森林火灾流域侵蚀泥沙来源指纹技术研究进展

指纹识别技术是量化流域侵蚀泥沙来源的有效手段,如何应用于火烧流域,仍有一些问题值得探讨。通过回顾相关文献,总结森林火灾通过植被、土壤和灰烬加剧土壤侵蚀的机制,介绍应用指纹技术研究火烧流域泥沙来源的案例,重点分析放射性核素、矿物磁性、物理性质、地球化学元素和有机组分等指纹因子在火烧迹地的含量和性质变化,论述各类指纹因子在火烧流域泥沙来源研究中的适用性,并提出未来应重点关注指纹技术的物理基础、火灾后土壤性质的时空变化规律、指纹因子稳定性验证、燃烧灰烬的影响以及大粒径泥沙的识别等问题。为促进火烧迹地指纹识别技术的研究、理解森林火灾对于流域产沙格局的影响、提升火灾流域水土保持和生态修复的有效性提供理论依据。     

指纹技术识别泥沙来源:不确定性研究进展

泥沙指纹技术是近年来研究流域泥沙来源与动态变化的一项重要技术方法,其主要局限性在于诸多的前提假设与实践条件的差异带入了一系列不确定性。泥沙从源到汇的迁移过程受自然环境和人为干扰的影响,其源地特征、迁移路径以及泥沙性质的潜在变化等均是指纹技术应用的不确定性因素,而采样方案设计、指纹选择方法、混合模型应用的一些主观因素进一步增加了不确定性的来源。不确定性分析是泥沙指纹技术的重要组成部分,是评估泥沙来源指纹识别结果可靠性的主要依据。本文综述了泥沙指纹技术的诸多不确定性问题以及主要应对方法的研究进展,总结了当前不确定性定量评估的研究现状并提出了未来的研究展望。     

西南典型岩溶槽谷小流域地表和地下河悬浮泥沙来源

为了明确岩溶槽谷小流域地表悬浮泥沙与地下河悬浮泥沙的主要来源，制定具有针对性的水土流失防治措施，该研究以青木关岩溶槽谷小流域为例，采集碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、沟道和裂隙等4种不同泥沙源地土壤样品，测定了137Cs、磁化率、Li、As等41种土壤理化性质作为指纹因子；利用双边范围检验、均值检验和Kruskal-Wallis H非参数检验对所有指纹因子进行筛选，确定Fe、137Cs、Pb、V、质量频率磁化率5种指纹因子为最佳指纹因子组合；采用复合指纹法定量分析地表和地下河出口悬浮泥沙来源。结果表明：降雨量、降雨历时和降雨强度与流域潜在泥沙源地贡献率存在一定的规律；流域潜在泥沙源地对地表悬浮泥沙平均贡献率分别为碳酸盐岩（43.62%）> 沟道（27.34%）>碎屑岩（17.30%）>裂隙（11.74%），拟合优度为91.88%；对地下河出口悬浮泥沙的平均贡献率分别为碳酸盐岩（36.14%）>裂隙（24.02%）>沟道（22.93%）>碎屑岩（16.91%），拟合优度为92.56%。该研究定量分析了岩溶槽谷地表和地下河出口悬浮泥沙的主要来源，可为岩溶槽谷小流域综合治理提供参考依据。     

利用复合指纹法分析剑川双河水库泥沙来源

[目的]定量研究水库沉积泥沙的具体来源,为中国滇西北水土流失区域泥沙来源研究和流域综合治理提供科学依据。[方法]以滇西北剑川县双河水库流域作为研究区,选取林地、草地、耕地及采矿用地4种土地利用类型作为潜在泥沙源头,利用复合指纹法分析双河水库沉积泥沙潜在来源及其贡献百分比。选择27个地球化学因子,通过守恒性检验与Kruskal-Walls H检验并利用逐步判别分析确定最佳指纹因子组合,运用多元线性混合模型计算各泥沙源地贡献百分比。[结果]①共有8个指纹因子(S,Ca,Sr,TP,Cr,Ba,K,Mg)被确认为最佳指纹因子组合,累计贡献率达89.60%;②总体上,泥沙贡献百分比平均值从大到小为:草地(37.28%)耕地(34.62%)林地(27.86%)采矿用地(0.24%);③单位面积上泥沙贡献百分比为:耕地(9.55%)草地(3.78%)采矿用地(1.24%)林地(0.38%)。[结论]复合指纹法适用于双河水库流域泥沙来源判别,耕地仍是土壤侵蚀最为严重的土地利用类型,而草地因面积较大、地表覆盖度较低,也是泥沙贡献较多的土地利用类型。     

复合指纹法分析红壤区强度开发小流域泥沙来源

南方红壤区人口密集,土地资源开发利用强度大,水土流失类型多样。为研究不同土地利用类型下红壤区强度开发小流域侵蚀泥沙来源,选取感德镇红壤强度开发小流域为研究区,分析了流域内潜在泥沙源地和泥沙的41个地球化学特征,利用Kruskal-Wallis H检验及逐步判别分析确认最佳指纹因子组合,并通过多元混合模型计算各泥沙源地泥沙贡献率。结果表明:共有速效P、Cu、P、Y、Ca、Ga、Sn、Nd 8种因子通过检验被确认为最佳指纹因子组合,累计贡献率达90%以上,拟合优度均大于0.80。多元混合模型结果显示,锋面雨季流域泥沙主要来源于林地、茶园与矿区,贡献率分别为28.59%,28.20%,27.59%;在台风雨季,4种土地利用类型泥沙相对贡献率为茶园>林地>矿区>耕地。通过对不同降雨特征下各土地利用类型泥沙贡献百分比数据进一步分析,结果显示矿区单位面积泥沙贡献百分比均值分别是耕地、林地与茶园单位面积泥沙贡献百分比均值的8,10,10倍,即单位面积下矿区土壤侵蚀强度最大。     

泥沙来源“指纹”示踪技术研究综述

泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术是综合研究流域土壤侵蚀和泥沙输移的新方法。泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术基于流域侵蚀产沙过程划分潜在物源类型,根据物源特性筛选具有诊断能力的"指纹"性质,通过定量转换模型建立流域出口泥沙与内部潜在物源间的"指纹"联系,定量描述各潜在物源对流域出口产沙的相对贡献;结合悬移质或沉积泥沙通量监测,定量分析各潜在物源对流域产沙的绝对贡献量及流域侵蚀产沙时、空变化特征。通过综述泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术的理论基础及实施框架,流域尺度潜在物源类型,泥沙"指纹"因子类别、分布特点及诊断能力,泥沙来源复合"指纹"示踪技术的研究进展,指出泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术的局限性,并对泥沙来源"指纹"示踪技术进行展望。     

基于土壤颗分粒径的泥沙来源量化研究

[目的]揭示黄土高原风水复合侵蚀区风力作用对水蚀的影响,为具有不同泥沙粒径侵蚀物质来源识别提供一种有效的方法支撑,也为风水复合侵蚀区侵蚀泥沙来源辨识提供理论参考。[方法]以覆沙模拟风蚀产物,基于室内模拟试验,研究覆沙之后坡面侵蚀发育特征,同时为了有效区分不同时刻侵蚀物质的来源,尝试采用泥沙粒径作为指纹因子进行侵蚀泥沙来源贡献的辨识。[结果]不同泥沙粒径组的3个指纹因子(粒径范围分别为：26.303～34.674,104.713～138.038,138.038～181.970μm)通过检验被确定为最佳指纹因子。基于最佳指纹因子,通过多元混合模型计算得出,在对同一土槽进行的3个阶段模拟降雨试验中覆沙层和黄土层的平均泥沙贡献率分别为48.2%和51.8%,24.8%和75.2%,6.8%和93.2%,且MAF>0.8。覆沙层的泥沙贡献率为第一阶段试验>第二阶段试验>第三阶段试验,计算结果与DEM相吻合。[结论]泥沙源地和侵蚀泥沙中的不同泥沙粒径组可作为指纹因子进行泥沙来源辨别,复合指纹法具有较好的适用性。     

基于泥沙指纹识别的小流域颗粒态磷来源解析

控制泥沙迁移一直是流域管理的重点,而泥沙携带污染物与养分(磷)对下游水体的影响愈发引起关注。研究泥沙来源的位置、特征及各来源对泥沙输出的贡献,有助于针对重点源区实施水土流失以及水污染治理措施。农业小流域中磷的输出以泥沙吸附的颗粒态磷为主,研究泥沙来源可为探讨颗粒态磷的来源提供重要基础。复合指纹技术是一种可靠的泥沙源解析方法,但在一些地表物质相对均一、输沙量较小、受人为因素影响较多的东部小流域,能否应用指纹识别法解析泥沙来源并探讨颗粒态磷来源还需要验证。该文以南京市九乡河上游小流域为研究区,尝试以指纹识别技术分析流域泥沙来源为基础,进而研究不同来源对颗粒态磷输出的相对贡献。研究结果表明,农田对泥沙输出的贡献为25.3%~65.2%,对颗粒态磷输出的贡献达52.2%~85.8%;矿山及道路施工用地对泥沙输出的贡献为34.8%~74.7%,但是对颗粒态磷输出的贡献仅为14.2%~47.7%;而来源于林地的泥沙与颗粒态磷总体上均不到0.1%。复合指纹技术不但能够有效识别泥沙来源,且以泥沙源解析来研究颗粒态磷来源,能够为基础资料缺乏地区提高颗粒态磷来源识别的合理性以及流域非点源磷污染控制提供一种思路和方法。     

黄土高原地区泥沙来源复合指纹示踪研究进展

[目的]为把握复合指纹示踪方法发展动态,为黄土高原泥沙来源研究提供建议。[方法]综述了复合指纹示踪方法的理论基础,对各指纹因子(物理示踪剂、核素、地化元素、磁性、有机质、碳氮稳定同位素、孢粉、生物标志物)的发展进程、模型算法、不确定分析等进行了详细论述。[结果]黄土高原地区在利用指纹因子的时空差异性来研究侵蚀区泥沙的来源,定量描述侵蚀过程的发展等方面已取得一系列成果。[结论]复合指纹示踪泥沙来源技术在黄土高原地区以探讨指纹因子应用研究为主,在混合模型矫正、多方法比较、指纹因子守恒等方面还需要进一步加强研究。     

基于不同模型不同指纹因子的东北黑土区小流域泥沙来源分析

基于指纹识别技术计算了东北黑土区典型小流域不同侵蚀产沙源地的泥沙贡献比。通过分析农地、林地、草地表层土以及侵蚀沟样品中的33种物质,使用非参数检验和多元判别分析筛选出包括P、Ce、Ga、Rb和137Cs组成的最优复合指纹因子,并将放射性核素137Cs和210Pbex作为第2组指纹因子,将最优复合指纹因子中的单个因子分别作为单因子,作为第3组指纹因子,分别利用多元混合线性模型、Bayesian模型和单因子解析解等泥沙来源指纹分析方法计算了表层土和侵蚀沟的相对泥沙贡献比。结果表明:基于不同模型不同指纹因子的泥沙来源贡献比结果虽不尽相同,但无重大差别。利用多元混合线性模型计算时,由放射性元素137Cs和210Pbex作为指纹因子计算的泥沙来源(表层土47.5%,侵蚀沟52.5%),与最优复合指纹因子计算的泥沙来源(表层土44.6%,侵蚀沟55.4%)基本一致;利用Bayesian模型计算时,由放射性元素137Cs和210Pbex作为指纹因子计算的表层土和侵蚀沟的泥沙贡献比约各占1/2,而利用最优复合指纹因子计算得到的泥沙贡献比中,表层土(58.8%)多于侵蚀沟(41.2%);以复合指纹因子中单个因子为指纹因子计算解析解,P、Ga、Ce、137Cs 4个因子的判别能力较强,能有效判别泥沙物源区;为保证泥沙贡献比计算结果的精确性,有必要确定各模型的计算精度,并挖掘具体的影响因素,调整参数或算法,为模型改进提供依据。研究发现,面积占比不足1%的侵蚀沟贡献了流域近1/2的泥沙,表明侵蚀沟发育引起的土壤流失不容小觑,应加强对该区侵蚀沟道的治理。     

Comparison of sampling designs for sediment source fingerprinting in an agricultural watershed in Atlantic Canada

Purpose

Sediment fingerprinting is increasingly being used to improve the understanding of sediment dynamics within the critical zone and provide information that can help guide management decisions at the watershed scale. The objectives of this study were to investigate both the implications of different sediment fingerprinting sampling designs and spatial scales on the characterization of sediment dynamics in a predominantly agricultural watershed in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada.

Materials and methods

Color and radionuclide fingerprints were used to discriminate between three potential sediment sources: agricultural topsoil, agricultural streambanks, and forested areas (topsoil and streambanks). Suspended sediment was collected seasonally, between 2008 and 2014, at five sites with drainage areas ranging from 3.0 to 13.4 km². Using the same source and sediment data set, multiple-, nested-, and local-location fingerprinting sampling designs were employed to investigate the influence of scale of observation, geomorphic connectivity, land use, and the heterogeneity of source fingerprints on apportionment results.

Results and discussion

Sediment collected in the headwaters was primarily derived from forested areas while the sediment collected at the outlet of the watershed was primarily from agricultural topsoil. When comparing the multiple- and nested-location designs, it was found that accounting for the spatial variability in the fingerprint properties of each source had a small difference in the sediment apportionment results. Furthermore, the local-location design demonstrated that the sediment collected at each location was composed of predominately local sources as opposed to upstream sediment entering the local catchment.

Conclusions

Assessment of the sources of sediment at a range of spatial scales better accounts for both geomorphic connectivity and differences in land use throughout the watershed. Overall, each of the three fingerprinting sampling designs provided different information that can be used to guide soil and water conservation management.

     

The evolution of sediment source fingerprinting investigations in fluvial systems

Purpose

This contribution reviews the evolution of sediment source fingerprinting investigations since the beginning of such studies in the mid-1970s. Attention is directed to key advances and developments during this period, to the present status of source fingerprinting techniques and to the scope for future development.

Scope

An analysis of the number of papers reporting sediment source fingerprinting investigations or associated methodologies published annually since the mid-1970s to date indicates that the number of such papers has increased near exponentially. The key drivers behind the expansion of such work are examined and linked to both the progress of academic enquiry and the need to support the development of sediment management strategies aimed at countering environmental problems associated with fine sediment. Instead of providing a chronological review of the various advances and developments evidenced by the expanding literature, attention focuses on seven key areas of development which are seen as having together contributed to the current state of the art. These include the expanding range of fingerprint properties employed; the use of statistical tests to confirm the ability of particular fingerprint properties to discriminate between potential sources and to assist in the selection of the ‘best’ properties for inclusion in the final composite fingerprint; the use of numerical mixing models to obtain quantitative estimates of the relative contribution of different sources; recognition of the need to confirm the conservative behaviour of the sediment properties employed as fingerprints and to take account of contrasts in grain size composition and organic matter content between source material and target samples; extension of the approach to include a greater range of targets and potential sources; addition of a temporal dimension, in order to consider changes in sediment source through time; and recognition of the need to direct increased attention to the uncertainty associated with the results of such studies. At the present time, sediment source fingerprinting techniques can be seen as being in a transition from a scientific tool to an operational or management tool, but further development will be required before successful transition to the latter can be fully achieved.     

指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用进展

指纹识别技术作为一种较新的研究泥沙来源的方法,在泥沙来源研究中获得了越来越多的重视,特别是复合指纹识别技术定量研究泥沙来源在模型和应用方面已取得了一系列进展。本文阐述了传统研究泥沙来源的方法,总结了单因子指纹识别技术以及复合指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用原理与进展,并对复合指纹识别技术应用前景及发展趋势进行了分析。     

指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用进展

指纹识别技术作为一种较新的研究泥沙来源的方法,在泥沙来源研究中获得了越来越多的重视,特别是复合指纹识别技术定量研究泥沙来源在模型和应用方面已取得了一系列进展。本文阐述了传统研究泥沙来源的方法,总结了单因子指纹识别技术以及复合指纹识别技术在泥沙来源研究中的应用原理与进展,并对复合指纹识别技术应用前景及发展趋势进行了分析。     

组合指纹法研究花岗岩崩岗侵蚀泥沙来源

崩岗侵蚀产沙是崩岗侵蚀研究的重点。本研究对典型崩岗进行采样、分析,筛选出最佳指纹因子组合,利用组合指纹法对崩岗侵蚀产沙进行研究。结果表明：不同层次崩岗土体的理化性质有显著差异,利用无参检验和多元判别分析筛选出粘粒含量、Fe、K为最佳指纹因子组合（累积判别率大于90％）,说明指纹法可用于崩岗侵蚀产沙来源研究。同时利用多元...     

Investigating the role of connectivity and scale in assessing the sources of sediment in an agricultural watershed in the Canadian prairies using sediment source fingerprinting

Purpose

Sediments adversely impact the quality of surface waters and are a significant source of contaminants, such as nutrients and pesticides, in agricultural watersheds. The development of effective beneficial management practices (BMPs) to minimize these impacts requires a sound understanding of the sources of sediments. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the sources of sediment in an agricultural watershed in the Canadian prairies using sediment source fingerprinting and; (2) to assess the results of the sediment fingerprinting study within the context of the scale of observation and the hydro-geomorphic connectivity of the watershed.

Materials and methods

Geochemical and radionuclide fingerprints were used to discriminate between the three potential sediment sources identified: topsoil, streambanks, and shale bedrock. Suspended and bed sediment samples were collected over the course of 3 years at six locations along the main stem of the creek, ranging from 3rd- (48 ha) to 7th-order (7441 ha) drainage basins. Four sediment fingerprint properties were selected that met statistical- and process-based selection criteria and the Stable Isotope Analysis in R model was used to estimate the proportion of sediment derived from each source at each sampling location in the watershed.

Results and discussion

The suspended sediments in the upper reaches were dominated by topsoil sources (64%–85%), whereas the suspended sediments moving through the lower reaches and being exported from the watershed had a higher proportion of sediment coming from streambank (32%–51%) and shale bedrock (29%–40%) sources. The switch in the sources of sediment between the headwaters and the watershed outlet are due to: (1) changes in sediment storage and connectivity; (2) a transition in the dominant erosion processes from topsoil to streambank erosion; and (3) the incision of the stream through the shale bedrock as it crosses the Manitoba Escarpment.

Conclusions

The results of this sediment fingerprinting study demonstrated that there was a switch in sediment sources between the headwaters and the outlet of the watershed. This research highlights the importance of the sampling location, in relation to the scale and geomorphic connectivity of the watershed, on the interpretation of results derived from the sediment fingerprinting technique, particularly in terms of developing suitable watershed BMPs to protect surface waters.