内蒙古京津风沙源治理工程土壤风蚀控制效益研究

2000—2013年内蒙古风沙源治理工程区风蚀模数整体呈现下降趋势,风蚀程度有所减轻。5个亚治理区风蚀模数差异较大,其中浑善达克沙地治理区风蚀模数最高,其他依次为科尔沁沙地南缘治理区﹥乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区﹥锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区﹥华北北部丘陵山地水源涵养治理区。工程区土壤风蚀量明显减少,2001—2013年累计净减少1 370 446.65×104t,其中,乌兰察布高平原退化草原、荒漠草原治理区累计净减少风蚀量最大;其次为锡林郭勒高平原-乌珠穆沁沙地盆地退化草原治理区。风力是造成内蒙古风沙源工程区土壤侵蚀的最主要营力。2000—2013年,工程区风蚀模数与风蚀量的逐步降低说明,京津风沙源治理工程实施十余年以来,通过实施各类治理措施,工程区土壤风蚀得到初步控制,工程区生态状况趋向好转,随着森林资源总量与质量的提高,水土流失状况进一步改善,沙化土地治理初见成效。     

风蚀区~(137)Cs与有机质剖面分布及其关系——以新疆准东地区为例

通过对新疆准东地区沙地、裸地、戈壁、耕地和草地进行土样采集,分析了土壤~(137)Cs和有机质的分布特征,估算各土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀量并对其进行验证,同时探讨~(137)Cs与有机质之间的关系。结果发现:非耕地土壤~(137)Cs基本分布在地表15 cm以内,耕地土壤~(137)Cs主要分布在犁耕层;非耕地~(137)Cs均随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势,耕地呈现均匀分布;草地土壤有机质随土壤深度增加呈减少趋势,戈壁和裸地有机质含量变化不明显,耕地有机质含量呈均匀状态分布;各土地利用类型下~(137)Cs含量总体表现为:草地固定沙地戈壁耕地裸地半固定沙地,而有机质含量呈现为:草地和耕地戈壁固定沙地半固定沙地和裸地。各样点利用~(137)Cs示踪法估算土壤侵蚀速率之间的差异,~(137)Cs示踪技术在风蚀地区测定的土壤风蚀并不可靠。准东土壤~(137)Cs与有机质呈现为弱相关或不相关,在准东风蚀区用~(137)Cs监测土壤有机质动态的效果并不明显。     

浑善达克沙地沙地榆土壤种子库特征与动态规律研究

在浑善达克沙地以沙地榆为研究对象,针对60年生、46年生、30年生3种不同树龄沙地榆林进行了土壤种子库调查,研究了沙地榆土壤种子库的组成、数量及动态变化规律。结果表明:1)不同树龄沙地榆林结实量差异明显,结实量大小顺序为60年生林分>46年生林分>30年生林分,结实量分别为2101粒/m2、451粒/m2、24粒/m2;2)在整个观测期内,不同树龄沙地榆林土壤种子库内种子总数呈下降趋势。2011年9月各林分种子总数比2011年6月分别减少了75.17%、47.46%和96.15%。3)从成熟种子组成及动态变化趋势来看,60年生和30年生沙地榆林土壤中成熟种子在整个观测期内呈逐月下降趋势,46年生沙地榆土壤中成熟种子总数呈先下降后增加的趋势。2011年7月,成熟种子的比例最小,种子质量最差,2011年9月,成熟种子的比例最大,不存在腐烂虫害种子,种子质量最好。4)不同树龄沙地榆林土壤种子库种子总数分布规律基本一致,表现为枯枝落叶层>0-2cm土层>2-4cm土层。枯枝落叶层土壤种子库种子总数随时间呈持续减少的趋势,0-2cm土层和2-4cm土层土壤种子库种子总数呈先减少后增加的趋势。     

毛乌素沙地东南缘不同植被盖度下土壤水分特征分析

2007年利用EC-5土壤水分探头对毛乌素沙地东南缘土壤水分进行了定位观测,分析了不同植被盖度下土壤水分的时空分布特征及土壤蓄水量的差异。结果表明:在时间尺度上,固定沙地土壤水分含量表现为:秋季>春季>夏季,半固定沙地和流动沙地土壤水分含量为:夏季>秋季>春季。在垂直方向上,固定沙地整个剖面土壤水分变化成"S"型曲线变化,半固定沙地和流动沙地土壤水分成反"S"型曲线变化。0～200cm沙层中,流动沙地土壤蓄水量最大,半固定沙地次之,固定沙地最差。     

作物残茬覆盖对农田土壤风蚀的影响

为定量评价干旱半干旱地区农田土壤抗风蚀效果,采用移动式风洞及其配套测试系统对内蒙古武川县上秃亥乡农田地表进行了原位测试研究。结果表明,不同风速下土壤风蚀量随作物残茬盖度的增加呈指数规律减少;40%以上残茬盖度可明显提高土壤颗粒起动风速并减少风蚀量;当风速为14~18 m/s时,地表作物残茬盖度为60%~80%具有较好的抗风蚀效果。     

残茬高度对土壤风蚀量影响的试验研究

在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,观测不同残茬高度条件下农田土壤的风蚀情况.试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且风蚀量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动.保护性耕作可明显地提高起沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右.     

阿拉善荒漠区植物多样性与土壤理化性质相关性研究

为了弄清阿拉善荒漠区的植物多样性特征,初步阐明调控荒漠植被空间分布的土壤理化指标,本文对阿拉善荒漠流动沙地、固定沙地、砾质沙地和盐碱地四种生境下植物多样性与土壤理化性质的关系进行了研究,并确定了不同生境下植物多样性与土壤理化指标的逐步回归方程。研究结果表明:固定沙地和砾质沙地的植物多样性明显高于流动沙地和盐碱地;在砂粒含量较高的流动沙地和砾质沙地,灌木物种的Shannon-Wiener指数明显大于草本物种;逐步回归方程表明,土壤pH及砂粒含量显著影响流动沙地的植物多样性,固定沙地和砾质沙地的植物多样性与土壤中全磷、全钾含量密切相关,而土壤中全磷和总盐量则显著影响盐碱地的植物多样性。     

土壤风蚀量随风速的变化规律研究

使用野外风洞作为风蚀研究的试验手段,通过农田土壤、沙及生土的风洞试验研究发现,农田土壤的风蚀量随风速呈指数函数变化,沙及生土的风蚀量随风速呈幂函数变化。试验研究还表明,农田土壤的风蚀量与表土层(3cm)的含水量呈显著负相关,沙的风蚀量与含水量的相关性不显著。风蚀导致土壤中的细颗粒成分大量损失,这是土壤颗粒粗化的原因所在。     

土壤风蚀量随残茬高度的变化规律研究

在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,直接在农田上观测不同残茬高度条件下的农田风蚀土壤损失情况。试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且输沙量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动。保护性耕作可明显地提高启沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右。     

考虑冻融作用的东北黑土地耕作土壤风蚀统计模型研究

目前风蚀的计算模型较多,但是考虑冻融作用参与下的风蚀模型目前很少。通过野外大量实测试验数据以及室内冻融循环及风洞风蚀模拟试验,总结出冻融次数与土壤风蚀量存在指数函数关系,风蚀量与风速之间为幂函数关系,土壤含水量与风蚀量之间为对数关系的看法,运用统计学理论,建立了黑土地耕作土壤冻融风蚀统计模型,模型中包括7个比较容易直接观测的变量参数,模拟误差小于5%,可用于黑土耕地冻融作用下的风蚀模拟与预测。     

内蒙古半干旱地区土壤侵蚀过程的研究——以内蒙古准格尔旗为例

本文探讨了在特定半干旱条件下土壤侵蚀过程的特点,即以不同时空尺度相交织的“风、水两相土壤侵蚀”过程的机制;编绘了研究区典型地段风、水两相土壤侵蚀现状图;分析和讨论了两相侵蚀过程在内蒙古半干旱地区国土整治,特别是水土保持工程中的理论和实践意义。     

北京平原土壤机械组成和抗风蚀能力的分析

土壤遇风起沙是风沙活动产生的最根本原因,它的基本点有二:一是具有足以使砂粒产生运动的一定强度的起沙风;二是土壤颗粒小、质地干燥疏松,具有遇风起沙产生运动的属性。本文分析了北京土壤的机械组成特征和结构性能等。叙述了在永定河边部一些地块的野外风沙观测和沙风洞试验,证实土壤结构性、干松程度、植被覆盖状况是决定土壤抗风蚀性能的三要素。最后,试用不易蚀因子含量评价北京平原土壤的抗风蚀能力。     

宁夏中部地区土地沙化问题研究

本文遵循系统生态学原则,引用图论、马尔柯夫分析等方法,分析评价了研究区域土地沙化过程影响因素;揭示了沙化过程发生机制;指出了该区域土地沙化过程是人为导致的,并不是所谓气候变干趋势的决定性影响,提出“土地沙化”不同于“沙漠化”,概念上不应混淆。     

Research on wind erosion processes and controlling factors based on wind tunnel test and 3D laser scanning technology

The study of wind erosion processes is of great importance to the prevention and control of soil wind erosion. In this study, three structurally intact soil samples were collected from the steppe of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China and placed in a wind tunnel where they were subjected to six different wind speeds (10, 15, 17, 20, 25, and 30 m/s) to simulate wind erosion in the wind tunnel. After each test, the soil surfaces were scanned by a 3D laser scanner to create a high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM), and the changes in wind erosion mass and microtopography were quantified. Based on this, we performed further analysis of wind erosion-controlling factors. The study results showed that the average measurement error between the 3D laser scanning method and weighing method was 6.23% for the three undisturbed soil samples. With increasing wind speed, the microtopography on the undisturbed soil surface first became smooth, and then fine stripes and pits gradually developed. In the initial stage of wind erosion processes, the ability of the soil to resist wind erosion was mainly affected by the soil hardness. In the late stage of wind erosion processes, the degree of soil erosion was mainly affected by soil organic matter and CaCO₃ content. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for soil wind erosion control and promote the application of 3D laser scanners in wind erosion monitoring.     

Application of a new wind driving force model in soil wind erosion area of northern China

The shear stress generated by the wind on the land surface is the driving force that results in the wind erosion of the soil. It is an independent factor influencing soil wind erosion. The factors related to wind erosivity, known as submodels, mainly include the weather factor(WF) in revised wind erosion equation(RWEQ), the erosion submodel(ES) in wind erosion prediction system(WEPS), as well as the drift potential(DP) in wind energy environmental assessment. However, the essential factors of WF and ES contain wind, soil characteristics and surface coverings, which therefore results in the interdependence between WF or ES and other factors(e.g., soil erodible factor) in soil erosion models. Considering that DP is a relative indicator of the wind energy environment and does not have the value of expressing wind to induce shear stress on the surface. Therefore, a new factor is needed to express accurately wind erosivity. Based on the theoretical basis that the soil loss by wind erosion(Q) is proportional to the shear stress of the wind on the soil surface, a new model of wind driving force(WDF) was established, which expresses the potential capacity of wind to drive soil mass in per unit area and a period of time. Through the calculations in the typical area, the WDF, WF and DP are compared and analyzed from the theoretical basis, construction goal, problem-solving ability and typical area application; the spatial distribution of soil wind erosion intensity was concurrently compared with the spatial distributions of the WDF, WF and DP values in the typical area. The results indicate that the WDF is better to reflect the potential capacity of wind erosivity than WF and DP, and that the WDF model is a good model with universal applicability and can be logically incorporated into the soil wind erosion models.     

A field investigation of wind erosion in the farming–pastoral ecotone of northern China using a portable wind tunnel: a case study in Yanchi County

The farming–pastoral ecotone in northern China is an extremely fragile ecological zone where wind erosion of cropland and rangeland is easy to occur. In this study, using a portable wind tunnel as a wind simulator, we conducted field simulated wind erosion experiments combined with laboratory analysis to investigate wind erosion of soils in trampled rangeland, non-tilled cropland and tilled cropland in Yanchi County, China. The results showed that compared with rangeland, the cropland had a higher soil water holding capacity and lower soil bulk density. The wind erosion rate of trampled rangeland was much higher than those of non-tilled cropland and tilled cropland. For cropland, the wind erosion rate of the soil after tilling was surprisingly less than that of the soil before tilling. With increasing of wind speed, the volume mean diameter of the eroded sediment collected by the trough in the wind tunnel generally increased while the clay and silt content decreased for all soils. The temporal variation in wind erosion of the trampled rangeland indicated that particle entrainment and dust emission decreased exponentially with erosion time through the successive wind erosion events due to the exhaustion of erodible particles.     

土壤风蚀的野外风洞实验研究

<正> 土地的不断沙漠化已给自然的生产潜力和人类的生活环境带来了巨大的危害,目前这种危害正在加速地强化着。因此作为沙漠化研究中的一个重要内容——土壤风蚀的研究就显得十分重要了。我们内蒙古林学院在国内外专家的帮助下,于1986年初,顺利地     

农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度关系的风洞模拟实验

以土壤风蚀严重的河北坝上康保县为研究区,采用风洞试验的技术手段,对农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度的关系进行研究。结果表明,农田留茬与翻耕、农田垄向及农作物残茬高度的差异对土壤风蚀强度有较大影响。垄向平行主风向的风蚀强度大于垄向垂直主风向的风蚀强度。风速越大,垄向不同造成的风蚀强度的差异越大,尤其是当风速≥15m/s时,风蚀强度的差异表现得较为明显;风蚀强度与留茬高度呈负相关;翻耕地的风蚀强度大于任何留茬地的风蚀强度;风蚀强度与风速变化呈现出指数函数变化规律。因此,农田垄向垂直主风向、作物收获后不进行翻耕、留有适度茬高、优先种植残茬硬度较大的莜麦作物,这样的耕作方式可有效降低土壤风蚀强度,缓解河北坝上地区农田土壤风蚀状况。     

An experimental study on the influences of water erosion on wind erosion in arid and semi-arid regions

Complex erosion by wind and water causes serious harm in arid and semi-arid regions. The interaction mechanisms between water erosion and wind erosion is the key to further our understanding of the complex erosion. Therefore, in-depth understandings of the influences of water erosion on wind erosion is needed. This research used a wind tunnel and two rainfall simulators to investigate the influences of water erosion on succeeding wind erosion. The wind erosion measurements before and after water erosion were run on semi-fixed aeolian sandy soil configured with three slopes(5°, 10° and 15°), six wind speeds(0, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 20 m/s), and five rainfall intensities(0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 mm/h). Results showed that water erosion generally restrained the succeeding wind erosion. At a same slope, the restraining effects decreased as rainfall intensity increased, which decreased from 70.63% to 50.20% with rainfall intensity increased from 30 to 75 mm/h. Rills shaped by water erosion could weaken the restraining effects at wind speed exceeding 15 m/s mainly by cutting through the fine grain layer, exposing the sand layer prone to wind erosion to airflow. In addition, the restraining effects varied greatly among different soil types. The restraining effects of rainfall on the succeeding wind erosion depend on the formation of a coarsening layer with a crust and a compact fine grain layer after rainfall. The findings can deepen the understanding of the complex erosion and provide scientific basis for regional soil and water conservation in arid and semi-arid regions.