Association of growth dynamics, yield components and seed quality in long-term trials covering rapeseed cultivation history at high latitudes

Brassica oilseed yield trend has declined in Finland by over 20% during the last 15 years. Improved genetic yield potential of turnip rape (B. rapa L.) and oilseed rape (B. napus L.) can be better realised with increased understanding of yield determining processes under northernmost growing conditions. This study aimed at (1) determining the genetic improvements in seed yield, yield components, quality traits and duration of the main growth phases and (2) comparing all these traits in turnip rape and oilseed rape. This work is based on the dataset from long-term Official Variety Trials (1976–2006), covering the entire historically relevant period of rapeseed cultivation in Finland. The results indicated that number of seeds per square metre dominated production of high yields, while single seed weight was not correlated with yield. Over the years, seed yields were produced with very different combinations of seed numbers and weights, differing markedly between the two crops. While high seed numbers were required for production of superior seed yields, single seed weights were not particularly high. Environmental variation markedly affected seed yield, seed number per square metre and duration of flowering compared with its effect on single seed weight. Duration of flowering was, however, negatively associated with seed number. Even though seed weight was largely determined by genotype, no marked plant breeding improvements were identified, contrary to those in number of seeds per square metre, seed yield, oil content and oil yield. For oilseed rape the increase in seed yield (41%) was far higher than for turnip rape (19%) without being associated with a longer seed-filling phase and later ripening, but rather the contrary.     

茶丽纹象甲取食习性与防治指标研究

为了解茶丽纹象甲成虫的取食习性及为害性,以便为制订防治指标提供参考,本文开展了茶丽纹象甲成虫对茶树品种与叶位的选择性、食量等室内试验和不同虫口密度、不同品种下的茶园小区为害损失研究.结果表明,茶丽纹象甲成虫对不同品种茶梢具有明显的选择性,表现为丹桂>福云6号>黄棪.成虫期取食量(叶面积,mm2)为丹桂>黄棪>福云6号,但无显著差异.当喂饲福云6号品种茶梢时,在1~4对饲养密度下,每对成虫取食时长平均为11.8 d,在1对饲养密度下,每对成虫平均寿命为13.75±1.0 d;与老叶相比,茶丽纹象甲成虫倾向于取食新叶;茶丽纹象甲对福云6号品种的危害系数(每对成虫)为1.65 g,茶园虫口密度(x,头·m-2)与减产量(y,g·0.11m-2)的回归方程为:y = 0.0184x + 0.5611,对于亩产量100~125 kg的福云6号茶园,使用目前的防治指标(成龄投产茶园每平方米虫量在15头以上)是合适的.室内茶丽纹象甲在丹桂品种上的取食量比福云6号品种提高29.24%,在茶园虫口密度为10 头·m-2时引起茶青产量显著损失,虫口密度与减产量的回归方程为:y = 0.0665x + 0.7969,防治指标建议定为成龄投产茶园每平方米虫量10头以上.     

果蔗间种菜用大豆的主要性状表现及其相关性分析

在果蔗间种条件下,考察13个菜用大豆的全生育期、株高、主茎节数、主茎分枝数、单株荚数、鲜百粒重、标准荚率、单粒荚率、瘪荚率和单株产量等性状表现,并进行相关性分析。结果表明:不同菜用大豆农艺性状存在差异,其中95C-10、桂鲜豆1号等5个品种单株产量较好;单株产量与主茎节数、单株荚数、标准荚、多粒荚呈显著正相关。因此,在果蔗间种菜用大豆时,要增加产量,应选主茎节数、单株荚数、标准荚和粒数较多的品种。     

奇台总场玉米生产技术特征与效益分析

高产潜力研究通过千亩核心示范方和万亩示范片带动全面实现玉米单季"吨粮"。对奇台高产田投入与产出调查的结果表明,2014年经农业农村部专家组验收的千亩方玉米单产达到18 385.5 kg/hm~2,净利润18 955.5元/hm~2;2016年农场万亩示范片玉米子粒平均单产16 230 kg/hm~2,净利润9 060元/hm~2,实现了高产高效协同,创建玉米产业发展的"奇台模式"。技术特征与效应分析,以耐密宜机械粒收品种、高密度种植、滴水出苗与群体质量调控栽培、机械粒收与全程机械化、绿色生产技术为核心,集成精细整地、高质量种子与精量播种、化学调控、滴灌与水肥一体化、秸秆还田与烘干收储等关键技术,采取规模化种植与管理、全程成本核算,构建的玉米密植高产全程机械化绿色生产技术为现代玉米生产提供了样板。     

Development of a Method for Rearing Nezara viridula (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on a Semi-solid Artificial Diet

A method for rearing the southern green stinkbug, (Nezara viridula L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), using a modified lygus semi-solid artificial diet was developed. First to second-instar nymph were reared in a density of 631.5 ± 125.05 eggs per Petri-dish (4 cm deep × 15 cm diam). Second instar to adult were reared in a density of 535.0 ± 112.46 s instar nymphs per rearing cage (43 × 28 × 9 cm). Mating and oviposition occurred in popup rearing cages (30 × 30 cm), each holding 60–90 mixed sex adults of similar age. Adults emerged 35.88 ± 2.13 d after oviposition and survived for an average of 43.09 ± 9.53 d. On average, adults laid 223.95 ± 69.88 eggs in their lifetime, for a total production of 8,099 ± 1,277 fertile eggs/oviposition cage. Egg fertility was 77.93% ± 16.28. Egg masses held in petri-dishes had a total hatchability of 79.38% ± 20.03. Mortality of early nymphs in petri-dishes was 0.64% ± 0.12 for the first instar and 1.37% ± 0.45 for second instar. Late nymphal mortality in rearing cages was 1.41% ± 0.10, 3.47% ± 1.27, and 4.72% ± 1.29 for the third, fourth, and fifth instars, respectively. Survivorship from nymphs to adults was 88.48% ± 2.76. Using artificial diet for rearing N. viridula could reduce cost by avoiding time-consuming issues with daily feeding fresh natural hosts and insect manipulation. It could increase reliability and simplicity of bug production, which should facilitate mass rearing of its biological control agents.     

The effect of row spacing on alfalfa seed and forage production under irrigated Mediterranean agricultural conditions

We evaluated the effect of row spacing on seed and forage yields in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) using combined seed and forage production plots, in an irrigated Mediterranean agricultural environment. We compared three row distances (20, 40 and 60 cm) in two cultivars at a seed rate of 25 kg ha^?1 over a period of 4 years. We measured the seed yield and yield components as well as forage production. The 4‐year average revealed an overall clean seed yield of 367 kg ha^?1 declining over time, without significant differences in row distances. The number of shoots per square metre differed significantly as a function of row spacing, with averages of 357, 226 and 172 shoots m^?2 for row widths of 20, 40 and 60 cm respectively. The row spacing did not affect the number of racemes per shoot (23·1), the number of pods per raceme (7·2), the number of seeds per pod (6·5) or the thousand seed weight (1·667 g). The average forage production was 20·1, 18·5 and 17·9 Mg DM ha^?1 for row distances of 20, 40 and 60 cm, respectively, with higher yields associated with smaller row distances. Our data demonstrate that row spacing >20 cm does not confer any advantage to the production of alfalfa seed under irrigated Mediterranean agricultural conditions and that close spacing can significantly increase forage yields in the same environment.     

Yield and yield components of saffron under different cropping systems

This study was conducted to evaluate yield and yield components of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in response to (i) production system (PS) (irrigated vs. non-irrigated); (ii) corm size (CS) (medium −2.25 to 3 cm diameter vs. small corms <2.25 cm diameter); (iii) planting depth (PD) (10 cm vs. 20 cm); and iv) planting density (PDEN) (51 corms m⁻² vs. 69 corms m⁻²).This fully replicated multifactorial design was started in August 2000, and carried through November 2003, when the fourth saffron harvest took place. The total and average fresh weight of stigmas, and the number of flowers were measured at each harvest.Results indicate that three of the four factors tested (PS, CS and PD) had a significant effect on the quantitative yield during the two most productive flowering years (2001 and 2002) and on the total flowering. Irrigated cultivation, medium size corms and 10 cm planting depth had the greatest effect in increasing the quantitative production of saffron.Yield was also affected by planting density in contrasting ways. Whereas at high PDEN yield increased per unit of surface, at low PDEN, yield increased with respect to the initial number of corms planted.The fresh weight of stigmas per flower yield component, an important aspect that determines the quality of the spice, was enhanced when corms were planted at 20 cm depth and when irrigation was applied to the crop.     

Effect of Infection by Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on the Feeding of Uvarovistia zebra

To identify the susceptibility of long-horned grasshoppers to entomopathogenic fungi, the effect of infection with the fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) on food consumption by Uvarovistia zebra (Uvarov) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) was investigated. Preliminary results showed that both fungi had a negative effect on food consumption of the insects. For both fungi a significant reduction of food consumption and faeces production by insects were observed between the highest spore concentration (5 × 10⁶ spores/ml) and other treatments. Compared with control insects, the insects treated with 5 × 10⁶ spores/ml of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae showed 60 and 63% reduction in mean food consumption/insect, respectively. The corrected cumulative percent mortality of the insects treated with the highest concentration of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were 57.7 and 55.5%, respectively. This was the first account of these entomopathogenic fungi being used against a species from this family, therefore based on the results obtained from this research, it could be said that the fungi have pathogenicity effect on U. zebra as a long-horned grasshopper.     

四川省近年育成小麦品种农艺性状和品质性状分析

为给四川小麦新品种培育和生产提供参考,统计了2008-2018年四川省审定的100个小麦品种的6个农艺性状和8个品质性状,并对其性状变化规律及相关性进行了分析。结果表明,2008-2018年四川省审定小麦品种的产量水平呈逐年上升趋势,平均每年提高22.0kg·hm^-2;产量三要素中,穗数和粒重呈下降趋势,穗粒数呈上升趋势。生育期平均每年缩短0.36d,株高呈上升趋势,但变化不明显。高产品种的穗数较多,千粒重较高,增加穗粒数可能是进一步提高产量潜力的关键。近年审定品种的粗蛋白含量和沉降值相对较高,但湿面筋含量、稳定时间等指标相对较低;同一品种多个品质指标间强、中、弱筋层次交错。总体来看,四川省小麦高产优质育种仍有较大提升空间,穗数接近350×10^4·hm^-2、穗粒数44粒、千粒重45g以上的多穗型品种可能更适合四川气候和生产条件;相同品种的多个品质指标间不协调,总体较差,品质遗传改良研究亟需加强。     

Use of a Fluorophore to Tag Arthropods for Mark-Release-Recapture Type Research

We examined the feasibility of externally marking insects with the liquid fluorescent forensic theft deterrent, SmartWater (SmartWater CSI, LLC.). We sprayed captive Lygus hesperus (Knight) (Hemiptera: Miridae), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with SmartWater fluorophore, and then qualitatively examined them for fluorescence by visual inspection under ultraviolet (UV) light and quantitatively measured them with a multiwavelength microplate fluorometer. The results indicate that this product has enormous potential as a taggant for L. hesperus and B. tabaci. However, the marking efficiency for H. convergens was only adequate. The advantages and limitations of using SmartWater as a biological marker for arthropod mark-release-recapture research are discussed.     

Efficacy of insecticides against major insect pests of potatoes in hot climates of Peru

Soil-incorporated and foliar-applied insecticides, alone and in combination, were tested in two different tropical sites of Peru. At San Ramon (altitude 800 m) major pests during the wet season were Diabrotica spp. and Myzus persicae. Soil-incorporated insecticides gave protection against Diabrotica but not M. persicae, and yields were significantly lower with these compared with the foliar-applied insecticide, carbofuran. Mean yield was inversely and significantly correlated with mean number of Diabrotica individuals per plant (r=0·989; 0·01 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide, season, major pests were Phthorimaea operculella, M. persicae and Feltia spp. Mean yield was inversely correlated with mean number of larval mines by P. operculella on foliage (r=0·976;0·02 <P<0·05). The foliar-applied insecticide methomyl, reduced pest damage and increased yields significantly. The major pests during the dry season at Yurimagus (altitude 180m) were Diabrotica spp. Foliar application of carbaryl alone, or in combination with soil-incorporated insecticides, was equally effective in reducing damage and yield loss. An inverse significant correlation (r=0·985; 0·01<P<0·02) for yield vs. damage from Diabrotica spp. was observed.     

Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) Protein Hydrolysates Increase GLP-1 Secretion and Proglucagon Production in STC-1 Cells Whilst Maintaining Caco-2/HT29-MTX Co-Culture Integrity

Inducing the feeling of fullness via the regulation of satiety hormones presents an effective method for reducing excess energy intake and, in turn, preventing the development of obesity. In this study, the ability of blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs) and simulated gastrointestinal digested (SGID) BWSPHs, to modulate the secretion and/or production of satiety hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY), was assessed in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. All BWSPHs (BW-SPH-A to BW-SPH-F) (1.0% w/v dw) increased active GLP-1 secretion and proglucagon production in STC-1 cells compared to the basal control (Krebs–Ringer buffer) (p < 0.05). The signaling pathway activated for GLP-1 secretion was also assessed. A significant increase in intracellular calcium levels was observed after incubation with all BWSPHs (p < 0.05) compared with the control, although none of the BWSPHs altered intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations. The secretagogue effect of the leading hydrolysate was diminished after SGID. Neither pre- nor post-SGID hydrolysates affected epithelial barrier integrity or stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in differentiated Caco-2/HT-29MTX co-cultured cells. These results suggest a role for BWSPH-derived peptides in satiety activity; however, these peptides may need to be protected by some means to avoid loss of activity during gastrointestinal transit.     

试管苗不同种植密度对马铃薯微型薯的影响

为了探讨试管苗不同种植密度对马铃薯微型薯的影响,本试验设计了3个种植密度,即每平方米130株、225株及400株。结果表明:随种植密度的增加,总块茎数和总产量逐渐上升。每平方米400株是3种密度中的最佳栽培密度,获得块茎数多,产量最高,且中大薯、中小薯和小薯块茎数分别达到每平方米178个、475个及394个。     

Chemical and Physical Culture Conditions Significantly Influence the Cell Mass and Docosahexaenoic Acid Content of Aurantiochytrium limacinum Strain PKU#SW8

Thraustochytrids are well-known unicellular heterotrophic marine protists because of their promising ability to accumulate docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). However, the implications of their unique genomic and metabolic features on DHA production remain poorly understood. Here, the effects of chemical and physical culture conditions on the cell mass and DHA production were investigated for a unique thraustochytrid strain, PKU#SW8, isolated from the seawater of Pearl River Estuary. All the tested fermentation parameters showed a significant influence on the cell mass and concentration and yield of DHA. The addition of monosaccharides (fructose, mannose, glucose, or galactose) or glycerol to the culture medium yielded much higher cell mass and DHA concentrations than that of disaccharides and starch. Similarly, organic nitrogen sources (peptone, yeast extract, tryptone, and sodium glutamate) proved to be beneficial in achieving a higher cell mass and DHA concentration. PKU#SW8 was found to grow and accumulate a considerable amount of DHA over wide ranges of KH₂PO₄ (0.125–1.0 g/L), salinity (0–140% seawater), pH (3–9), temperature (16–36 °C), and agitation (140–230 rpm). With the optimal culture conditions (glycerol, 20 g/L; peptone, 2.5 g/L; 80% seawater; pH 4.0; 28 °C; and 200 rpm) determined based on the shake-flask experiments, the cell mass and concentration and yield of DHA were improved up to 7.5 ± 0.05 g/L, 2.14 ± 0.03 g/L, and 282.9 ± 3.0 mg/g, respectively, on a 5-L scale fermentation. This study provides valuable information about the fermentation conditions of the PKU#SW8 strain and its unique physiological features, which could be beneficial for strain development and large-scale DHA production.     

化控剂对不同密度青贮玉米生长和产量的影响

以饲草2号为试验材料,设6.0万、6.75万、7.5万株/hm2共3个种植密度,于拔节期分别喷施多效唑、饱玉、矮跺垛3种化控剂,探究化控剂在不同种植密度下对青贮玉米生长和产量的影响。结果表明,与清水处理相比,3种化控剂均显著增加各时期叶片SPAD值。多效唑喷施明显增加株高、穗位高和叶面积系数,饱玉、矮跺垛喷施则使其降低。鲜物质产量和干物质产量在多效唑处理下较对照显著增加了2.2%和3.1%,饱玉、矮跺垛喷施后则显著减少了3.7%和3.8%、6.0%和5.7%。在7.5万株/hm2种植密度下多效唑处理获得青贮玉米最高鲜物质产量和干物质产量,分别达82 877 kg/hm2和26 189 kg/hm2。     

基肥配方施肥对玉竹生长与根茎形成的影响

合理施肥是保证玉竹植株健壮生长和根茎产量与品质的关键。通过按不同比例的腐熟猪粪渣、NPK复合肥、过磷酸钙、碳酸氢铵进行基肥配方,研究不同基肥配方施肥对玉竹植株生长与根茎形成的影响。结果表明,在基肥配方中,采用腐熟猪粪渣与NPK复合肥相结合对玉竹植株长高方面有显著促进作用,通过增加叶数和叶片叶绿素含量,使根茎侧枝发生作用加强,提高单位植株根茎的鲜干重与水溶性多糖含量,从而增加单位面积根茎产量,改善根茎品质;增施P肥能显著促进玉竹根茎侧枝的发生,提高根茎中累积干物质分配率,促进干物质往根茎分配,进而提高植株总鲜干重和根茎产量;增施N肥能显著促进玉竹地上部分的生长,进而提高植株的茎叶鲜干重。     

海南油茶优树选择初报

按照油茶优树选择的行业技术规程,经过4年的调查,从海南当地油茶自然林分中选择出6株油茶优树,单株年产鲜果6.5～61.3 kg,平均每平方米冠幅产鲜果1.04～2.67 kg,平均鲜果含油率6.51%～9.30%,病果率在3%以下。所选择的油茶优树具有产果量高、含油率高、抗油茶炭疽病能力强等特征,可以作为进一步培育海南油茶良种的材料。     

糖能兼用甘蔗新品系宿根季评价

对近年选育的12个参试品系进行了产量、品质及其主要工农艺性状研究,结果表明:FN02-3924、FN02-5707和FN02-20169表现早熟、高产、高糖,且工农艺综合性状优良,推荐进一步试验研究.可望选育成为糖能兼用甘蔗新品种;FN02-6427也具有早熟、高产、高糖和茎粗等优点,但较早开花,有一定的推广价值,宜较早收获.早期锤度研究表明,FN02-3924 特早熟高糖,作能源甘蔗可提早2个多月开榨,具有广阔的应用前景.     

南方鲜食玉米区不同糯玉米品种产量和子粒灌浆特性分析

2019年和2020年,以苏科糯1501、苏科糯12、苏科花糯2008、苏科糯11、苏玉糯5号和万糯2000为试验材料,系统分析南方鲜食玉米区不同糯玉米品种产量和子粒灌浆特性差异,为糯玉米高产优质品种选育提供支持。结果表明,产量及产量构成因素品种间差异两年表现基本一致(秃尖长除外)。产量较高的品种为苏科糯12、苏科糯1501、万糯2000和苏科花糯2008,穗粒数和粒重均高于产量较低的品种苏玉糯5号和苏科糯11。糯玉米产量与穗长、穗粒和百粒鲜重呈极显著正相关,百粒鲜重与最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率呈极显著正相关,穗粒数与有效灌浆期、最大灌浆速率时的时间和最大灌浆速率时的生长量呈显著正相关。在鲜食玉米高产品种选育时应注重对灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率时的生长量等指标进行选择。     

A Review of the McMorran Diet for Rearing Lepidoptera Species With Addition of a Further 39 Species

Research on cutworms led us to explore the use of the McMorran diet to rear lepidopteran species, mainly Noctuidae, under laboratory conditions. We documented the development of 103 lepidopteran species, including 39 species not previously reported in the literature, to be reared on this diet. Given its low cost, ease of preparation, and wide species’ acceptance, this diet provides a powerful tool for facilitating Lepidoptera and other insects rearing and research in the laboratory.RésuméUne recherche sur les noctuelles nous a permis d’élever des larves de nombreuses espèces de lépidoptères, principalement des noctuelles, sur un substrat artificiel du nom de «McMorran diet» en laboratoire. Nous reportons le développement de 103 espèces de lépidoptères, dont 39 espèces qui n’ont pas encore été documentées, comme pouvant se développer sur ce substrat artificiel. Étant donné son faible coût, facilité de préparation, et large champ d’action, ce substrat artificiel peut grandement faciliter la recherche sur les lépidoptères et autres insectes en laboratoire.