高含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料热特性及调质温度控制

为探究热敏性饲料原料乳清粉及不同含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的热物理特性,该文以仔猪料配方中的4种主要饲料原料玉米、豆粕、乳清粉和鱼粉为研究对象,采用混料设计的方法得到33种不同含量(0～30％)乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料,并利用差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)测定了4种单一原料在25～120℃范围内以及33种仔猪配合饲料在25～110℃范围内的比热,分析了乳清粉及高含量乳清粉(质量分数≥14.548％)的仔猪配合饲料的热变性过程.结果显示:玉米、豆粕和鱼粉的比热分别与温度(25～120℃)呈线性、对数和二次关系,而乳清粉的比热与温度(25～110℃)遵循三次多项式的关系;当配合饲料中含有≥6.25％的乳清粉时,其比热与温度遵循三次多项式的关系;配合饲料的比热显著受温度、原料配比以及二者交互作用的影响(P＜0.001),其中,温度的影响最为显著,而乳清粉含量的影响次之.DSC热焓曲线上,乳清粉在109.79℃会出现吸热峰,为乳清蛋白的热变性导致;而随着温度由20℃升高到110℃,乳清粉颗粒由存在许多凸起与微孔的粗糙表面结构逐渐过渡为光滑、粘结的状态.与乳清粉相似,高含量乳清粉的配合饲料也会在77.95～87.69℃出现吸热峰.在仔猪配合颗粒饲料的加工过程中,为降低乳清蛋白的变性程度、减少环模制粒机的堵机现象,应将调质温度降低至70℃以下为宜.研究结果为高含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的调质、制粒等热处理过程的工艺优化提供理论指导.     

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy enables the fast and accurate prediction of the essential amino acid contents in soy, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, peas, fishmeal, meat meal products, and poultry meal

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations were developed to enable the accurate and fast prediction of the total contents of methionine, cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan, and other essential amino acids, protein, and moisture in the most important protein-rich feed ingredients. More than 1000 samples of global origin collected over four years were analyzed on amino acids following the official methods of the United States and the European Union. Detailed data and graphics are given to characterize the obtained calibration equations. NIRS was validated with independent samples for soy and meat meal products and compared to the amino acid predictions using linear crude protein regressions. With a few exceptions, validation showed that 85-98% of the amino acid variance in the samples could be explained using NIRS. NIRS predictions compared to reference results agree excellently, with relative mean deviations below 5%. Especially for meat and poultry meals, NIRS can predict amino acids much better than crude protein regressions. By enabling the amino acid analysis of many samples to be completed in a short time, NIRS can improve the accuracy of feed formulation and thus the quality and production costs of mixed feeds.     

蛋白原料及其混合粉料理化性质对颗粒饲料加工质量的影响

该研究旨在探究豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、酒糟蛋白(Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles,DDGS)、乙醇梭菌蛋白5种蛋白原料及其混合粉料的营养指标和理化性质的差异,确定影响颗粒饲料质量和制粒能耗的关键指标,对5种蛋白原料的制粒效果进行综合评价。以豆粕为对照组,仅改变蛋白原料,采用相同的加工参数制备颗粒饲料,比较不同蛋白原料的制粒效果,进行主成分分析及偏最小二乘回归分析(Partial Least Squares Regression,PLS)。结果表明:在原料营养指标和理化特性方面,乙醇梭菌蛋白具有高蛋白含量、高蛋白溶解度、低脂肪、低纤维的特点,棉粕具有高纤维的特点,菜粕具有高纤维和低蛋白溶解度的特点,DDGS具有低蛋白和高脂肪的特点。蛋白原料吸水性强弱排列顺序为乙醇梭菌蛋白、豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、DDGS,水溶性与之相反。乙醇梭菌蛋白组和棉粕组的制粒能耗较高,豆粕组的制粒能耗最低;棉粕组和乙醇梭菌蛋白组的修正耐久性(Modified Pellet Durability Index,MPDI)较高分别为92.72%和90.57%,菜粕组的MPDI最低为79.68%;乙醇梭菌蛋白组的硬度最高为130.95N,DDGS组的硬度最低为74.26N;乙醇梭菌蛋白组的糊化度最高为45.56%,DDGS组的糊化度最低为31.36%。通过偏最小二乘回归模型得到,蛋白含量、蛋白溶解度和吸水性的增加会提高颗粒饲料硬度、PDI和MPDI;粗纤维含量、蛋白溶解度和吸水性的增加会增加制粒能耗。综合分析5种蛋白原料制粒特性,由高到低排序为乙醇梭菌蛋白、棉粕、豆粕、菜粕、DDGS。研究结果为实际生产颗粒饲料时蛋白原料的选择提供参考依据。     

电子束辐照对饼粕类饲料中抗营养因子的影响

为了探讨电子束辐照对饼粕类饲料中抗营养因子的抑制作用,以1、2、3、5、7、9 k Gy剂量的电子束对豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕等饲料进行辐照处理,研究辐照对大豆抗原、硫葡糖苷及其水解产物、植酸、单宁及游离棉酚的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照可有效降低饼粕类饲料中大豆球蛋白、硫代葡萄糖苷及其水解产物、植酸、单宁、游离棉酚等的含量,其中3 k Gy电子束辐照后,大豆球蛋白降低22.63%;7 k Gy下异硫氰酸酯降低17.17%,9 k Gy下噁唑烷硫酮、硫代葡萄糖苷、单宁、游离棉酚分别下降14.17%、15.83%、18.18%、13.17%,但电子束辐照对β-伴大豆球蛋白和胰蛋白酶抑制因子的抑制效果不显著。本研究结果为饼粕类饲料中抗营养因子的消除提供了理论参考。     

饲料原料粉体流动特性预测模型

为了研究不同贮藏期大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）对千页豆腐品质的影响,该文首先研究了贮藏期对大豆分离蛋白结构的影响,进而探讨贮藏期对大豆蛋白制备千页豆腐的品质的影响。对不同贮藏期的大豆蛋白分别采用了凝胶质构特性、感官评价、羰基含量、大豆蛋白亚基以及巯基的测定,并采用拉曼光谱对大豆蛋白二级结构、二硫键构型以及侧链结构进行了分析,同时采用扫描电镜观察千页豆腐的微结构。结果表明：随着贮藏期的延长,千页豆腐的感官评价变差,由88分降低至44分;其凝胶网络结构逐渐疏松;大豆蛋白羰基含量逐渐上升;巯基含量逐渐下降;二级结构含量改变;凝胶硬度呈下降趋势,硬度值低于234 g时,将无法达到千页豆腐的质量要求。这表明在贮藏期内SPI发生了氧化,导致大豆蛋白质结构发生改变,使其凝胶性质下降。     

Stability of isoflavones during extrusion processing of corn/soy mixture

The influence of extrusion processing in the presence of corn on the quantity and quality of genistein, daidzein, and their respective beta-glucoside, acetyl glucoside, and malonyl glucoside derivatives was evaluated. Products of 100% soy (textured) and a blend of 20% soy protein concentrate (SPC) and 80% corn meal (direct-expanded) were extruded, with evaluations before and after extrusion. In addition, a 3 x (3 x 3) split-plot factorial experiment investigated the influence of barrel temperature (110, 130, 150 degrees C), moisture content (22, 24, 26%), and relative residence time (1, 0.8, 0.6) on extruder response and isoflavone profile. The extrusion barrel temperature had the most influence on isoflavone profile, especially decarboxylation of the malonyl beta-glucoside, followed by the moisture content. The amount of extractable isoflavones decreased after extrusion for both the SPC and SPC/corn meal blend when extracted with 80% aqueous methanol but remained approximately the same when first hydrated with water before extraction. However, initially hydrating with water produced enzymatic glycolysis in the unextruded samples, increasing the aglycons dramatically.     

基于骨蛋白拉曼光谱特异性的肉骨粉种属鉴别方法

为了快速检测肉骨粉的种属来源,该研究开发了一种简便、可靠、科学、高效的肉骨粉种属鉴别方法。以87个肉骨粉(猪,鸡,牛和羊肉骨粉)为研究对象,利用拉曼光谱技术,结合化学计量学方法,建立了基于骨蛋白拉曼光谱特性的肉骨粉种属鉴别分析方法与模型。研究结果表明:根据偏最小二乘判别分析(PartialLeastSquaresDiscriminant Analysis,PLS-DA)模型,发现鸡和哺乳动物(猪,牛和羊)肉骨粉主要在1 659、2 930、2 852、1 246和1 455 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性;猪和反刍动物(牛和羊)肉骨粉主要是在2 852、1 659和1 246 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性;牛和羊肉骨粉主要是在878、853、2 930、2 852、1 246、1 455和1 659 cm-1附近的特征谱带具有差异性,并且PLS-DA模型鉴别肉骨粉的灵敏度和特异度均大于93.8%。研究结果可以丰富肉骨粉种属鉴别方法体系以及为开发便携式拉曼光谱仪提供参考。     

Twin‐Screw Extrusion Processing of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds Using Various Levels of Corn‐Based Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

Increasing demand for seafood products and rising demand for fish meal for commercial fish feeds is driving the search for effective alternative protein sources. Twin‐screw extrusion trials were conducted to study the production of nutritionally balanced feeds for rainbow trout fingerlings (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Six isocaloric (≈4.61 kcal/g) ingredient blends with a target protein content of >45% db were formulated with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and other feed ingredients. The moisture contents of the diets were initially adjusted to 5–7% db, and then extruded at 250 rpm using dual 1.9 mm dies with varying amounts of steam (7.2–7.7 kg/hr) injected into the conditioner and water (4.3–6.5 kg/hr) into the extruder. Mass flow rates, moisture contents, and temperatures were measured during processing and moisture content, water activity, unit density, bulk density, expansion ratio, compressive strength, compressive modulus, pellet durability index, water stability, and color were analyzed to quantify the effects of varying DDGS content on the extrudate physical properties. Significant differences (P < 0.05) among the blends were observed for color and bulk density for both the raw and extruded materials, respectively, and for the unit density and pellet durability index of the extruded products. There were also significant changes in redness and yellowness, but only minor changes in brightness, among the final products with increasing DDGS content. The compressive strength of the extrudates increased significantly with increasing DDGS. Expansion ratio of all pellets was low. All extruded diets achieved very good water stability.     

苜蓿蛋白对仔猪和肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

研究比较苜蓿蛋白（ＡＪＰＣ）对仔猪和肉仔鸡的生产性能的影响。结果表明,苜蓿蛋白对仔猪和肉仔鸡的影响存在显著差异。在肉仔鸡日粮中用苜蓿蛋白替代豆粕和棉粕蛋白１０％以下时,苜蓿蛋白对肉仔鸡生长和采食量没有不良影响;替代５０％以上时,对采食量和生长都有显著的抑制作用（Ｐ＜０．０５）。苜蓿蛋白替代仔猪日粮中的棉粕和菜粕蛋白１００％时,对生长有显著改善（Ｐ＜０．０１）,生长速度分别提高１０．２％和４．８％。     

Influence of Particle Size on the Twin-Screw Extrusion of Corn Meal

Effects of particle size (50–1,622 μm), screw speed (200–400 rpm), and feed moisture content (19–22%) on twin-screw extrusion of corn meal were investigated using a full-factorial design. Torque, specific mechanical energy, and product temperature generally showed no change within the commonly used particle-size range (100–1,000 μm), but each value dropped significantly as the particle size increased >1,000 μm. Die pressure was influenced by the three-way interaction of particle size, screw speed, and feed moisture content. The highest moisture level (22%), largest particle size (1,622 μm), and two lowest screw speeds (200 and 300 rpm) were the only conditions where the starch was <97.5% of transformation (gelatinization). Consequently, these two conditions also showed the least expansion and hardest product.     

Soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and are not degraded during gut passage in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The stability of soyasaponins in fish feed formulations was investigated. The level of soyasaponin Ab, Bb, Bc, Ba-2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (Ba-DDMP), Bb-DDMP, and Bc-DDMP was quantified in 15 samples of defatted soybean meal, two full fat soybean meals, and two soybean protein concentrates by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The total level of saponins in the 15 samples of commercial defatted soybean meal ranged from 4.8-6.8 micromol/g (5.1-7.0 g/kg). The two full fat meals contained 4.4 and 4.7 micromol/g whereas no saponins could be detected in the alcohol-extracted soybean protein concentrates. Fifteen batches of fish feed containing 20% defatted soybean meal were produced by twin-screw extrusion from the 15 different samples of defatted soybean meal. Extrusion did not reduce the total level of group B saponins, but the ratio between DDMP-conjugated group B saponins and non-DDMP-conjugated group B saponins was slightly reduced. A soybean-containing diet was fed to seawater adapted Atlantic salmon for 9 weeks. Yttrium oxide was included in the feed as an inert marker in order to estimate the disappearance of saponins during gut passage. High levels of intact non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins were found in feces whereas only low levels of DDMP-conjugated saponins could be detected. The overall disappearance of saponins was close to zero, and the concentration of intact saponins in dry feces reached levels several fold higher than dietary levels. The present work demonstrates that non-DDMP-conjugated group B soyasaponins resist extrusion cooking and remain intact during gut passage in Atlantic salmon. The latter is contrary to earlier findings in endothermic animals.     

Nutritional quality of sesame seed protein fraction extracted with isopropanol

The nutritional effect of diet containing decorticated sesame seed extracted with isopropanol (DSS-Iso) was evaluated on growth performance, food efficiency ratio, plasma and tissue lipid profile, plasma protein content, and erythrocyte membrane lipid profile of rats on a comparative basis with diets containing casein (control), soybean meal, and decorticated sesame seed extracted with hexane (DSS-Hex). Rats fed a DSS-Iso-based diet showed body weight gain and food efficiency ratio similar to those of the control groups fed diets prepared with casein, soybean meal, and DSS-Hex. However, dietary proteins exerted a separate effect on plasma lipid concentrations of the rats. Rats fed a DSS-Iso-based diet showed significant decreases in plasma total cholesterol (p < 0.01), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and VLDL+LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01) concentrations in comparison to the rats fed diet containing casein. No significant differences in plasma lipid concentrations were observed for the rats fed diets prepared with soybean meal, DSS-Hex, and DSS-Iso. Rats fed the different dietary proteins did not show much variation in plasma proteins, liver lipids, and erythrocyte membrane lipid concentrations, which suggests that DSS-Iso could be a suitable edible protein like casein or soybean meal.     

Effect of Wheat Moisture Content on Meal Apparent Particle Size and Hardness Scores Determined by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

The AACC Approved Method for near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy to produce a wheat hardness score for wheat market classification can be corrected for variation in wheat moisture content. The cause of the variation in NIR spectra resulting from variation in wheat moisture was investigated. Ten samples each of soft red winter, soft white winter, hard red winter, and hard red spring wheats were stored at 20, 40, 60, and 80 equilibrium relative humidity. Wheats were then ground on a cyclone grinder as required by the standard method. Variation in unground wheat kernel moisture content resulted in variation in NIR data. NIR log 1/reflectance values increased at all wavelengths as wheat moisture content increased. Spectral changes were related to changes in the apparent particle size of ground wheat meal as it was influenced by moisture content. Higher moisture contents produced slightly higher apparent particle size in meal, suggesting larger particles of pericarp that became more pliable at higher moisture (temper) levels. The apparent particle size of meal of high moisture wheats resulted in greater NIR radiation scattering and decreased reflectance. Meal moisture content itself had no effect on the two NIR wavelengths used to evaluate wheat hardness.     

Preliminary Evaluation of the Soil Application Value of Crambe Meal

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica L.) is a specialty oilseed crop. By‐product crambe meal has a high glucosinolate content, restricting its use for animal feed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate crambe meal for various types of soil application. When incubated with soil, crambe meal mineralized more slowly than soybean meal, with an average of 38% of the added nitrogen (N) from crambe meal appearing as mineral N after 12 weeks of incubation, compared with 57% for soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) meal. Sulfur mineralization from crambe meal was rapid. Bioassays indicated no phytotoxicity to seedlings from crambe meal. In a second experiment, high rates of crambe meal inhibited the nitrification of urea added to soil, but this effect was short‐lived. In a third experiment, crambe meal–ferrous sulfate mixtures applied to calcareous soil partially alleviated iron deficiency chlorosis of soybean, but the response was less than observed with iron–ethylenediaminedi(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic) acid.     

Production of monoclonal antibody for the detection of meat and bone meal in animal feed

For the detection of prohibited meat and bone meal (MBM) in animal feed, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised against heat-stable h-caldesmon purified from bovine intestinal smooth muscle. The obtained hybridoma cells were screened against extracts of the bovine MBM and heat-treated smooth muscle, and MAb 5E12 was identified as having the best performance. Antibody 5E12 did not react with animal feed, milk product, plant proteins, and other ingredients used for commercial animal feed except for the gelatin. This antibody diluted to 100-fold was able to detect MBM mixed in animal feed at 0.05% in an ELISA, and it showed strong affinity toward bovine smooth muscle autoclaved at 130 degrees C. Therefore, this antibody can be used in the ELISA system for field testing of the presence of MBM in animal feed.     

Effect of Barley Flour on Development of Rice‐Based Extruded Snacks

This study was conducted to develop a ready‐to‐eat extruded food using a single‐screw laboratory extruder. Blends of Indian barley and rice were used as the ingredients for extrusion. The effect of extrusion variables and barley‐to‐rice ratio on properties like expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index, hardness, β‐glucan, L*, a*, b* values, and pasting characteristics of extruded products were studied. A central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the effects of operating variables: die temperature (150–200°C), initial feed moisture content (20–40%), screw speed (90–110 rpm), and barley flour (10–30%) on properties like expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index (WAI), hardness, β‐glucan, L*, a*, b* values, and sensory and pasting characteristics of extruded products. Die temperature >175°C and feed moisture <30% resulted in a steep increase in expansion ratio and a decrease in bulk density. Barley flour content of 10% and feed moisture content of <20% resulted in an increased hardness value. When barley flour content was 30–40% and feed moisture content was <20%, a steep increase in the WAI was noticed. Viscosity values of extruded products were far less than those of corresponding unprocessed counterparts as evaluated. Rapid visco analysis indicated that the extruded blend starches were partially pregelatinized as a result of the extrusion process. Sensory scores indicated that barley flour content at 20%, feed moisture content at 30%, and die temperature at 175°C resulted in an acceptable product. The prepared product was roasted in oil using a particular spice mix and its sensory and nutritional properties were studied.     

Preparation of High‐Quality Protein‐Based Extruded Pellets Expanded by Microwave Oven

The aim of this work was to study the effects of extrusion barrel temperature (75–140°C) and feed moisture (16–30%) on the production of third‐generation snacks expanded by microwave heating. A blend of potato starch (50%), quality protein maize (QPM) (35%), and soybean meal (SM) (15%) was used in the preparation of the snacks. A laboratory single extruder with a 1.5 × 20.0 × 100 mm die‐nozzle and a central composite routable experimental design were used. Expansion index (EI) and bulk density (BD) were measured in expanded pellets, viscosity at 83°C (V₈₃), thermal properties, and relative crystallinity were measured in extruded pellets. EI increased and BD decreased when the barrel temperature was increased, while the feed moisture effect was not significant. V₈₃ increased when feed moisture increased. Extrusion modified the crystalline structures of the pellets and the X‐ray data suggests the formation of new structures, probably due to the development of amylose‐lipid complexes. The maximum expansion of pellets was found at barrel temperatures of 123–140°C, and feed moisture of 24.5–30%. It is possible to obtain a functional third‐generation snack with good expansion characteristics using a microwave oven, and this snack has health benefits due to the addition of QPM and SM.     

套袋对马家柚果实外观及内在品质的影响

为提升江西省特色品种马家柚果实品质,以不套袋处理为对照(CK),研究了 5种纸袋类型[单层黄色纸袋(T1)、双层外黄内黑纸袋(T2)、三层外黄内黑纸袋(T3)、双层外红内黑纸袋(T4)、三层外红内黑纸袋(T5)]和4个摘袋时期[9月25日(Z1)、10月10日(Z2)、10月25日(Z3)、11月10日(Z4)]对马家...     

Container and Installation Time Effects on Soil Moisture,Temperature, and Inorganic Nitrogen Retention for an in situ Nitrogen Mineralization Method

Mineralization contributes significantly to agronomic nitrogen (N) budgets and is difficult to accurately predict. Models for predicting N‐mineralization contributions are needed, and development of these models will require field‐based data. In situ mineralization methods are intended to quantify N mineralization under ambient environmental conditions. This study was conducted to compare soil moisture and temperature in intact soil cores contained in cylinders to those in adjacent bulk soil, compare the effect of two resin‐bag techniques on water content of soil within cylinders, and assess the effect of installation duration on inorganic N retention by resins. The study was conducted at a dryland conventionally tilled corn (Zea mays L.) site and an irrigated no‐tillage corn site in eastern Nebraska. Soil in cylinders was slightly wetter (<0.05 g g^?1) and warmer (<1 °C) than adjacent soil. Soil water content was <80% water‐filled pore space (WFPS) at all sampling times and differed little between the two resin‐bag techniques. Greater soil water content and temperature conditions (though small) observed during most of the study period likely enhanced N mineralization within the cylinder compared to N mineralization in adjacent bulk soil, but the magnitude is likely much less than core‐to‐core variation normally observed in a field. Installing cylinders for more than 60 days resulted in loss of inorganic N from resins. Care is needed during installation to ensure that compaction of soil below the cylinder does not impede water movement through the intact soil core. The in situ method utilizing intact soil cores and resin bags replaced at 28‐ to 40‐day intervals is a viable method for measuring N mineralization.     

精料补充料中肉骨粉含量的近红外光谱检测

为了保证饲料安全,精料补充料中肉骨粉的检测是十分必要的。该文探讨了精料补充料中肉骨粉含量的近红外光谱分析方法,123个样品作为校正集,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS),分别对光谱进行散射校正和卷积平滑、一阶微分、二阶微分预处理建立校正模型,以最大的决定系数(R²)和最小的标准差(RMSEC)为选择依据,通过比较,以多元散射校正和卷积平滑处理与二阶微分相结合的处理效果最好,其预测值与测量值的决定系数(R²)和标准差(RMSEC)分别为0.9751和0.437。34个样品作为检验集进行外部验证,决定系数(r²)和标准差(RMSEP)分别为0.9749和0.420,平均绝对误差和相对误差分别为0.326和13.89％。结果表明,利用近红外分析技术可以检测精料补充料中肉骨粉的含量。