西部草地灾害原因分析与可持续利用对策

根据近几年来草地灾害给农牧业生产与人民生活造成的重大损失，系统地剖析人为因素和自然因素在其中的作用，探讨草地灾害的成因，进而提出恢复与重建的对策，用以指导西部生态环境的重建和草地资源的可持续利用，为西部大开发提供科学依据。     

海西草地灾害分析及其控制途径探讨

根据近几年海西草地灾害给农牧业生产与人民生活造成的重大损失,系统地剖析人为因素和自然因素在其中的作用,探讨草地灾害的成因,进而提出控制草地灾害的途径,用以指导草地植被恢复重建和生态环境建设。     

草地灾害对柴达木盆地生态的影响及其恢复重建措施

近几年来草地灾害给柴达木盆地农牧业生产与人民生活造成的重大损失。剖析了人为因素和自然因素在其中的作用,探讨了草地灾害的成因,进而提出恢复与重建的途径,用以指导植被恢复重建,为柴达术盆地生态环境建设提供科学依据。     

盐池县草原防灾减灾措施与成效

<正>1草原灾害的种类和成因(1)生物灾害:主要有鼠、虫、病害及有毒有害植物和外来物种侵入等。(2)自然灾害:主要是旱灾、风灾、火灾、沙化等自然灾害。2防灾减灾措施2.1加强人工草地建设,为禁牧舍饲养殖提供物质保障自2000年起,盐池县委政府大力发展人工种,每年以10万亩的力度着力解决禁牧后舍饲养殖所需饲料用草,以苜蓿为主的多年生人工草地的快速发展,延伸了草产业后续产业链条,带动了     

中国西部草地灾害类型及致灾原因与防治对策

草地是一种可作为饲用的草本植物占据优势的植物群落，中国草地面积有60亿亩，其中西部的草地占87%，目前，西部草地生产力水平极其落后，草地畜牧业发展缓慢，其主要原因是草地灾害的长期存在并日趋势严重。本文通过对西部草地灾害的类型和致灾因素的分析。提出了相应的提高草地生产能力、改善草地生态环境和防止草地灾害发生发展的对策。     

青海省三江源草地生态退化成因分析

采用SPSS主成分分析法,并结合实地调研,主要对三江源地区草地退化的成因进行定量分析。结果表明：自然因素和人为因素对于该研究区域草地的退化都具有作用和效力,只是作用方向不同。然而,最终导致该地区草地急剧退化的主导因素为人为因素（人口增长、牲畜超载严重、经济活动等）,尤其是超载过牧,迫使草地大面积退化、沙化、荒漠化,再加上鼠虫害等自然灾害的影响,则进一步加快草地退化的速度。     

浅析木里县天然草地退化成因及其治理对策建议

草原退化是自然因素和人为因素综合作用的结果,本文简述了木里县天然草地退化现状,分析了草地退化的主要成因,提出了防止草地退化的治理技术及对策,以期为木里县退化草地恢复和治理提供参考依据.     

内蒙古西部区草原主要毒草灾害现状与防灾减灾策略

对内蒙古西部区草地毒草灾害的定义、发生现状、制定毒草灾害的防灾减灾策略的原则以及实施措施进行了探讨和论述。     

天祝县气候变化对畜牧业可持续发展的影响及对策

用多年系统观测的气象资料分析了天祝县年、季、月气候变化对畜牧业的影响，认为气候变化是制约天祝草地畜牧业发展的主要因素，针对气候变化的制约条件提出了草地可持续发展对策；改良退化草场，科学合理利用草场；发展季节畜牧业，建立农区牲畜育肥基地；加强畜牧业基础设施建设，提高防灾减灾能力；加强草的水利建设，科学灌溉草场；适地、适草、适畜，发挥不同类型草场区域优势，开展集约经营。     

黑龙江省草原灾害及防减灾对策

黑龙江省草原资源比较丰富 ,草原面积有 433.4万ｈｍ2 ,主要分布在松嫩平原、三江平原和东部、北部的山区半山区 ,发展草地畜牧业的条件十分优越。多年来 ,由于对草原的防灾减灾工作重视不够 ,致使每年都有大量的草原遭受各种灾害 (大约有 16 7万ｈｍ2 左右 ,占草原总面积的近 40 % ) ,轻的使草原减产 ,严重的甚至使草原绝产 ,草地畜牧业生产因而受到很大损失。因此 ,研究探索草原防灾减灾的策略 ,已经成为我省草地畜牧业生产中的一项重要任务。1　黑龙江省草原灾害的种类、数量、发生区域及危害程度黑龙江省草原灾害的种类主要有 :鼠害、虫…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -