野生与人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼微量元素组成的差异比较

分析了野生与人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼肝脏、背肌及卵中硒、铁、锰、铜、铬、镉和铅等微量元素的含量。结果表明,野生褐牙鲆亲鱼肝脏中硒、铁含量均显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),铜含量则显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),其他各元素间均未见显著差异(P>0.05);野生褐牙鲆亲鱼背肌中除硒和锰的含量显著高于养殖亲鱼外(P<0.05),其他各元素含量均基本保持恒定(P>0.05);野生褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中硒、铁和锰的含量均显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),其中硒的含量约为养殖亲鱼的1.7倍,铁的含量约为养殖亲鱼的2.0倍,而锰含量则为养殖亲鱼的2.8倍。养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中镉含量与野生亲鱼相比高出78%(P<0.05)。两种亲鱼卵中铜、镉、铅3种重金属含量均未见显著差异(P>0.05)。     

野生牙鲆亲鱼摄食驯化技术

以活鱼为诱饵对捕获的３批野生牙鲆亲鱼进行摄食驯化培育,解决了野生牙鲆捕后在人工培育条件下拒食的难题,并利用牙鲆摄食的诱导性、使后期捕获的野生鱼在已驯化了的亲鱼带动下主动摄食人工投喂的鲜铒。     

野生和人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼不同组织氨基酸的比较

为了探明野生和人工养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼的繁育性能和卵巢发育之间的关系,采用生物化学方法,将处于Ⅲ~Ⅳ期和Ⅴ期的野生和养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼中肌肉、肝脏及卵巢氨基酸含量分别进行测定,结果表明,(1)褐牙鲆肌肉、肝脏、卵巢3种组织器官中总氨基酸含量大小关系为肌肉>卵巢>肝脏;(2) 发育同期的野生和养殖亲鱼肌肉中大部分氨基酸含量差异不显著（P>0.05）,并且随着性腺的成熟,野生和养殖亲鱼肌肉中大部分氨基酸较为稳定,其中含量变化显著的必需氨基酸为蛋氨酸、组氨酸（P<0.05）;(3) 发育同期的养殖亲鱼肝脏中大部分氨基酸含量高于野生亲鱼,随着性腺发育,野生和养殖亲鱼肝脏中氨基酸含量呈明显上升趋势;(4) 在Ⅴ期卵巢氨基酸组成中,除蛋氨酸、组氨酸含量存在显著差异外,野生和养殖亲鱼卵巢中氨基酸总量及必需氨基酸总量均不存在显著差异（P>0.05）,同时,随着性腺发育,野生和养殖亲鱼卵巢中氨基酸含量呈明显上升趋势,差异显著的必需氨基酸有精氨酸、蛋氨酸、组氨酸（P<0.05）。     

牙鲆养殖技术及发展

牙鲆在我国俗称比目鱼、偏口，是冷水性、底栖、肉食性经济鱼类，也是重要的海水养殖鱼类。它具有生长快、肉质细嫩、易消化、高蛋白、低脂肪、低热量等特点，含有丰富的维生素B１、B２及维生素D。其饵料多为低质杂鱼，而我国沿海又产有大量低质野杂鱼，为牙鲆的养殖提供了丰富的饵料资源。一、牙鲆亲鱼的培育野生海捕或人工养殖的牙鲆鱼均可作为亲鱼。我国黄、渤海产的天然牙鲆性成熟年龄为：雌性个体要年满２周龄，体长在３５厘米以上；雄性略早，体长达３０厘米左右即可性成熟。而人工养殖的牙鲆性成熟略早。牙鲆亲鱼通过控温、控光等…     

野生牙鲆驯化养殖技术

人工驯化养殖野生牙鲆改变了它的自然生存环境和摄食等生活习性,通过对海捕野生牙鲆进行驯化养殖管理,使野生牙鲆在人工养殖环境下能够正常摄食并存活,以备来年春天育苗作为亲鱼使用。     

牙鲆的亲鱼培育技术

<正> 牙鲆Paralichthys oliuaceus,俗称比目鱼、牙片、偏口,是冷水性、底栖海产高档经济鱼类。其肉味鲜美,蛋白高、脂肪低,含丰富的V_(B_1)、V_(B_2)、V_D等,是给病人补充营养的贵重鱼类。牙鲆具有生长快、个体大、繁殖力高、洄游性小、回归性强的特点,是适合近海发展增养殖的重要品种,更是适合工厂化养殖的品种之一。我省自1989年进行牙鲆     

牙鲆的养殖与饲料

介绍了牙鲆亲鱼、苗种及养成各阶段的养殖方式、养殖条件发展情况，讨论了微颗粒饲料、硬颗粒饲料、膨化颗粒饲料、软湿颗粒饲料、鲜杂鱼生鲜料、粉末饲料等多种饲料在牙鲆的全养殖过程的应用情况，总结了牙鲆配合饲料及营养研究的进展情况，列出了行业标准中的牙鲆饲料的营养要求。     

褐牙鲆亲鱼野生群体与养殖群体维生素A、C、E含量的比较

为探讨养殖褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)亲鱼后代较野生亲鱼后代质量下降这一问题,本实验分析了野生与人工养殖(包括营养强化处理)褐牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏及卵中维生素A、维生素C、维生素E含量的差异,并进行了养殖褐牙鲆维生素营养强化的探索实验.结果显示,野生与养殖亲鱼肌肉和肝脏中维生素A含量无显著差异,野生亲鱼卵中维生索A含最显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05);野生亲鱼肝脏和卵中维生素C含量显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),肌肉中两者无显著差异(P>0.05);维生素E含量在野生和养殖亲鱼各组织内均有显著差异(P<0.05),仅肝脏中养殖亲鱼显著低于野生亲鱼(P<0.05),其余组织均为养殖亲鱼较高.在本实验中,营养强化显著增加了养殖亲鱼肌肉和肝脏维生素A、维生素C及卵和肝脏中维生素E的含量,但对卵中维生素A和C的含量均无显著影响(p>0.05),而肌肉中维生素E含量则显著降低(P<0.05).上述结果表明,养殖与野生褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中维生素A、C、E含量存在一定的差异,可能与养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼后代质量下降有关,本实验所采用的营养强化方法仅增加了养殖亲鱼卵中维生素E的含量,而对卵中维生素A和维生素C的含量无显著影响,更为有效的强化方式有待进一步研究.     

牙鲆室内人工养殖试验

报道了室内养殖牙鲆的试验结果,１９９２年－１９９５年进行的小规模试验。将受精卵培育至鱼苗、成鱼直至成熟亲鱼。在水温为２－２５℃范围内,经过３６个月将全长为５．３ｃｍ鱼苗培育至全长为４６．８ｃｍ、体重为１７８０ｇ的商品鱼,成活率为５０．６％。１９９７年－１９９８年进行的生产性养殖试验,在水温为１０－３３℃范围内。经过１０个月将全长为５．４ｃｍ鱼苗养至全长为３３．４ｃｍ、体篝为３５６ｇ的商品鱼、成活率     

野生及人工养殖的中国对虾的脂肪酸组成的分析及比较研究

通过对野生及人工养殖的中国对虾的肌肉、肝胰脏、性腺及卵的脂肪酸的分析比较，结果显示野生及人工养殖的中国对虾都含有大量的ω－３系列高度不饱和脂肪酸，这与其它海洋甲壳类的脂肪酸组成相类似；与野生的中国对虾相比较，人工养殖对虾的各组织及卵含有较高比例的亚油酸及较低比例的二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）。野与人工养殖的中国对虾在脂肪酸组成上的这一差异，是由于它们的生态环境及所摄食物的不同所造成的。从我们先前的实验     

铅污染对牙鲆GSH-PX酶活性的影响

将牙鲆置于浓度为0.5mg/L的Pb溶液中18d,测定其鳃、肌肉、全部内脏中谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶(GSH-PX)的活性。结果表明,最初8d,各组织的GSH-PX的酶活性表现为抑制,随后各组织GSH-PX的酶活性表现为诱导;10d时,诱导幅度最大,而后表现为抑制。紧接着放入清洁海水,各组织的酶活性又恢复到对照组的水平。结果提示,对于低浓度铅的长期暴露,GSH-PX能明显指示牙鲆受海洋铅的早期污染。     

A comparison of fatty acid composition and quality aspects of eggs and larvae from cultured and wild broodstock of common sole (Solea solea L.)

Eggs from a F₁ cultured broodstock of sole were compared with eggs from wild‐caught breeders throughout one spawning season, to evaluate if egg quality may be affected by culture‐related conditions. Fourteen batches of eggs from cultured broodstock and 17 batches from wild‐caught sole were compared with respect to fatty acid (FA) composition, egg size, fertilization rate and hatching rate. Based on a multivariate analysis of the FA profiles, it was possible to discriminate between culture and wild inheritance. Eggs from cultured broodstock had high levels of C20:1(n‐9), C18:2(n‐6) and C18:3(n‐3), whereas eggs from wild fish had high levels of C16:1(n‐7), C20:4(n‐6) and C20:5(n‐3). Differences in FA profiles were most likely related to dietary differences. Fertilization and hatching rates were generally low and lowest in eggs from cultured broodstock, but not related to FA composition. Larval growth of one batch from each group was compared. Larval growth was not correlated to broodstock origin, FA composition or egg or larval size. However, larval survival was significantly lower for larvae from cultured broodstock.     

牙鲆的胚胎发育

在牙鲆胚胎玻璃化冷冻中,为了准确选择胚胎的冷冻时期,掌握胚胎发育进程,同时为牙鲆苗种培育提供一定的依据,对海水工厂化养殖牙鲆的胚胎发育进行了研究。牙鲆受精卵培养在14-16℃、盐度29．9的海水中,利用Olympus显微镜对牙鲆胚胎发育过程连续观察,对各个胚胎时期的发育时间进行了记录,并对每一时期的特征用Olympus照像机进行了拍摄。实验记录了从受精卵到出膜后5d的29个具体发育时期的特征和发育时间,拍摄了30张具有代表性的胚胎和鱼苗图片,将牙鲆胚胎发育划分为卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、肌节期、尾芽期、心跳期、胚体转动期、出膜前期、出膜期10个连续的典型时期。在此培养条件下牙鲆胚胎历时93h完成整个胚胎发育,孵化出膜,再经96h的胚后发育卵黄囊完全吸收,之后进入变态期,向成鱼转化。     

Dietary effects of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid levels on egg and larval quality, and the fatty acid composition of the eggs of Chilean flounder Paralichthys adspersus broodstock

The effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) on eggs and larval quality were investigated in the Chilean flounder Paralichthys adspersus . Broodstock were fed with three formulated diets with similar proximate compositions but different n-3 HUFA (2.1%, 3.1% or 4.1%) estimated levels from 5 months before and during the spawning period. The diet with an intermediate n-3 HUFA level resulted in a significantly higher ( P <0.05) percentage of buoyant eggs (68.2 ± 2.9%), fertilization (92.8 ± 3.9%), normal cell cleavages (93.5 ± 1.9%), hatching rate (87.7 ± 4.1%) and normal larvae (76.3 ± 3.7%) compared with the other two diets. In contrast, high levels of n-3 HUFA produced larvae with a higher survival capacity when subjected to fasting. The diet with the lowest content of n-3 HUFA produces lower quality eggs and larvae. The n-3 HUFA level in eggs increased with an increase in the dietary level, and the n-3/n-6 ratios were 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. The DHA/EPA and EPA/ARA ratios of 2 and 4 in eggs, respectively, were associated with improved egg and larval quality and were similar to the ratios found in eggs from wild broodstock. Attainment of optimal fatty acid contents in broodstock diets is one of the key factors for producing the high-quality spawning required for managed culture of this flounder.     

牙鲆和大菱鲆养殖群体的分子标记和遗传变异

用１６个１０碱基随机引物对养殖牙鲆（Ｐａｒａｌｉｃｈｔｈｙｓ ｏｌｉｖａｃｅｕｓ）和大菱鲆（Ａｃｏｐｈｔｈａｌｍｕｓ ｍａｘｉｍｕｓ）进行基因组随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）遗传分析。发现：（１）多个引物具有种的特异性扩增带。其中引物Ｓ７扩增的６９０和１１６０ｂｐ带,引物Ｓ２扩增的６８０ｂｐ带为牙鲆的种的特异性谱带;而引物Ｓ７扩增的６５３和８８９ｂｐ带,引物Ｓ２扩增的６５０、８７０、９９０及１１     

不同蛋白水平对牙鲆能量收支的影响

鱼类的能源物质以蛋白质和脂肪为主,但在鱼体内蛋白质代谢的最终产物以氮排泄物形式通过鳃排出体外,少量随尿排出,氮排泄的主要成分为氨和尿素,仅有少量用于生长.本实验采用鱼类生物能量学的方法,在保持最大摄食率水平的条件下,通过四个不同梯度蛋白质对牙鲆个体的能量转换进行了研究,从而探讨牙鲆的最适蛋白水平,结果表明:当牙鲆投喂蛋...     

不同结构的人工礁模型对牙鲆的诱集效果初探

本实验研究了牙鲆(Paralichthys olitaceus)对六种不同结构的立方体模型礁的行为反应,并对模型礁的诱集效果进行了比较。实验结果表明：在自然光照条件下及未投放礁时,牙鲆在水槽中的分布没有选择性,呈随机分布;而投礁后各礁均能对牙鲆产生诱集效果,牙鲆在鱼礁标志区的分布率从7％提高到了14％-26%,其中以顶部不开孔,四周开孔较小的D型礁的诱集效果最好;在40W日光灯下,牙鲆在鱼礁标志区的平均分布率由23％提高到27％。     

Nutritional comparison in muscle of wild,pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) adults

Muscle proximate composition, amino acid profiles, fatty acid compositions and selected minerals of wild, pond and factory cultured Japanese flounder adults were compared in this study to elucidate their nutritive values and dietary nutrition requirements. Wild and pond cultured Japanese flounder flesh had higher crude proteins, but crude lipid contents of factory cultured fish were 3.8~4.0 fold greater. Major amino acids in Japanese flounder were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and lysine. Wild fish had higher levels of total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids and half‐essential amino acids and the contents in pond cultured samples were similar. Arachidonic acids (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA), docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), DHA + EPA and n–3 PUFA in wild Japanese flounder were significantly higher than that in factory cultured fish, whereas fatty acid levels were close between pond cultured and wild fish. Japanese flounder were rich in zinc, iron and selenium, but poor in copper, chromium and nickel. Results indicated wild Japanese flounder had higher nutritional value and better meat quality, but the nutritional compositions of pond cultured fish were close to wild Japanese flounder, which suggested that pond culture of Japanese flounder offers broad application prospects.     

不同饵料饲养的褐牙鲆肌肉营养成分的比较

比较分析了分别投喂小杂鱼和人工饲料的两组褐牙鲆肌肉营养成分,旨在为褐牙鲆的营养需求研究及其饲料研制提供参考。结果显示:摄食小杂鱼组的水分含量显著低于摄食人工饲料组(P<0.05),而粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量显著高于摄食人工饲料组(P<0.05),粗灰分含量在两组间差异不显著(P>0.05);两组褐牙鲆的氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有18种氨基酸,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为71.15和70.47,其构成比例符合FAO/WHO的标准。摄食小杂鱼组褐牙鲆中检测到11种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、6种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和9种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);摄食人工饲料组中检测到11种SFA、7种MUFA和9种PUFA。摄食小杂鱼组的∑ω3PUFA[(30.39±2.29)%]显著低于摄食人工饲料组[(34.40±3.32)%](P<0.05),其中小杂鱼组的EPA+DHA的总量为(29.27±2.33)%,显著低于摄食人工饲料组的(33.47±3.36)%(P<0.05);摄食小杂鱼组的∑ω6PUFA为(6.01±0.31)%,显著高于摄食人工饲料组的(5.06±0.37)%(P<0.05)。综合来看,两组褐牙鲆均含有丰富的各种营养成分,摄食小杂鱼组的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和氨基酸营养较好,而摄食人工饲料组的多不饱和脂肪酸营养较好,两者各有优势。