我国苹果黑星病发生概况及研究进展

苹果黑星病[Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint]是世界各苹果产区的重要病害之一, 具有流行速度快、危害性大、难于防治等特点。近年来苹果黑星病在我国有逐步蔓延的趋势, 严重威胁着我国苹果产业的发展。本文对我国苹果黑星病的发生、分布、初侵染来源、病害发展过程、症状特点、主要防治措施及研究历史等进行了概括和总结, 并提出了我国苹果黑星病研究中存在的问题和未来的研究方向, 以期为我国苹果黑星病的防治、深入开展相关研究等提供参考。     

渭北旱塬苹果黑星病流行因子分析

利用渭北旱塬7年(1997～2003年)的温度、相对湿度、降水量和苹果黑星病流行程度资料,采用逐步回归法分析了影响渭北旱塬苹果黑星病流行的因子,求得最优回归子集,包括4月和8月份的降水量、前1年12月份的平均相对湿度、1月和7月份的平均温度,建立苹果黑星病多元线性回归预测模型,以残差绝对值<0．5为统计标准,对1997～2003年苹果黑星病的流行程度进行回测。结果表明,预测模型回测准确率高,可用于指导渭北旱塬苹果黑星病的防治工作。     

十四份雪茄烟种质资源鉴定评价

为筛选出优良的雪茄烟种质供国内雪茄烟育种和生产利用,有必要对引进雪茄烟种质资源的相关目标性状进行鉴定.对14份雪茄烟种质的植物学性状、生育期、抗病性、株型性状、叶片性状及病害发生情况进行鉴定评价.结果表明,14份雪茄烟种质的生育期适中,植物学性状、抗病性、株型性状和叶片性状存在较丰富的遗传变异;其中抗黑胫病的种质有3份...     

早酥梨抗黑星病相关新基因Vnp1的克隆及其表达分析

在前期已克隆得到的早酥梨(Pyrus bretschneideri cv.Zaosu)抗病基因同源类似物Pb-Zs3(GenBank登录号:EU939783)的基础上,通过RT-PCR获得Pb-Zs3的cDNA序列,并利用RACE技术获得该基因的全长cDNA序列,命名为早酥梨抗黑星病相关基因(Vnp1),提交至GenBank(GenBank登录号:FJ763188).生物信息学分析表明,早酥梨Vnp1基因的全长cDNA序列为1200 bp,包含一个完整的921 bp的开放读码框架(ORF),编码306个氨基酸残基,预测其分子质量为34.6 kD.同时,该基因含有与抗病相关的功能结构域核酸结合位点(NB-ARC),同源性比对显示其与苹果黑星病菌(Venturia inaequails)诱导后的苹果EST序列ABEA004598(GenBank登录号:EB150292)同源性达71%.对早酥梨Vnp1基因进行半定量RT-PCR研究的结果表明,该基因在梨黑星病菌(Venturia nashicola)诱导后216 h内的叶片中的表达水平呈明显上升趋势.     

燕麦抗红叶病研究进展

对燕麦红叶病的发病机理、欧美燕麦抗红叶病育种、燕麦红叶病抗病基因分子标记等方面的研究进行了综述。     

重庆市主要农作物种质资源数据库平台构建研究

农作物种质资源数据库平台构建是提高资源利用率的有效途径,提出了构建重庆市主要农作物种质资源数据库平台的设计思路,根据重庆市典型的10种主要农作物种质数据采集需求和规范,研制了基于Web网络的后台采集录入功能和前台展示查询功能的共享平台,实现了重庆市主要农作物种质资源数据资源的网络共享。     

华南型黄瓜种质资源单性结实性评价

在春季塑料大棚条件下,对以华南型材料为主的38份黄瓜种质资源的单性结实能力进行了评价。结果表明,在 38份材料中,强单性结实材料13份,中等单性结实材料17份,弱单性结实材料8份。其中欧洲温室型材料的单性结实能力均在中等以上,华南型材料的单性结实能力普遍较低。     

基于VenInf模型的梨黑星病侵染测报器的设计

为了能及时预防和有效控制梨黑星病的发生,该文设计了一种能够实时测报梨黑星病菌侵染数量的便携式侵染测报器。该测报器利用STC89C52RC单片机和温湿度智能传感器SHT15作为核心元器件,实现温度和湿度的实时采集,并根据采集的温度和湿度实时计算梨黑星病菌的相对侵染量,根据侵染量实时预警,实现梨黑星病菌侵染的实时预测与预警。该测报器具有操作简单,界面友好,携带方便,性价比高的特点。经试验验证：测报器测报的准确率高,为果农及时用药防治病害提供了科学依据。     

我国芳香植物种质资源及其应用研究进展

芳香植物因具有“芳香性”“园艺观赏性”“食用性”和“药用性”而被人们广泛应用。随着现代医学、分子生物学等科技的快速发展,芳香植物功能及挥发性物质成分不断被揭示,并应用于不同的领域。从芳香植物种质资源的地理分布、植物学和园艺学分类、功效价值等角度对芳香植物的研究现状展开论述,从观赏性乡土芳香植物的收集保护、在家庭园艺中的应用等方面进行了展望,以期为芳香植物的进一步开发应用研究提供参考。     

几种主要DNA分子标记在柑橘种质资源研究中的应用

DNA分子标记技术是20世纪60年代发展起来的,因其具有稳定、直接、快速等特点,被广泛用于植物的遗传多样性、遗传图谱构建、种质鉴定、基因连锁作图、亲缘关系分析、起源、进化以及谱系关系等研究。本文总结了几种主要分子标记技术在柑橘种质资源研究中的应用。     

Evaluation of Malus species and cultivars at the Fruit Genebank Dresden-Pillnitz and its use for apple resistance breeding

Using the results of evaluation of Malus accessions during the last 20 years more than 15 new resistant apple cultivars were selected. The breeding aim was the combination of different kinds of resistance with good fruit quality. The best of these cultivars enclose resistance against Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha, Erwinia amylovora, Pseudomonas syringae, Panonychus ulmi and winterfrost. Different scab resistance sources (Vf, Vr, VA) found among the Malus species are combined in the most recent breeding lines.The new resistant Pillnitz apple cultivars ('Recultivars®') guarantee the possibility to reduce 80% and more of fungicide spraying in fruit growing and are very suitable for ecological and integrated fruit production. Four of these, 'Reanda', 'Rebella', 'Remo' and 'Rewena', are triple resistant to scab, mildew and fire blight and are good donors for breeding multiple resistance.     

基于流变特性的不同品种苹果果皮质地评价

为探究苹果果皮表面碎裂损伤的原因和评价不同品种果皮的质地。采用电子万能试验机对丹霞、红富士和新红星苹果果皮进行拉伸松弛和蠕变特性试验,得到了果皮松弛的初始应力、残余应力、应变保持和蠕变的初始应变、应力保持、蠕变量;建立了苹果果皮松弛和蠕变的数学模型,对松弛和蠕变特性参数进行了相关性和主成分分析。结果表明:松弛和蠕变试验结果揭示出不同品种果皮的流变特性和内部组织结构存在差异。不同品种果皮的初始应力较大时,松弛平衡后的残余应力较大;初始应变较大时,蠕变量较小。新红星果皮的弹性因子贡献率较高,而红富士果皮的黏性因子贡献率较高,反映出红富士果皮表面中较新红星和丹霞果皮表面容易碎裂损伤,在采收、运输等过程中红富士的果皮较新红星和丹霞的果皮易受机械损伤。研究结果可为苹果品种的优育及其质地评价体系的建立和完善提供参考。     

Cut-off shoots method for estimation of partial resistance in apple cultivars to fruit tree canker caused by Neonectria ditissima

Fruit tree canker, caused by the fungus Neonectria ditissima, is an economically devastating disease in apple orchards, especially in north-western Europe. Complete resistance has not yet been reported in apple, but variation in levels of partial resistance has been described and could be valuable in plant breeding programmes. A screening method based on spore inoculation of manually inflicted leaf scars on cut shoots was evaluated for reliability and repeatability in discrimination of 11 apple cultivars during two years – 2012 and 2013 – in two different facilities – biotron and standard greenhouse – and different time periods (February–May). The resulting cankers were counted (infection percentage), first appearance noted (incubation period) and lesion size measured at regular intervals during a period of 25–29 days for comparison of resistance levels. Results of two-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses showed that the area under the disease progress curve yielded the most robust data. This parameter was then applied for screening 30 apple cultivars using the same cut-shoot method. ‘Elise’ showed very high susceptibility, while the ornamental ‘Prairifire’ showed the highest level of partial resistance. Results suggested that cut shoots can be used to assess levels of resistance among cultivars, but great care must be taken to provide stable experimental conditions.     

不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物对枯萎病菌的化感作用及根系分泌物组分分析

蚕豆枯萎病是土传病害,其发生与蚕豆根系分泌物有密切关系。本文以3个枯萎病不同抗性蚕豆品种——‘89-147’(高抗)、‘8363’(中抗)和‘云豆324’(感病)为材料,通过水培试验收集根系分泌物,测定根系分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响,分析对枯萎病表现出不同抗性的蚕豆品种根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸和有机酸的含量,分离鉴定了根系分泌物中氨基酸和有机酸的组分。结果表明,抗病品种的根系分泌物抑制了尖孢镰刀菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长,在加入5 mL中抗品种根系分泌物时,显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发,但对菌丝生长无显著影响;而在加入1 mL感病品种根系分泌物时,就能显著促进尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长。不同抗性蚕豆品种根系分泌物中氨基酸总量和总糖含量随抗性的降低而升高,有机酸分泌总量则随蚕豆品种对枯萎病的抗性增加而升高。感病品种和中抗品种中检出15种氨基酸,而高抗品种中检出14种,组氨酸只存在于中抗品种中,脯氨酸仅在感病品种中检出,3个蚕豆品种根系分泌物中均未检出精氨酸。蚕豆根系分泌物中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和亮氨酸含量高,可能会促进枯萎病的发生,而蛋氨酸、赖氨酸和丝氨酸含量高可能抑制枯萎病发生。酒石酸仅在抗病品种中存在,根系分泌物中有机酸种类丰富,有助于提高蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性。蚕豆对枯萎病的抗性不同,根分泌物对镰刀菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响也不同,而这种抗病性差异与蚕豆根系分泌物中糖、氨基酸、有机酸的含量和组分密切相关。     

苹果品种用于加工鲜榨汁的适宜性评价

为科学评价苹果品种的鲜榨汁加工适宜性,以122个单果质量在100 g以上的品种为对象,运用相关分析、因子分析、概率分级、层次分析、K-均值聚类、判别分析等方法建立苹果品种鲜榨汁加工适宜性评价技术。结果表明：果实与鲜榨汁间可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、固酸比和糖酸比5项指标均呈极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.8967、0.9393、0.8413、0.9036和0.9099。果实可溶性固形物含量、固酸比、出汁率、单宁含量等4项指标被确定为苹果品种鲜榨汁加工适宜性评价指标。4项指标均划分为服从或近似服从正态分布的5级,即极低、低、中、高和极高。根据指标权重和指标分级标准,建立了4项指标的评分标准。建立的苹果品种鲜榨汁加工适宜性判别函数有极高的判别准确性,正确判别率达到94.74%（建模样本）和96.55%（检验样本）。筛选出的58个优良品种中,红富士、乔纳金、津轻等43个品种适于加工鲜榨汁,澳洲青苹、红玉、金冠等15个品种极适于加工鲜榨汁。     

Major phytochemicals in apple cultivars: contribution to peroxyl radical trapping efficiency

Forty-one samples of apples (peel plus pulp), obtained from eight cultivars, were examined for concentration of some important phytochemicals and for antioxidant activity expressed as peroxyl radical trapping efficiency. Five major polyphenolic groups plus ascorbate were identified and quantified by HPLC in the apple varieties. Oligomeric and polymeric proanthocyanidins were found to be about two-thirds of total polyphenols. The antioxidant efficiency of the apple extracts and of representative pure compounds for each group of phytochemicals was measured in a micellar system mimicking lipid peroxidation in human plasma. Although the amount of polyphenols measured by HPLC is similar to that measured by standard methods, the antioxidant efficiency calculated on the basis of the contribution of the pure compounds was lower than the antioxidant efficiency of the apple extracts. The higher efficiency of apples appears to be strictly related to the overwhelming presence of oligomeric proanthocyanidins.     

苯并噻二唑(BTH)诱导小麦对条锈病抗性的研究

小麦条锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害之一,为了明确苯并噻二唑(Benzothiadiazole,BTH)对小麦条锈病的诱导抗性作用,分别以BTH处理后的苗期和成株期小麦为试验材料,诱发接种小麦条锈菌后调查小麦的发病情况及防治效果。温室苗期试验结果表明,与对照相比,不同浓度BTH处理后,小麦抗锈性明显提高,病情指数降低29.69~49.77,防治效果可高达90%左右,不同浓度处理之间有一定差异,但与对照相比差异极显著;BTH诱导的最佳浓度为0.3 mmol·L-1,BTH喷雾处理后6~7 d小麦诱导抗锈性表达最强,诱导抗性的持久期在15 d以上。田间成株期试验结果表明,不同浓度处理诱导的小麦抗锈性无明显差异,浓度为0.3 mmol·L-1的BTH诱导处理小区小麦的产量最高,千粒重最重,为42.21 g,增产最高达19.3%。小麦在分蘖期、拔节前期和分蘖期+拔节前期喷施BTH,都能诱导小麦抗条锈性增强,病情指数显著降低,防治效果分别为43.07%、47.43%和50.01%,增产13.4%~16.9%。综上所述,BTH可以诱导小麦产生抗锈性,对小麦条锈病防治起到积极作用。     

不同品种苹果幼树对氮磷亏缺的生理响应

【目的】探究不同苹果品种对低磷、低氮及低磷低氮胁迫的生理响应,为养分高效利用苹果品种的选育提供理论基础。【方法】采用沙培盆栽试验方法,供试材料为三年生‘嘎拉’/M9T337、‘富士’/M9T337和‘蜜脆’/M9T337矮化自根砧苹果(M9T337为矮化砧木)。以改良1/2Hoagland营养液为基础,设置正常、低氮两个氮水平(NO₃~–15、1.5 mmol/L)和正常、低磷两个磷水平(H₂PO₄~–1.0、0.1 mmol/L),共配置适氮适磷、适氮低磷、低氮适磷和低氮低磷4个处理。测定了苹果树体生长、叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数,分析了苹果叶片氮、磷代谢相关酶活性,树体氮、磷累积量。【结果】与适氮适磷相比,适氮低磷和低氮适磷条件下,‘嘎拉’和‘蜜脆’的植株总干物质量均显著降低,‘富士’的植株总干物质量有显著增加;适氮低磷条件下的‘嘎拉’、‘富士’和‘蜜脆’叶绿素b含量均显著降低,F_o呈升高趋势,但‘嘎拉’和‘富士’的F_v/F_m显著升高且P_n...     

不同青菜品种对铜毒性的响应

Two pot experiments with a completely random design and 4 replications were performed in a greenhouse to examine the response difference of 17 cultivars of pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) grown in a Cu-spiked and a clean soil to Cu.The response of pakchoi to Cu toxicity varied with the cultivars. The biomass in cultivars of ‘Caogengbai‘, ‘Siyueman‘ and ‘Suzhouqing‘ were sensitive to soil Cu pollution, but the cultivars of ‘Heixinwu‘, ‘Huoqingcai‘ and ‘HKcaixin‘ were relatively tolerant. When the 17 cultivars of pakchoi grew in clean garden soil, the Cu concentrations in the aboveground part were positively correlated (r = 0.6693) with their root Cu concentrations. However, when they grew in the Cu-spiked soil a highly negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.5376) was obtained in the Cu concentration between the aboveground part and the root. This meant that the Cu tolerant cultivars had a weak ability to transfer Cu from their root to their aboveground part, and therefore stored much more Cu in their root than the Cu sensitive cultivars.     

产酸克雷伯氏菌提高玉米幼苗耐盐碱胁迫的机理

[目的]研究产酸克雷伯氏菌提高盐碱土壤生物学活性的效应,深入理解其缓解作物盐碱胁迫的机理,开发适用于盐碱土壤的微生物菌肥.[方法]首先,诱导保存的产酸克雷伯氏菌产生可遗传的耐300μg/L抗生素利福平的特性.然后,将产生抗性的菌种接种于LB液体培养基中,于30℃、180 r/min培养24 h,经离心、洗涤后用蒸馏水调...