶合强度,分子筛加入胶黏剂中对阻燃胶合板的阻燃性能影响不大。分子筛改性阻燃胶合板制造的优化工艺为阻燃剂浓度10%、分子筛量4%、涂胶量380g/m2、热压温度120℃。     

分子筛对磷氮阻燃胶合板协效作用的研究

采用单因素法分析了分子筛类型及用量对磷氮阻燃剂浸渍杨木单板制备的胶合板的阻燃性能和胶合性能的影响。研究结果表明:分子筛在磷氮阻燃胶合板中显示出良好的协效阻燃作用。加入量为1%时就能够显著提高阻燃胶合板的阻燃性能,不同类型分子筛对阻燃性能的提高程度依次为4A>5A>13X>3A;分子筛在协效阻燃的同时,还可以提高阻燃胶合板的胶合强度。分子筛加入量为3%时阻燃胶合板的胶合强度提高最大,各类型分子筛对胶合强度的提高程度依次为13X>5A>4A>3A。     

氮磷硼阻燃剂及制备阻燃胶合板的性能评价

为优化氮磷系阻燃剂的合成工艺并降低其成本,以硼酸/硼砂、磷酸和尿素为主要原料,制成氮磷硼系阻燃剂,并制备阻燃胶合板,检测其胶合强度和阻燃性能。结果表明,阻燃胶合板的胶合强度满足GB/T 9846-2004中II类胶合板要求,阻燃性能明显提高。     

氮磷硼复合阻燃桉木胶合板的性能评价

以聚磷酸铵、硼酸和硼砂复配氮磷硼阻燃剂,浸渍处理桉木单板,用以研制阻燃性能优异的桉木胶合板。对胶合板的胶合强度、燃烧性能及单板的热稳定性检测结果表明:在热解过程中,浸渍处理后的单板失重速率减小,质量残余率增大,热稳定性明显改善。适量的氮磷硼阻燃剂可以显著降低胶合板热释放总量和总烟产量,其中总热释放量降低16.53%,总烟产量降低36.33%。聚磷酸铵、硼砂和硼酸表现出良好的协同阻燃抑烟效应。阻燃桉木胶合板的胶合强度略有降低,但均符合国家Ⅱ类胶合板标准。     

桉木与杨木阻燃胶合板的性能对比分析

采用磷氮硼复合阻燃剂浸渍处理桉木和杨木单板,分别制备5层阻燃胶合板,检测其物理力学性能和阻燃性能.结果表明:阻燃胶合板的胶合强度,均满足GB/T 9846-2004《胶合板》中Ⅱ类要求,抗弯性能满足LY/T 1738-2008《实木复合地板用胶合板》要求;两树种胶合板相比,杨木阻燃胶合板的胶合强度较好,桉木阻燃胶合板的抗弯性能及阻燃性能更优.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.