进口热带木材的识别,材性和用途

本语文介绍了中国林科院木材工业研究所执行的ＩＴＴＯ项目“中国进口热带木材的识别、材性和用途”的背影目的、意义、执行情况。东南亚、非洲和拉丁美洲热带木材３本丰共记载６００余种的热带木材的名称;树木性状及分布,木材构造;性质;主要用途及构造显微照片,为正确识别木材提供依据。中、英文两种版本的热带木材数据库,可从本材构造特征检索木 树种;按用途检索适合的木材树种检索产地、性质和用途;按国别检索木材的中、     

科技通讯

中国林科院木材工业研究所研制的CIQS—东南亚阔叶树材计算机数据库查询系统于1992年6月18日在北京通过专家鉴定。木材解剖特征系根据正确定名标本记载;木材力学数据全部采用东南亚试验结果,还有按中国标准进行了换算的数据;木材主要用途38类,列出了适宜每类用途的树种。本系统贮存了东南亚阔叶树材201种(类)及每个树种     

木材综合信息数据库查询系统的研究

木材综合信息数据库查询系统是在收集、整理我国木材科学领域多年来研究成果和实验数据的基础上，建立起来的大型木材科学综合信息数据查询应用软件包。系统收录有木材标本、木材译名、木材用途、及木材解剖识别、木材眼微构造、木材化学、木材物理力学、木材、木材热学、木材声学及木材渗透性等信息，建立了十二个专项子数据库。     

广西南亚热带主要树种种质资源信息管理及评价系统

利用ＶｉｓｕａｌＦｏｘＰｒｏ ３．０ 中文专业版数据库软件,建立树种种质资源信息管理系统,将广西南亚热带树种种质资源信息规范化、数据化输入,包括基本特征、产地生境、物候、形态、林学特征、生长表现、采集记录、繁殖性能、抗性、适应性及遗传多样性、木材质量指标、保存观测记录等信息。本系统有数据录入、数据修改、数据检索及统计和辅助决策（树种综合评价）的功能,具有使用方便、操作简单、用户界面友好、系统信息丰富、具可变性等特点,为树种种质资源信息的查询、分析和利用提供了新的手段。     

会讯

“进口热带木材识别、材性和用途”培训班六月在京举办为了扩大我国与东南亚、非洲、拉丁美洲之间的木材贸易，提高对热带材树种的认识，中国林科院木材工业研究所执行国际热带木材组织（ＩＴＴＯ）项目，对６００余种热带木材进行了研究，出版３本专著，建立３个数据库系...     

原始林区加速培育林木的展望

根据当代营林经验和对世界各国木材消费趋势的分析,针叶树种的木材,现今和在可以预见的将来,对木材加工工业及纸浆造纸工业均具有重要意义。近年来,不仅芬兰、瑞典和加拿大,而且美国、意大利、英国、西班牙、拉丁美洲以及南非一些国家,都十分重视发展针叶树种。     

原始林区加速培育林木的展望

根据当代营林经验和对世界各国木材消费趋势的分析,针叶树种的木材,现今和在可以预见的将来,对木材加工工业及纸浆造纸工业均具有重要意义。近年来,不仅芬兰、瑞典和加拿大,而且美国、意大利、英国、西班牙、拉丁美洲以及南非一些国家,都十分重视发展针叶树种。     

木材标本馆的网络化设计

介绍木材标本的采集、整理过程,并以中国林科院木材工业研究所收藏的木材标本信息为例,在对树种名称、科名、属名、产地等多方面信息进行数字化加工处理的基础上,完成木材标本馆的网络化设计.     

用电子计算机识别木材

一种新的电子计算机系统可帮助识别木材。它能快速准确的鉴定出木材树种,特别是对热带树种,更为有效。美国林产研究室木材解剖中心的木材解剖学家已制订出七十种树种特性的内容编入电子计算机中。传统的木材识别专家是用两分检索法鉴定木材树种,既通过两种序列的木材特性进行选择;而新的系统允许操作者在电子计算     

木材的名称与归类

住房制度的改革，使城市居民拥有自己的住房，同时也带动了装修业及家具业的蓬勃发展，每年需要大量的木材用于家具及装修，其中有相当数量的珍贵树种木材是从国外进口，主要是来自拉丁美洲、东南亚、非洲热带雨林的木材。……     

东南亚阔叶树材数据库查询系统

国内研究或鉴定东南亚木材较早的为中国林业科学研究院木材工业研究所。已发表的有陈嘉宝的《十二种柬埔寨重要工业木材的粗视特征及其物理力学性质》一文;1989年又编译了《马来西亚商用木材性质和用途》一书(商用木材74种)。1988年,安徽农学院林产工业研究所卫广扬等主编的《东南亚木材——识别及用途》问世,以近百种进口的马来西亚和菲律宾原木作为木材构造和材性试验的主要材料,共记载针、阔叶树材90余种;因系进口原木,所以不少没有种名;供作材性试验的木材也多为1号标本。以上这些资料各有侧重,有的只有粗视构造,有的虽有显微构造记载但不少没有种名,不利于木材识别;有的虽然作了木材物理力学试验,但试材太少,代表性不强;就已研究的树种数量看也较少,不能满足广大用材者的需求。     

Forest product trade,wood consumption,and forest conservation—the case of 61 countries

Trade barriers of forest products are often advocated in the name of protecting forest resources. Whether the promoting of trade of forest products will increase or decrease the global forest resources is still a matter of debate. We offer an assessment of how forest product trade helps shape observed forest change, by relating wood consumption change to trade of forest products based on cross-section data from 61 countries in 2010. The result shows that wood outputs have positive effects on wood consumption. Compared to domestic production, the result suggests that imports of forest products can help reduce wood consumption. This may indicate that trade liberalization can promote the allocation efficiency of timber resources across the global, which can improve the utilization efficiency and reduce the wood consumption in the world to protect the global forest resources. It is suggested that the high-efficient harvest and wood-processing technological transfer should be advocated in the international community to contribute to global forest conservation.     

WOOD-NAMES AND TREE-NAMES ON THE MAPS OF BRITAIN

Woods and trees play an important part in the formation of theplace-names found on topographical maps. The process of namingwoods began in the earliest times and continues at the presentday. Such place-names frequently provide information on thecharacter of the woodland in the past, and are also deservingof study as a form of forest terminology. In Britain, place-namesare derived from several linguistic sources, including Welsh,Gaelic, Anglo-Saxon, Scandinavian, French, Latin, and ModernEnglish; consequently the name of a wood often provides evidenceof the date of its recognition or formation. A glossary is givenof 136 names of woods and trees which are represented on themaps of Britain.     

Chemical composition of wood and its connection with wood anatomy in Betula pubescens

ABSTRACT

The connection between chemical composition and anatomy of wood is poorly studied. Abiotic and biotic growth conditions affect the synthesis of structural compounds and the anatomy of wood at the same time as they affect growth. In this study, the wood chemical composition, and connections between wood chemistry and anatomy were studied in downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) grown on four growth sites possessing mineral and peat soils. Lignin, holocellulose, extractive and ash contents, and effective heating value were analysed and compared with libriform fibre double wall thickness and lumen diameter, vessel size and number, and ray and axial parenchyma numbers. Measured lignin and extractive contents were exceptionally high and holocellulose content low. Correlations between wood anatomy and effective heating value were partly different on different soils. Correlations between holocellulose and anatomy were the opposite of the correlations between other chemical compounds and anatomy. The significant correlations between chemical composition and anatomy were commonly opposite in trees grown on peat than in trees grown on mineral soil. Particularly, vessel characteristics and fibre wall thickness correlated significantly with wood chemistry in trees grown on mineral soil. The connections between wood anatomy and chemistry proved to be soil-dependent.     

我国木材进口分析

中国是世界上木材及木制品的生产大国,也是消费大国,又是木材进口大国,我国木材进口贸易充满了机会和挑战。通过具体分析近年我国原木、锯材、胶合板进口的品种、数量和贸易方式的变化,把握未来的发展趋势,木材经营企业一方面要关注全球木材贸易走向,快速反应,坚持多品种,小批量的经营原则。同时,还应该积极实施走出去战略,建立稳定资源渠道,占领木材进口市场竞争制高点。     

中蒙俄经济走廊视域下的木质林产品贸易分析

文中从贸易规模和贸易结构2个方面概述了中国与俄罗斯以及中国与蒙古间的木质林产品贸易现状,运用产业内贸易指数分别从进口和出口2个方面对2006—2015年中俄和中蒙主要木质林产品贸易情况进行分析。结果发现,中国与俄罗斯及蒙古之间木质林产品贸易规模和产业内贸易水平正在逐年增长,但产业内贸易水平仍总体偏低,贸易方式仍以产业间贸易为主。中俄和中蒙在木质林产品贸易上具有很强的互补性,应以中蒙俄经济走廊的发展为契机,加强林业经贸合作,实现区域互利共赢。     

Analysis of trade in illegally harvested timber: Accounting for trade via third party countries

The paper presents a model to analyse trade in illegally harvested timber with a particular focus on trade via third party countries. The model is deduced from the conventional input–output-analysis. In contrast to this type of analysis, inverse export coefficients are introduced to analyse the effect of a certain amount of country-specific supply, e.g., of illegally harvested timber, to the use of wood and wood products of all other countries, based on trade relationships. A database has been compiled especially for application of the model. It comprises data on industrial round-wood production in terms of industrial wood harvested and removed from the forest; recovered wood fibre in the form of recovered paper and waste wood; bilateral trade of 272 wood-based commodities in m³ raw wood equivalent (rwe), and domestic use of those commodities. Two scenarios expressing high and low estimates of illegal harvesting for all countries have been employed in the model. The model reveals the trade linkages between all countries of the world and allows quantification of the global supply and use arising from illegal harvesting. Furthermore it allows calculation of the import of illegally harvested timber for each country of the world. And finally, the model likewise allows the quantification of domestic use of illegally harvested timber for each country of the world.The results show that international trade increases the global domestic supply of illegally harvested timber by more than 70% in each scenario. In particular industrial round-wood from Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Myanmar passes through many countries until it ends in form of finished wood products in the country of final destination. Not only due to suggested illegally harvested timber in the own country, but also due to strongly developed trade relationships, China holds the lead in total supply and use of illegally harvested timber. However this result must be seen against the background of the large population in China. This aspect also helps to explain the predominant position of China, Brazil and Russia with regard to the domestic use of illegally harvested timber. A comparison of import of illegally harvested timber on the basis of “simple” (covering only bilateral trade) and inverse export coefficients demonstrates the model's merit. The hitherto usually simple approach underestimates the “real” trade by a third up to a half.     

Determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade: application of the gravity model

ABSTRACT

This study applied a gravity model estimation using panel data in order to analyze the impact of the determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade from 2001 to 2016.The gravity estimates imply the importance of size of the economies, distance, level of openness of the economy, population, forest resource endowments of Vietnam’s trade partners, Vietnam’s logging restrictions policy, common border, free trade agreement, and exchange rates as determinants of Vietnam’s wood products trade. These variables were found to have different effects on the export and import of wood products. Vietnam’s access to the WTO and APEC did not help either its imports or exports in wood products. The results of this study also indicate that the Government of Vietnam needs to implement policies to increase investment in the wood processing industry, develop high quality wood materials from domestic plantations, and take advantage of trade preferences from new free trade agreements in order to promote wood product trade. The results of this study have implications for trade policy, resource-based economic development, and Vietnam’s forest resource conservation.     

关于杨树品种命名的探讨兼谈河北省杨树种类与分布

杨树种类繁多,人工选育的品种日益增多。为便于生产推广和国际交流,每个杨树品种均应有一个合法的拉丁名。天然杨树,种以下分类单位为变种、变型;栽培杨树,种以下分类单位为栽培变种(品种);杂种杨树的拉丁名,是由属名和种加词(种名)构成,而在种加词的前面要置以乘号(×)。其复形杂种的品种命名,均以栽培变种(品种)对待,其集合加词放在该杂种名称之后。 河北省现在杨树种类,有3个组(派),13个种,6个杂种,7个变种,3个变型,6个栽培变种(品种)。