4种化学药剂对苹果轮纹病菌的室内防效测定

为筛选出防治苹果轮纹病菌的高效化学药剂,本试验选取了常用的4种化学药剂中生?寡糖素、吡唑醚菌酯、多抗锰锌、丙环唑,采用菌丝生长速率对苹果轮纹病进行了室内毒力测定.结果表明:4种不同化学药剂对苹果轮纹病菌的生长都有一定的抑制作用,其中抑菌效果最好的是浓度为0.063 g/L的吡唑醚菌酯,防效抑制率达到91.22％;其次为...     

黄瓜黑斑病菌室内药剂筛选试验

采用生长速率法测定了6种杀菌剂对黄瓜黑斑病菌的毒力。结果表明:6种药剂对黑斑病菌的作用效果存在很大差异;室内测定抑菌效果最好的是75%肟菌.戊唑醇和戊唑醇悬浮剂,其次为20%烯肟.戊唑醇。     

苹果轮纹病菌拮抗细菌筛选及田间应用初步研究

在辽宁省果树科学研究所的育种园、优质果园及树木园采集土壤,用稀释法分离纯化并用平板对峙法筛选出了对苹果轮纹病菌(B.berengerianaf.sp.piricola)有较强抑制作用的菌株。离体果菌株控果试验表明:先喷菌液后刺伤接种轮纹病菌的防治效果为73.5%,相对较好;田间试验表明:菌剂100倍与1∶3∶240波尔多液交替使用采收期与贮藏期防治果实轮纹病效果均较好;套袋果实轮纹病防效达100%。     

富士苹果轮纹烂果病药剂防治试验

富士苹果轮纹烂果病药剂防治试验柏栋，高洪岐（绥中县沙河乡果树站１２１７０２）（绥中县果蚕局）近１０年来，我乡新栽富士苹果４０余万株，进入结果之后，轮纹烂果病对富士苹果为害较重。据调查，１９９０年富士苹果病果率为１０．２％，１９９１年上升为１８．９％，...     

6种生物杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌室内毒力测定

经不同生物杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌的毒力测定分析,为田间有效药剂筛选及配套使用技术提供重要依据。采用平皿法,试验并分析丁子香酚、梧宁霉素、多氧霉素、中生菌素、蛇床子素、宁南霉素生物杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌的抑菌效果。研究结果表明,6种生物杀菌剂对苹果轮纹病菌均表现出一定的毒力效果,但不同杀菌剂间的毒力差异较大。丁子香酚对苹果轮纹病菌抑菌效果最好,EC50仅为0.2162 mg/L;其次为梧宁霉素、多氧霉素、中生菌素,EC50值分别为4.0992 mg/L、10.9849 mg/L、18.8762 mg/L;蛇床子素和宁南霉素效果较差,EC50分别75.3819 mg/L和75.9982 mg/L。     

苹果轮纹病菌对多菌灵的敏感性测定

2007年8-10月从山东主要苹果产区轮纹病果上分离获得83个苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeria berengriana f.sp.piricola)菌株,采用菌丝生长速率法分别测定了各菌株对多菌灵的敏感性。结果表明,多菌灵对83个菌株的EC50值呈单峰频次分布,分布在0.0196～0.4867mg·L-1,均值为0.1080±0.0152mg·L-1;在83个菌株中选择对多菌灵最敏感的泰山海棠菌系进行重复测定,将其EC50平均值0.0428mg·L-1确定为苹果轮纹病菌对多菌灵的敏感基线;通过Duncan氏新复极差法和系统聚类分析结果表明,不同地理来源的苹果轮纹病菌对多菌灵的敏感性都处在较高水平,总体上不存在明显差异,没有出现敏感性下降的抗药性亚群体。     

黄瓜靶斑病菌分离及室内药剂筛选

黄瓜靶斑病是近年来张家口地区黄瓜温室中新发生的病害,严重影响黄瓜的产量和品质。依据柯赫氏法则对该地区黄瓜靶斑病菌进行分离鉴定。结果表明:该菌属于半知菌亚门棒孢菌;抑制效果最好的是腐霉.福美双,抑制率为100%;其次是氟环唑和凯润,抑制率76.4%～85.6%;抑制效果最差的为普力克,抑制率为0。     

苹果轮纹病菌侵染机制的研究(英文)

苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeriaberengrianaf.sppiricola)能在培养基及活体内产生一系列果胶酶:多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、聚甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG)、多聚半乳糖醛酸反式消除酶(PGTE)和果胶甲基反式消除酶(PMTE)。其中PG和PMG是降解果实胞壁的主要酶类,在整个致病过程中起重要作用。从结果可看出PG活性随着侵染的进展而升高,PMG的作用在侵染前期更大一些,2种果胶酶可能是引起被接种苹果果皮上还原糖变化的重要因素。接种与未接种果实果皮的pH值差异随侵染进程而降低,接种40d后,接种处pH值开始低于健康组织的pH值,这一变化可能造成细胞壁软化而有利于PG和PMG活动。接种后10～20d,PG活性及组织中还原糖的增长速度比其他阶段要快。对侵染点的病原组织学研究进一步表明,病菌产生的各种果胶酶不论是在侵染初期还是后期都是重要的致病物质。     

山东省苹果轮纹病菌对多菌灵抗药性及其地理分布

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了苹果轮纹病菌对多菌灵的敏感性。结果表明:多数苹果轮纹病菌菌株对多菌灵表现敏感,建立了以敏感性苹果轮纹病菌菌株的EC50平均值(0.2582±0.1208)mg/L为准的敏感性基线;11.11%的菌株已产生2~4倍的低水平抗药性,抗药性菌株主要分布于山东西部区域。     

香蕉黑星病菌形态与生物学特性

为更好地了解香蕉黑星病和指导病害防治,对该病病原菌Macrophomamusae的形态作了系统描述并详细测定了该菌的生物学特性。生物学特性研究表明,在PDA平板上,香蕉黑星病菌在10～35℃均能生长,适宜生长温度为20～30℃,最适生长温度是28℃,PDA、PSA和V8培养基上生长较好,病原菌在pH3～10均能生长,pH4～8生长较好,pH7生长最佳,马铃薯琼脂培养基中添加不同的糖对病原菌生长有不同的影响,其中以蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖最好,淀粉和乳糖最差,PDA培养基中添加2%的不同的氮源对病原菌生长有抑制作用,在添加氯化铵的PDA上不能生长,光照对病原菌的生长有明显促进作用,振荡培养对病原菌生长的促进作用不明显,病原菌的致死温度为55℃10min。分生孢子在蒸馏水中萌发缓慢,Ca2+有促进孢子萌发的作用,其中10mmol/LCa2+对孢子萌发的促进作用最为明显。     

番茄抗青枯病材料筛选

经田间病圃自然诱发鉴定、温室病圃诱发鉴定和苗期室内人工接种鉴定,对引自国内外的番茄青枯病抗性材料进行抗病性鉴定,筛选抗源材料,结合农艺性状比较研究,从其分离后代中选出F9819-2-1、F9802-1-1、600-1-1、599-1-1等4份高抗青枯病、农艺性状优良、性状稳定的材料.     

蓝得土壤调理剂在苹果树上的应用效果

在苹果树上进行了蓝得土壤调理剂使用效果试验。结果表明:果园土壤施用蓝得土壤调理剂能显著提高叶片质量,但单一使用蓝得调理剂效果没有配合有机肥或复合肥使用效果好。每树以蓝得土壤调理剂与N、P、K复合肥和有机肥按1kg+1kg+5kg,或1.5kg+1kg+5kg配合使用效果为好;在肥源不足的情况下,还可以利用调理剂1.5kg与有机肥5.0kg或N、P、K复合肥1.0kg组合应用。     

番茄抗青枯病材料的鉴定与筛选

于１９９６年从亚洲蔬菜研究与发展中心（ＡＶＲＤＣ）引进３６份番茄材料进行青枯病抗性鉴定比较及农艺性状调查,结果表明Ｒ ３０３４ １０ Ｎ ＵＧ（５０４５）、Ｃｒａｖｅｌ（５０５２）、ＣＬＮ１４６３ １６０ ４０ ６０（５０５６）、ＣＬＮ１４６４ １１１ ３０ ４５（５０５７和Ｒｅｄｌａｎｄｅｒ（５０５９）等５份材料青枯病发生少且产量、品质表现较好,可望在育种上进一步利用。     

Influence of Alternative Copper Fungicide Formulations on Copper Content in Apple Fruits

Field trials were carried out from 2008 to 2011 at Maribor, Slovenia to determine the effect of new copper fungicide formulations on the copper content in apple fruits, separated in peel and flesh, of seven cultivars at harvest. Apple trees were treated 12?C18 times per season with formulations based on copper oxychloride or sulphate (trial standards), copper hydroxide and their complexes or chelates with amino acids, peptides, EDTA, urea, and octanoic or gluconic acids at the same rate of 200?g of pure copper ions (Cu²⁺) per hectare irrespetive of the product. Copper formulations were applied with Teejet 800067 flat fan nozzles mounted on a vertical boom of the sprayer, which gave a droplet volume median diameter (VMD) of 120 microns and 130?C180 droplet impacts per square centimeter, as determined on water sensitive papers. The new formulations of copper in the form of salts of fatty acids or organic complexes or chelates had a higher penetration rate into apple fruit tissue than the traditional formulations based on Cu-hydroxide, Cu-oxychloride and Cu-sulphate. The copper content in the fruit depended on the ratio between copper solubility in the formulation, rate of penetration into the fruit and stability of the copper fungicide deposit on the fruit surface. Despite being applied at lower hectare rates, frequent applications led to the exceeding of the permitted EC maximum residue level of 5?mg/kg fresh mass (FM). MRL was most often exceeded with the application of formulations based on Cu-octanoate and Cu-gluconate and less often in case of the application of complexes of copper with amino acids, peptides or urea. A comparison of the copper content between different cultivars showed that cv. ??Jonagold??, ??Golden Delicious?? and ??Elstar?? accumulated more cooper than other cultivars. Copper concentrations in the peel exceeded that of the flesh at least twice. The potential effects of accumulation of copper in woody tissue of bearing shoots after long-term application of highly systemic copper formulations on growth and blooming of apples are discussed too. Some apple growers may not be aware of much higher penetration rate of these new copper products (fungicides, fertilisers or plant strengtheners) and should be warned about the necessity to adapt their spraying schedules despite applications of a low hectare rates of copper, i.e. the number of treatments and proper seasonal timing, to avoid exceeding of EU MRL of copper in fruit.     

岳帅苹果霉心病药剂防治研究

作者用多抗霉素等4种药剂对岳帅苹果霉心病进行防治研究。结果表明,以病情指数统计的防效高于以发病率统计的防效。多抗霉素与扑海因混用在花前1周、盛花期、花期刚结束的幼果期及5月20日左右的幼果期4次用药防治效果最好,防效达到了55.96%。不同用药次数防效的比较表明,盛花期是防治的关键时期。     

辣椒疫霉菌的分离纯化及室内药剂筛选

采用组织分离法对张家口市辣椒疫病病原菌进行了分离培养和形态观察,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定了7种杀菌剂对该菌的毒力.结果表明:经鉴定该菌为辣椒疫霉(Phytophthora capsici Leonian);抑菌效果最好的是64％噁霜·锰锌可湿性粉剂500倍液,抑制率为71.38％;其次是嘧菌·百菌清悬浮剂500倍液和72％霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂400倍液,抑制率分别为66.89％和62.35％;抑制效果最差的是66.6％霜霉威盐酸盐水剂500倍液,抑制率为22.67％.     

中国葡萄抗南方根结线虫野生资源的筛选

在１４种中国葡萄野生资源上接种南方根结线虫,以根结指数和根际根结线虫数为指标,筛选出华东葡萄、福建葡萄、毛葡萄、万县野葡萄和蛇葡萄属的乌头叶葡萄为抗性资源,燕山葡萄、华北葡萄、山葡萄、刺葡萄、复叶葡萄为病资源,小果野葡萄、同时对其侵染后根组织结构的变化进行了观察,对根系活力,Ｐｒｏ含量及ＰＯＤ活性进行了测定。     

苹果抗斑点落叶病突变体的细胞筛选

从苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria mali Roberts)的Richards培养液中提取的AM—毒素,在254nm处有吸收峰。经叶片法、插枝法、电导率法等生物测试表明,AM—毒素具有寄主专化性。以AM—毒素为选择因子,配制成选择培养基,以感病品种岩富10、新乔纳金、国光、新红星的愈伤组织为材料,采用多步选择系统筛选抗病突变体。所得到的抗病系离开选择因子2个月后,仍保持获得的抗病性。与未经选择的原始型相比,抗病系的苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性增强,过氧化物酶同工酶带减少1～3条。在AM—毒素作用下,抗病系电导率增加速度显著小于原始型。接种病原菌孢子后,抗病系较原始型抗病。     

Effects of Some Fungicide Treatments on Earthworm Populations and Leaf Removal in Apple Orchards

The persistence of leaf litter in apple orchards sprayed with benomyl prompted surveys to examine the effect of fungicide programmes on earthworm populations and leaf removal. Earthworm populations were unaffected by captan with bina- pacryl sprays, but under trees sprayed with benomyl they were significantly lower than under unsprayed trees. The effect of benomyl increased with the number of sprays.

Populations recovered when benomyl sprays were discontinued but some residual effects were apparent after three years. Thiophanate-methyl was also found to reduce earthworm populations.

Thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim retarded leaf removal and there was a similar but less marked effect with ditalimfos and captan with binapacryl sprays. Leaves sprayed with carbendazim were slow to disappear when over wintered on untreated soils. This result, and those with captan with binapacryl, suggest that fungicides may influence the rate of leaf removal independently of any effects they may have on earthworm populations.