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生物炭配施有机肥可改善土壤环境并减轻苹果连作障碍 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:6
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万寿菊生物熏蒸对连作苹果幼苗和土壤微生物的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以苹果(平邑甜茶)幼苗为试验材料,盆栽条件下以万寿菊植株风干粉末拌土熏蒸老苹果园土壤,为环境友好型熏蒸措施防控苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。试验设置老龄苹果园土壤对照(未作处理,CK)、覆膜(未拌入万寿菊,F)、万寿菊1.5 g kg~(-1)+覆膜(1.5T+F)、万寿菊6.0 g kg~(-1)+覆膜(6.0T+F)、万寿菊15.0 g kg~(-1)+覆膜(15.0T+F)。结果表明,与对照相比,万寿菊生物熏蒸处理能显著提高连作土壤中平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量,促进根系生长,提高土壤酶活性,土壤真菌减少、细菌增多。6.0 g kg~(-1)处理的效果最明显,幼苗地上部及根系干重分别为对照的8.1倍、13.1倍,根表面积及根体积分别增加了333.0%、548.4%;脲酶、磷酸酶活性分别较对照高103.6%、77.6%,蔗糖酶活性高出200.4%,过氧化氢酶活性升高64.6%;土壤细菌/真菌比值为219.9,是对照的5.6倍;真菌多样性、均匀度和丰富度指数均降低,优势度指数增加;层出镰孢菌基因拷贝数较对照降低57.9%。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,万寿菊生物熏蒸处理对连作土壤真菌群落多样性有显著影响,能够显著减少层出镰孢菌的数量。综上,连作土壤中添加6.0 g kg~(-1)万寿菊进行生物熏蒸可提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善连作土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。 相似文献
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连作对土壤微生物及平邑甜茶幼苗氮吸收、分配和利用的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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盆栽条件下,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试验材料,设置连作土(对照)、灭菌连作土、连作土添加1.5 g·kg-1腐植酸、连作土添加腐植酸生物降解膜、连作土添加1.5 g·kg-1腐植酸和腐植酸生物降解膜5个处理,通过测定处理后平邑甜茶生物量和植株根系生长状况、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性、土壤养分含量等指标,研究腐植酸及其生物降解膜对连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。8月取样结果表明,与对照相比,腐植酸和腐植酸生物降解膜复合处理使得平邑甜茶幼苗株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量分别提高了72.56%、58.50%、196.20%、250.81%;根表面积、根体积和根系超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性较连作土相比分别提高了74.93%、143.75%和63.40%、100.85%、72.57%;腐植酸及其生物降解膜还可以改善土壤环境,施用后土壤中细菌数量明显增加,真菌数量减少,细菌/真菌值增大,细菌、放线菌数量分别比对照提高了115.79%、135.14%,真菌数量降低了87.25%,细菌/真菌值增大了16倍,且土壤有机质及营养元素含量也有所提升,9月变化趋势与8月一致。综上所述,腐植酸及其生物降解膜改善了土壤环境,促进了平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,可有效减轻平邑甜茶的连作障碍。 相似文献
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蚓粪减轻苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗连作障碍的土壤生物学机制 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
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万寿菊秸秆用于苹果连作土壤生物修复材料的潜力 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
[目的]万寿菊秸秆具有抑制有害微生物的作用,而苹果产业的可持续发展受到连作障碍的严重制约。本文研究了利用万寿菊进行连作土壤生物消毒的效果,为万寿菊秸秆的有效利用和苹果连作障碍的生物防控寻找可行的方案。[方法]2017年以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,以26年苹果树下棕壤为供试土壤进行了盆栽试验。设4个万寿菊秸秆粉加入量0、12、30、60 g/kg,与土壤混合,浇水,幼苗移栽之前用薄膜覆盖15天,揭开晾7天。同时,设置一组不添加万寿菊粉也不用薄膜覆盖的处理作为对照(CK)。在幼苗生长3个月后开始取植株样,每隔一个月取一次,共采集三次,同时采集土壤样品。测定了平邑甜茶幼苗生长指标、光合参数、根系呼吸速率、保护性酶活性及土壤微生物等相关指标。[结果]与不添加万寿菊粉处理(0 g/kg)相比,万寿菊粉不同添加量处理均能显著增加根系呼吸速率,提高根系保护性酶活性;提高了平邑甜茶幼苗叶片的光合参数,促进连作平邑甜茶幼苗生长;优化土壤微生物环境。综合各指标,以30 g/kg处理的效果最好,与不添加万寿菊粉处理相比,平邑甜茶幼苗的根系呼吸速率增加56.6%,根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性分别增加48.7%、113.5%、115.2%。株高、地径、地上部鲜重、叶片叶绿素含量分别增加183.3%、55.5%、221.5%和17.3%。净光合速率(Pn)提高了83.6%,水分利用效率(WUE)提高了57.1%。上述各指标均与0、12、60 g/kg处理差异显著。添加万寿菊秸秆粉处理土壤后,土壤细菌增加,真菌减少,12、30、60 g/kg添加量的土壤细菌/真菌比值分别为99.3、265.7、197.3,分别是不添加处理的1.4倍、3.7倍、2.7倍,处理间差异显著。土壤中的尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数均降低,分别比不添加万寿菊粉处理下降18.6%、57.1%、40.4%,处理间差异显著。T-RFLP结果表明,不添加万寿菊粉处理(0 g/kg)与添加12 g/kg处理的真菌群落结构相似,30 g/kg与60 g/kg添加量的真菌群落结构较为相似,均与CK有明显差异。万寿菊添加量60g/kg处理的各指标虽然优于对照,但不如添加量30 g/kg处理的。试验中发现连作土只覆膜处理虽然对各指标的改善有一定的作用,但效果不明显。[结论]在连作土壤上施用适宜量的万寿菊秸秆粉,能降低土壤尖孢镰孢菌的基因拷贝数,明显改变连作土壤的真菌群落结构,提高平邑甜茶幼苗根系的呼吸速率和保护性酶活性,促进幼苗的生长,提高幼苗的光合效率,有效缓解苹果连作障碍。因此,万寿菊秸秆粉是一种有效的连作土壤修复材料,其在生产实践中的适宜添加量需要进一步研究。 相似文献
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高锰酸钾消毒后增施木霉菌肥对连作土壤微生物环境及再植平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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三种菌肥对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
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Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
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Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
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The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
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土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
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Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
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设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
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植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
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金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献