蔬菜产地土壤重金属含量空间分布研究

以浙江省湖州市长兴县为例,应用GIS技术研究了蔬菜产区土壤重金属污染状况及空间分布规律。结果表明:长兴县蔬菜产地平均土壤汞和镉含量明显大于本地背景值,锌平均含量也超过背景值,而砷、铬、铅、铜4种重金属的平均含量则低于或接近背景值。长兴县大部分蔬菜产区土壤重金属含量在国家无公害蔬菜基地标准以下,汞、镉超标的样点分别占总样点的10.4%和4.5%,分别有43%和58.0%的样点超过当地汞、镉背景值,土壤汞、镉含量的最大值分别达到945.85 ng/g和478.88 ng/g。蔬菜产区土壤汞、镉污染呈明显的区域空间分布特征,且与乡镇工业区分布相一致,表明工业污染是引起蔬菜产区土壤重金属超标的主要原因。在长兴县部分地区还存在铬、锌、铜区域性积累趋势。     

长期秸秆还田对污染农田土壤与农产品重金属的影响

在浙东某地选择一污染农田,布设了秸秆还田、秸秆不还田、秸秆还田+石灰及秸秆不还田+石灰4个处理试验,进行了为期9年的土壤、秸秆、谷物、蔬菜等农产品中重金属动态监测。结果表明,污染农田中施用石灰可明显降低水稻秸秆和谷物及蔬菜中重金属的积累,但对土壤重金属含量影响不明显;施用石灰对水稻秸秆和谷物及蔬菜中重金属降低作用随试验时间逐渐减弱。与秸秆不还田比较,秸秆还田在短期内对土壤、水稻秸秆和蔬菜重金属积累的影响较小,但4~5年后秸秆不还田农田土壤镉、汞积累及水稻秸秆和蔬菜中镉、铅、汞积累明显低于秸秆还田农田,对土壤中铅积累的影响较小;随着试验时间的增加,秸秆还田与秸秆不还田农田之间土壤、水稻谷物及蔬菜中重金属积累的差异逐渐加大。秸秆还田农田土壤有机质和速效钾含量高于秸秆不还田农田。研究结果表明,在镉、汞污染农田中长期推行秸秆还田不利于农产品质量的提高,应控制重污染水稻秸秆还田。     

茄果类蔬菜对其产地土壤重金属的吸收富集与安全阈值研究

以3种常见的茄果类蔬菜(番茄、辣椒和茄子)为研究对象,开展了大量蔬菜-土壤对应的田间采样,测定蔬菜及其产地土壤中5种重金属(镉、铬、铅、砷、汞)含量并分析其相关性。结果发现,3种蔬菜对不同重金属的富集能力存在一定差异,5种重金属被蔬菜吸收的容易程度为镉铬铅、砷、汞。同一蔬菜的蔬菜重金属超标率和土壤重金属超标率存在明显不一致的现象。其中,蔬菜镉、铬、砷、汞的超标率均低于其对应的土壤样品超标率,而蔬菜铅的超标率则高于其对应的土壤铅超标率。通过建立菜-土重金属含量的回归分析模型,明确产地土壤重金属对茄果类蔬菜重金属富集的影响,并推算出种植该类蔬菜的土壤重金属安全阈值。     

不同广藿香产区土壤中重金属污染特征及风险评价

[目的] 探明广东和广西两省区不同产区的广藿香种植土壤中重金属污染特征及其风险,为广藿香的安全品质评价及其种植土壤的重金属污染防控提供科学依据。[方法] 协同采集两广代表性产区的广藿香植株及其根区土壤样品,测定铜、汞、砷、铅、镉、铬、镍和锌共8种重金属的全量和有效态含量。运用单因子污染指数法和Nemerow污染指数法,对比评价两广广藿香种植土壤中重金属的污染特征及风险等级。结合广藿香植株的重金属富集系数和广藿香植株中重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量间的相关性,阐明土壤中重金属污染对广藿香安全品质的影响。[结果] ①两广产区广藿香种植土壤的重金属污染均已达警戒线,且广西产区的广藿香种植土壤中重金属污染程度比广东产区的更高。广藿香种植土壤中镉的污染覆盖产地最广,平均单因子污染指数最大（0.95）,需引起重视。②两广地区的广藿香植株中重金属含量均低于《中国药典》的限量值,总体情况安全。③广藿香对砷、汞、铜和铅的吸收能力弱,但易累积镉,且不受产地差异影响。广藿香茎比广藿香叶更容易富集镉。[结论] 控制镉有效态含量是广藿香产区土壤中重金属污染防控的重点。     

设施蔬菜生产系统重金属积累特征及生态效应

研究土壤重金属的空间变异特征,可以揭示人为活动对土壤中重金属积累特征的影响,进而为土壤利用、污染风险评价提供重要的基础资料.选取南京市郊区一处典型的设施蔬菜生产系统为研究对象,测定了土壤、灌溉用水、肥料、蔬菜等介质中重金属砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)含量,研究了土壤中重金属的空间变异及积累特征,分析了积累产生的原因,讨论了系统中作物的重金属积累效应.结果表明:(1)与露天蔬菜地相比,设施蔬菜地土壤重金属Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn均产生明显的累积,且土壤中Cu、Hg、Pb平均含量超过温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准.(2)农用投入品的大量输入对土壤性质的空间变异产生了明显影响,而土壤Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn也呈现与之一致的空间变异特征,且这些元素与土壤性质存在显著相关性.(3)土壤性质的变化和重金属的积累对叶菜类作物重金属吸收影响较大,且前者更为重要.     

连云港市水稻主产区土壤和灌溉水重金属含量分析及在稻米中的累积效应

对连云港市水稻主产区的土壤、灌溉水和稻米中重金属含量进行了测定。研究结果表明:(1)该地区水稻灌溉水所含重金属污染较轻,没有对稻米品质造成影响,完全符合无公害稻米生产要求。(2)土壤中砷、铅、镉的平均含量超过国家和江苏省背景值,砷、镉、铬、铅和汞的单项污染指数P<1,污染分担率排序为砷(42.56%)>镉(37.00%)>铬(7.78%)>铅(7.22%)>汞(5.54%),土壤主要以砷、镉污染为主;综合污染指数P综=0.59<0.7,属1级,为安全清洁水平,符合无公害农产品生产基地重金属环境质量要求。(3)稻米中4种重金属污染排序为铅>汞>镉>砷,以铅和汞污染为主;除铅外,稻米中重金属富集效应不明显,徐稻3号累积铅的能力较强,稻米中镉的含量与土壤中pH值存在着负相关关系。     

不同萝卜品种对5种重金属响应规律研究

为探究萝卜对土壤中镉(Cd)、砷(As)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和铬(Cr)5种重金属的累积特性,采用温室盆栽试验,通过测定9个不同萝卜品种不同部位的重金属含量,结合重金属富集系数和转移系数以及单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法综合评价萝卜对上述5种重金属的响应规律。结果表明,萝卜地下部对5种重金属富集能力依次为Cd>Pb>Cr>Hg>As,并较易发生重金属的向上转移,地上部较地下部更易累积重金属;萝卜品种和重金属种类均可显著影响重金属累积,且二者交互作用明显。研究发现春不老是一种高产且重金属低累积的萝卜品种。本研究结果为萝卜安全生产及消费提供了指导。     

福建省主要蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况调查与评价

对全省23个城市46片主要常年蔬菜基地土壤采样分析,测定了53个土壤样品的pH及重金属镉、铅、汞、砷、铬的含量水平。采用重金属污染因子综合指数法进行土壤重金属污染综合评价,结果表明土壤重金属含量超标污染因子依次为汞、铬、铅,有14个调查土壤样品超标,不合格率26.4%。     

保山市主要蔬菜生产地土壤重金属含量分析及评价

对保山市几个蔬菜生产集中地的土壤进行了调查、采样及样品分析,分析元素为重金属镉、汞、砷、铅、铬。结果表明,保山市几个主要蔬菜生产地土壤重金属根据单项和综合污染指数法判断都属安全,土壤本身对蔬菜生产不会产生污染危害。     

马铃薯产地重金属含量检测及污染评价

用原子吸收光谱法测定了古浪县良种场马铃薯生产基地土壤的铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)和镉(Cd)含量,并参照国家颁布的土壤质量标准(绿色食品产地环境条件NY/T391—2000和无公害蔬菜产地环境技术条件NY5010—2002)对其重金属污染做出了评价。结果表明:良种场马铃薯生产基地土壤均在2级以上,适宜发展无公害马铃薯生产;但在此地上发展绿色食品马铃薯生产,则必须采取汞污染治理措施,降低土壤的汞含量,待达标后方可。     

Chemistry, biochemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of lysinoalanine, lanthionine, and histidinoalanine in food and other proteins

Heat and alkali treatments of foods, widely used in food processing, result in the formation of dehydro and cross-linked amino acids such as dehydroalanine, methyldehydroalanine, beta-aminoalanine, lysinoalanine (LAL), ornithinoalanine, histidinoalanine (HAL), phenylethylaminoalanine, lanthionine (LAN), and methyl-lanthionine present in proteins and are frequently accompanied by concurrent racemization of L-amino acid isomers to D-analogues. The mechanism of LAL formation is a two-step process: first, hydroxide ion-catalyzed elimination of H(2)S from cystine and H(2)O, phosphate, and glycosidic moieties from serine residues to yield a dehydroalanine intermediate; second, reaction of the double bond of dehydroalanine with the epsilon-NH(2) group of lysine to form LAL. Analogous elimination-addition reactions are postulated to produce the other unusual amino acids. Processing conditions that favor these transformations include high pH, temperature, and exposure time. Factors that minimize LAL formation include the presence of SH-containing amino acids, sodium sulfite, ammonia, biogenic amines, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and glucose; dephosphorylation of O-phosphoryl esters; and acylation of epsilon-NH(2) groups of lysine. The presence of LAL residues along a protein chain decreases digestibility and nutritional quality in rodents and primates but enhances nutritional quality in ruminants. LAL has a strong affinity for copper and other metal ions and is reported to induce enlargement of nuclei of rats and mice but not of primate kidney cells. LAL, LAN, and HAL also occur naturally in certain peptide and protein antibiotics (cinnamycin, duramycin, epidermin, nisin, and subtilin) and in body organs and tissues (aorta, bone, collagen, dentin, and eye cataracts), where their formation may be a function of the aging process. These findings are not only of theoretical interest but also have practical implications for nutrition, food safety, and health. Further research needs are suggested for each of these categories. These overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of LAL and related compounds in the diet. Such an understanding can lead to improvement in food quality and safety, nutrition, microbiology, and human health.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Detection, accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol residues in poultry muscle, liver, and gizzard

Nitrofurans were broadly used as an extremely effective veterinary antibiotic especially in pig and poultry production farms. Because of fears of the carcinogenic effects on humans, the nitrofurans were banned from use in livestock production in many countries, including the European Union. The present study examines the accumulation, distribution, and depletion of furaltadone and nifursol and of their tissue-bound metabolites [3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ) and 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid hydrazine (DNSAH), respectively, in poultry edible tissues (muscle, liver, and gizzards) following administration to chickens of therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations of both compounds. Nitrofurans determination was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, respectively, for feeds and for poultry tissues. Furaltadone and nifursol, in very low concentrations, were found in samples of muscle, liver, and chicken's gizzard collected from slaughtered animals after 5 weeks of treatment and no withdrawal time period. When a withdrawal time period of 3 weeks was respected, no detectable nitrofuran parent compounds was observed in all of the studied matrices. For AMOZ, concentrations of 270 μg/kg in meat, 80 μg/kg in liver, and 331 μg/kg in gizzard were determined after administration of a medicated feed with furaltadone (132 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. For DNSAH, the concentration values obtained are much lower than those observed for AMOZ. For meat, liver, and gizzard, DNSAH concentrations of 2.5, 6.4, and 10.3 μg/kg, respectively, were determined, after administration of a medicated feed with nifursol (98 mg/kg), 3 weeks after withdrawal of treatment. The gizzard could be considered a selected matrix for nitrofuran residues evaluation in poultry, due to its capacity of retaining either nitrofuran parent compounds or metabolites in higher concentrations, regardless of the administered dose or of the respected withdrawal time period.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Occurrence, sensory impact, formation, and fate of damascenone in grapes, wines, and other foods and beverages

Among plant-derived odorants, damascenone is one of the most ubiquitous, sometimes occurring as an apparent natural product but more commonly occurring in processed foodstuffs and beverages. It has been widely reported as a component of alcoholic beverages, particularly of wines made from the grape Vitis vinifera . Although damascenone has one of the lowest ortho- and retronasal detection thresholds of any odorant, its contribution to the sensory properties of most products remains poorly understood. Damascenone can be formed by acid-catalyzed hydrolyses of plant-derived apocarotenoids, in both aglycon and glycoconjugated forms. These reactions can account for the formation of damascenone in some, but not all, products. In wine, damascenone can also be subject to degradation processes, particularly by reaction with sulfur dioxide.     

Grain Yield,Quality, and Nutrient Concentrations of Feed,Food, and Malt Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a cereal grown for animal feed, human consumption, and malting. Nutrient concentrations are important as they provide information regarding the dietary values of barley consumed by animals or human beings. In addition, grain nutrient removal may be useful for refining fertilizer recommendations. A study was conducted in 2015 and 2016 investigating the cultivar effects on grain yield, quality, and grain nutrient concentrations and removal under irrigated conditions for two-row barley cultivars. Adjunct and feed cultivars produced the highest yields compared with the all-malt and food cultivars. Specific quality and nutrient values were greater than or equal to in the food cultivar compared to the malt or feed cultivars. Variations in nutrient concentrations were measured among the adjunct and all-malt cultivars, which could potentially affect the malting and brewing qualities. Grain yield, quality, nutrient concentrations and nutrient removal varied among cultivars grown under identical environmental conditions, which may influence end-use.     

Concentrations of arsenic,cadmium, mercury,and lead in common foods and estimated daily intake by children,adolescents, adults,and seniors of Catalonia,Spain

This study was designed to estimate the dietary intake of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) by the general population of Catalonia, Spain. The concentrations of these elements were determined in food samples randomly acquired in seven cities of Catalonia between June and August 2000. A total of 11 food groups were included in the study. As, Cd, Hg, and Pb levels were measured by ICP-MS and AAS. The dietary intake of these elements was determined by a total diet study. Calculations were carried out on the basis of recent data on the consumption of the selected food items. Trace element intake was estimated for five population groups: children, adolescents, male and female adults, and seniors. The highest dietary intakes of As (223.6 microg/day), Cd (15.7 microg/day), Hg (21.2 microg/day), and Pb (28.4 microg/day) corresponded to male adults. For all analyzed elements, fish and shellfish was the group showing the highest contribution to the respective intakes. In comparison with previous results, a general decrease in As, Cd, Hg, and Pb intake has occurred. The dietary intake of these elements was also compared with the provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). Dietary intakes of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb by the population of Catalonia are currently well below the respective PTWIs.     

Liquid chromatographic determination of identity, content, and content uniformity of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine

A liquid chromatographic procedure has been developed for the assay, content uniformity, and identification of single active ingredient formulations of desipramine, fluphenazine, and promazine. The drugs are extracted from formulations with methanol or dilute hydrochloric acid and quantitated against an internal standard (norephedrine). The drugs are identified by comparison of retention times with those of the reference standards.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.     

Distribution of lutein,zeaxanthin, and related geometrical isomers in fruit,vegetables, wheat,and pasta products

Quantitative data with regard to dietary (3R,3'R,6'R)-lutein, (3R,3'R)-zeaxanthin, and their (E/Z)-geometrical isomers are scarce, and in most cases, only the combined concentrations of these two carotenoids in foods are reported. Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulate in the human macula and have been implicated in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The qualitative and quantitative distributions of lutein, zeaxanthin, and their (E/Z)-isomers in the extracts from some of the most commonly consumed fruits, vegetables, and pasta products were determined by HPLC employing a silica-based nitrile-bonded column. Green vegetables had the highest concentration of lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z), and the ratios of these carotenoids (L/Z) were in the range 12-63. The yellow-orange fruits and vegetables, with the exception of squash (butternut variety), had much lower levels of lutein in comparison to greens but contained a higher concentration of zeaxanthin. The ratio of lutein to zeaxanthin (L/Z) in two North American bread varieties of wheat (Pioneer, Catoctin) was 11 and 7.6, respectively, while in a green-harvested wheat (Freekeh) imported from Australia, the ratio was 2.5. Between the two pasta products examined, lasagne and egg noodles, the latter had a much higher concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin. The levels of the (E/Z)-geometrical isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin in these foods were also determined.