配施木霉微生物肥对连作黄瓜的影响

研究减量化肥与哈茨木霉SQR-T037微生物肥配施对盆栽黄瓜产量、品质及土壤有效养分和可培养微生物数量的影响。试验以当地农民惯用化肥施用量的100%作为对照处理(CF),75%的农民惯用化肥量配施普通有机肥(OF)或木霉SQR-T037微生物肥(BF)作处理进行连续盆栽试验。结果表明,75%的农民惯用化肥量配施木霉微生物肥BF与100%的化肥处理CF产量相等且后期有所增产,相对配施普通有机肥处理OF则产量显著提高,同时黄瓜果实中硝酸盐含量降低45%以上,维生素C含量明显增加。此外,BF处理能有效改善土壤养分供应状况,有效磷和速效钾含量明显高于对照CF和OF处理,并显著提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌、有益菌种木霉的数量,维持放线菌数量稳定,且在施用第三季后显著减少真菌数量。因此,减少25%的化肥并配施一定量的木霉微生物肥(50g株~(-1)),不仅能保证黄瓜稳产,还能显著改善黄瓜果实品质,促进土壤中养分的高效利用,节约施肥成本,促进农业可持续发展。     

有机肥与化肥长期配施对作物产量和灌漠土养分库的影响

根据河西走廊灌漠土上连续27 a的长期定位试验数据,研究了河西绿洲区灌漠土有机肥和化肥长期配施对作物产量和土壤养分库的影响。结果表明,有机肥与化肥长期配施增加了作物产量和产量的稳定性;7种施肥方式(单施氮、NP配施、NPK配施、单施有机肥、有机肥+N、有机肥+NP、有机肥+NPK)中,以有机肥与NP或NPK肥配施效果为最佳。长期有机肥和化肥配施增加了N,P,K养分投入量、养分携出量和盈余量;有机肥与化肥配施21~25 a后,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别提高了10.0%~16.0%,58.1%~69.0%和13.4%~31.1%,速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别提高了45.7%~79.0%,172.2%~287.8%和21.4%~38.8%,均显著高于对照和单施化肥处理;有机肥与化肥配施处理中,以有机肥与NPK肥配施改善土壤肥力的效果最理想。     

减施化肥配施微生物菌剂对番茄产质量和土壤肥力的影响

试验以樱桃番茄为材料,研究减施化肥配施不同微生物菌剂(EM和春语)对樱桃番茄产量、品质和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:减施化肥配施EM菌剂处理(RCF+EM)的樱桃番茄产量高于全量化肥处理(CF),但差异未达显著水平(P>0.05),RCF+EM处理番茄可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著高于CF处理(P<0.05),增幅依次为31.05%、27.82%、62.73%;RCF+EM处理的土壤pH、有机质、速效养分和微生物生物量碳氮含量均高于CF处理,其中p H、碱解氮和微生物生物量碳差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),增幅依次为13.07%、20.83%、66.10%。与EM菌剂相比,春语微生物菌剂的效果总体较差。因此,减施化肥配施EM菌剂可提高樱桃番茄产量和果实品质,对土壤肥力也有良好的改善作用。     

化肥减量配施生物有机肥对油菜生长及土壤微生物和酶活性影响

通过盆栽试验,研究化肥减量10%~30%条件下,配施与所减化肥相同用量的2种生物有机肥对油菜生理代谢、产量、土壤生物学特性和养分含量的影响,系统的阐述了生物有机肥应用于蔬菜生产的优势所在。结果表明:减量化肥配施生物有机肥可促进油菜生长,提高油菜叶片内叶绿素含量和根系活力,同时增强了油菜叶片和根系内抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,降低了过氧化物质含量(MDA、O·-2),进而提高了油菜的光合性能和抗氧化能力,与常规施肥(100%化肥)相比,产量提高了4.60%~24.55%,根际土壤细菌和放线菌数分别显著提高了111.26%~210.76%和12.49%~34.09%,而真菌数显著降低了20.37%~39.68%,同时提高了根际土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,而降低了土壤脲酶和脱氢酶活性,最终提高了根际土壤中有效养分和有机质含量。以上结果表明,减量化肥配施生物有机肥可通过改善根际土壤微生物群落的数量和结构来改变土壤酶活性和有效养分含量,优化根际环境的同时提高根系活力,增强植物抗逆性和光合能力,最终实现养地增产的效果。     

化肥和有机肥配施生物炭对根际/非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响

阐明化肥和有机肥配施生物炭对根际/非根际土壤养分和氮赋存形态的影响,有助于农田氮的高效利用及科学管理。采用盆栽试验方法,设置不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、施有机肥(M)、化肥配施生物炭(CFB)、有机肥配施生物炭(MB)、新鲜有机肥配施生物炭(FMB)6个处理,通过测定根际及非根际土壤养分含量和土壤氮赋存形态,阐明不同施肥处理对氮形态转化的影响。结果表明：与CK处理相比,MB处理提高非根际及根际土壤pH0.32和0.28个单位,FMB处理提高根际土壤pH0.63个单位；MB和FMB处理分别提高根际土壤有机质含量25.37%和84.88%,同时显著提高根际土壤全氮含量25.42%和50.93%。配施生物炭(CFB、MB和FMB)处理能促进土壤非可转化态氮(NTF-N)向铁锰氧化物结合态氮(IMOF-N)和有机硫化物结合态氮(OSF-N)这两种活性更高的氮形态转化,其中IMOF-N和OSF-N分别占可转化态氮的35.85%~61.72%和26.65%~46.56%,是根际及非根际土壤可转化态氮(TF-N)的主要成分。因此,有机肥配施生物炭是改善根际及非根际土壤养分和调控氮转化最有效的方式。     

不同培肥措施对宁南旱地土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响

为研究不同有机肥和化肥配施对宁南旱地土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响,探讨有机无机配施条件下土壤肥力、土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的内在联系,为建立科学合理的有机无机配施技术体系提供理论依据。试验设置不施肥（CK）、常规施肥+0.6倍腐熟牛粪（CF1）、常规施肥+腐熟牛粪（CF2）、常规施肥+秸秆还田（CFS）4个处理,通过1年田间试验,研究土壤肥力、纤维素二糖水解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、正乙酰葡萄糖氨基胺酶和碱性磷酸酶及土壤细菌、真菌多样性、群落结构的变化规律。结果表明,不同培肥处理较不施肥处理能够显著提高土壤养分含量,CF2处理的土壤养分最高。与CK处理相比,CF2处理的土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和全氮显著提高了2.22%、112.18%、52.13%和16.45%。与CK相比,CF2处理的土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素二糖水解酶、正乙酰葡萄糖氨基胺酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高了107.63%、10.72%、4.40%和39.88%。与CK相比,CF1、CF2和CFS处理均降低了土壤细菌多样性和丰富度,CF1和CF2处理增加了土壤真菌多样性和丰富度。对于微生物群落而言,CF2处理增加了土壤细菌绿弯菌...     

有机肥部分替代化肥对滴灌棉田氮素转化及不同形态氮含量的影响

在滴灌条件下,采用连续3年定位增施有机肥小区试验,研究了不同有机无机肥配比对滴灌棉田土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮、全氮以及土壤矿化和硝化特性的影响,旨在明确滴灌棉田增施有机肥条件下土壤氮素转化与各形态氮素特征。结果表明,增施有机肥各处理均可显著增加土壤NH+4-N和NO-3-N含量(P0.05),且明显增加NH+4-N占总氮(TN)比例。在各施肥处理中,以配施6 000 kg·hm-2生物有机肥处理(60%CF+BF2)的矿质氮含量最高;3年连续增施有机肥3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2可明显增加滴灌棉田全氮和微生物量氮含量(P0.05),其中生物有机肥(CF+BF)对提高微生物量氮(MBN)/TN的效果显著,其土壤全氮分别比对照(CK)和单施化肥处理(CF)提高了24.7%~37.1%和13.3%~24.5%,微生物量氮分别增加53.8%~98.5%和32.2%~70.5%。有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤硝化势和矿化能力。土壤增施3 000~6 000 kg·hm-2有机肥对促进滴灌棉田氮素转化,调节不同形态氮素比例及提高氮素肥力有显著效应。     

蚯蚓粪配施化肥对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响

[目的]探讨蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对玉米根际土壤生物学性状的作用效果,为土壤培肥制度的建立与玉米的合理施肥提供理论依据。[方法]通过大田试验,研究CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)与VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对玉米根系分泌物、根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性与腐殖质组成的影响。[结果]同CF处理相比,VC+CF处理显著提高了根系分泌物含量,并明显提高了根际土壤中微生物数量、微生物量碳含量及脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、中性磷酸酶活性,其中细菌数分别较CK,CF与VC处理提高124.32%,62.99%和15.45%,脲酶活性分别高出44.27%,23.53%和12.50%。此外,VC+CF处理亦显著提高了根际土壤中胡敏酸、富里酸含量和胡/富比。同VC+CF处理相比,VC处理对玉米根际土壤生物学特征的影响较小。[结论]蚯蚓粪与化肥配施能较好地改善玉米根际区域的微生态环境。     

化肥减量配施对盐碱稻田土壤改良效果研究

研究化肥减量及其与有机肥、土壤调理剂和功能肥配施对盐碱稻田土壤肥力、细菌群落多样性及水稻生长发育的影响,以期为该地区盐碱稻田化肥减量增效提供理论依据。通过连续两年田间试验,以水稻‘1747’为供试材料,共设5 个施肥处理,分别为100% 化肥(CF)、化肥减量20%(RF)、化肥减量20% 配施有机肥(OF)、化肥减量20% 配施土壤调理剂(SC)、化肥减量20% 配施功能肥(FF)。结果表明,RF 较CF 处理降低土壤pH 和可溶性盐总量,降幅分别为0.58% 和7.17%,且在减量施肥条件下,OF、SC 和FF 处理显著降低土壤Na+、Ca2+、HCO3-、Cl- 含量,同时提高土壤肥力。化肥减量配施处理(OF、SC、FF)提高土壤细菌群落多样性,同时改变土壤细菌群落门结构,增加放线菌门、变形菌门和芽单胞菌门等富营养菌群,减少绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门等贫营养菌群。RDA 分析表明,影响细菌群落门结构的主要因素为有效磷、速效钾和全氮。与CF 处理相比,化肥减量配施处理(OF、SC、FF)增加水稻穗长、穗粒数、千粒重及产量,增幅分别为3.56% ～ 6.48%、11.20% ～ 24.95%、8.81% ～ 6.28%、6.04% ～ 18.39%。综合分析,化肥减量20% 配施功能肥提高土壤肥力和细菌群落多样性,从而促进水稻生长发育,可实现盐碱土壤改良、水稻生产可持续的目的。     

长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻土微生物生物量和有机质结构的影响

为研究长期有机无机肥配施对红壤性水稻田作物产量、土壤微生物生物量及有机碳分子结构的影响,以始于1984年的江西红壤性水稻田长期定位试验为平台,选取的试验处理包括:不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)和等养分条件下70%化肥配施30%有机肥(NPKM1)、50%化肥配施50%有机肥(NPKM2)、30%化肥配施70%有机肥(NPKM3),采用固体~(13)C核磁共振测定了土壤有机碳组分含量,分析了土壤化学指标和土壤微生物生物量碳(Microbial biomass carbon,MBC)和微生物生物量氮(Microbial biomass nitrogen,MBN)。结果表明,连续34年的不同施肥处理显著影响了水稻产量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤有机碳(SOC)分子结构。与NPK处理相比,有机肥配施(NPKM1、NPKM2、NPKM3)提高了水稻产量,增幅为6.5%～7.7%(P0.05),中低有机肥配施比例(30%和50%)稳产效果更优。长期单施化肥使土壤严重酸化,而配施有机肥可减缓土壤酸化。长期施肥处理MBC和MBN较CK处理分别显著提高17.0%～71.1%和104.1%～267.0%,但MBC/MBN下降,有机无机肥配施处理较NPK处理提高了微生物熵。长期单施化肥主要提高了烷基碳的相对含量,而配施有机肥同时提高烷基碳和烷氧碳(甲氧基/含氮烷基碳)含量,有利于土壤活性有机质累积。Pearson相关性分析表明土壤微生物生物量与SOC、氮磷养分指标及甲氧基/含氮烷基碳呈显著或极显著正相关,与芳基碳和羧基碳呈显著负相关。冗余分析显示SOC、有效磷、速效钾及烷基碳等对水稻产量的影响较大。研究表明,在供试条件下,长期实行中低比例有机肥配施化肥有利于提高土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量,并改善土壤有机质结构,是维持作物高产和提升土壤质量的有效施肥措施。     

紫云英还田量对烟田土壤微生物及酶的影响

为在翻耕条件下合理施用紫云英,保障农业的可持续性发展,定位试验研究了15000kg·hm-2、22500kg·hm-2、30000kg·hm-2紫云英还田和22500kg·hm-2紫云英还田减施化肥(施肥时扣除紫云英中氮、磷、钾)及紫云英不还田5个处理对烟田土壤微生物数量、微生物活度、酶的影响。结果表明:烟草生育期内,不同处理好气性细菌数量呈前期均迅速上升、中期均稍有上升,但后期各有升降的趋势;烟草生长早期,紫云英还田减施化肥能增加好气性细菌数量。放线菌数量烟草生育前期略有下降,中期有所回升,后期又缓慢下降;烟草生长早期,紫云英还田能增加放线菌数量;整个烟草生育期,紫云英还田减施化肥可减少放线菌数量。真菌呈现烟草生育前中期迅速上升,后期缓慢下降的趋势;相对较少的紫云英还田量对土壤真菌数量增长的刺激作用较为明显。微生物活度呈烟草生育前期下降、中期趋于平稳、后期迅速升高达到最高点的趋势;烟草成熟期,紫云英还田的微生物活度明显高于不还田处理,增加紫云英还田量,微生物活度增加,但紫云英还田减施化肥会降低微生物活度。土壤纤维素酶活性以烟草旺长期为界点,表现出前期增加、后期下降的特点;烟草生长后期,紫云英还田土壤的纤维素酶活性高于对照土壤。土壤脲酶活性呈先快速下降,再缓慢上升,最后再快速上升趋势。土壤蛋白酶活性呈烟草生育前期下降,后期缓慢上升的特点;土壤蛋白酶活性与紫云英施用量呈正相关。过氧化氢酶活性在烟草各生育期的变化不大。土壤生物学评价发现,22500kg·hm-2紫云英翻耕还田栽培烟草较佳。     

西天目集约经营雷竹林土壤硅存在形态与植物有效性研究

在雷竹主产地临安西天目选取了集约经营下不同种植年限(1、5、10、15 a)的雷竹林地,采集不同深度(0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～40 cm)土样,运用逐级化学提取等技术,研究集约经营雷竹林土壤硅素含量与形态随种植年限和土壤剖面深度的变化规律,为雷竹林地土壤有效态硅调控提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)雷竹林土壤不同土层有效态硅的含量(0.084～0.318 g kg-1)和所占的比例(1.60%～12.3%)随种植年限和有机物覆盖年限的增加呈先下降后上升趋势;(2)雷竹林表层土壤无定形硅含量(2.58～5.15g kg-1)和所占比例(75.1%～87.7%)随种植年限的增加呈上升趋势;(3)覆盖有机物可同时促进无定形硅向有效态硅、有机结合态硅、铁锰(氢)氧化物结合态硅转变。     

不同养分条件下太子参根部土壤环境变化及综合评价

研究不同养分条件下太子参根部土壤环境变化的时间动态,探索太子参根部土壤环境的综合评价方法,可为指导太子参高效栽培提供理论基础。于3个不同土壤养分地块上分别种植太子参,定期监测其根部土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性及微生物种群结构变化,用主成分分析进行综合评价。结果表明：太子参整个生长时期,不同土壤养分条件下太子参根部土壤均以全磷、缓效钾、有效磷、速效钾含量以及土壤酸性转化酶（S-AI）和土壤过氧化氢酶（S-CAT）活性变异度最大;有机质及氮素含量、土壤酸性磷酸酶（S-ACP）、土壤脲酶（S-UE）及土壤多酚氧化酶（S-PPO）活性变异度较小;太子参成熟后,细菌和放线菌菌群数量显著增加,真菌菌群数量显著减少。测定的16个土壤环境指标中较多指标间显著相关,出现信息重叠,影响评价结果的客观性;以基本特征值大于1抽取5个成分,利用5个成分函数表达式进行综合评分,结果得出,各土壤养分含量越高,综合得分值越大,土壤环境越优。上述结果说明：太子参生育期内磷、钾素变化较大,及时补足磷、钾肥可能是改善太子参根部土壤环境的有效方法之一。利用主成分综合评分方法能客观、高效评价太子参根部土壤环境情况。     

土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤肥力变化的影响

采用大田试验的方法,在云南省元谋县小雷宰流域内壤土、砂壤土和重壤土3种质地土壤上,以热研5号柱花草为材料,研究土壤质地对柱花草生长发育、生物量及土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响。试验结果表明:3种土壤质地上种植柱花草,柱花草地上部和地下部生长量和生物量表现幼苗期增加缓慢,而分枝期后增加快的趋势。壤土耕性好,兼有砂土和重壤土的优点,有利柱花草地上部分的生长发育,柱花草地上部生长量、生物量及改善土壤肥力方面显著高于重壤土。砂壤土有利于柱花草根系向深层土壤生长,柱花草地下部生长量、生物量及根瘤显著高于种植在重壤土。在3种土壤质地种植柱花草后,土壤有机质、有机碳、全氮和全磷均有上升趋势。综合而言,通气性和保肥保水能力居中的壤土更适合柱花草的生长发育及干物质的积累。     

Changes in aggregate stability,nutrient status,indigenous microbial populations,and seedling emergence,following inoculation of soil withNostoc muscorum

The potential of the N₂-fixing cyanophyteNostoc muscorum for improving the aggregate stability of a poorly structured silt loam soil was studied in a greenhouse experiment. Inoculum rates were 1.61×10⁵ cells g^-1 soil dry weight (low rate) and 4.04×10⁵ cell g^-1 soil dry weight (high rate), approximately equivalent to a field application of 2 and 5 kg ha^-1 cells dry weight, respectively.N. muscorum numbers had increased 8-fold (low rate) and 10-fold (high rate) by 300 days after inoculation, indicating not only survival but proliferation. Increases in soil polysaccharides, determined as soil carbohydrate C, were 2.96–3.49 time the values in the non-inoculated soils and aggregate stability had incrased by an average of 18% on day 300. Inoculation withN. muscorum also had a pronounced effect on soil chemical and biological properties, with total C increasing by 50–63% and total N increasing by 111–120%. Increases in the soil indigenous microbial population were recorded, with numbers of bacteria 500, fungi 16, and actinomycetes 48 times the non-inoculated values on day 300 in the high-rate soil. The emergence of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa var. Saladin) in undisturbed inoculated 300-day soils was 56% (low rate) and 52% (high rate) higher than in non-inoculated soils. However, homogenising soils and irrigating (to smulate ploughing and surface crusting) significantly reduced this increase in both treatments, although emergence in inoculated soils was still greater by 45% (low) and 24% (high). It is recommended that inoculated soils be left undisturbed prior to planting. The effects ofN. muscorum on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties indicate the possible benefits of cyanobacteria as soil inoculants, not only for the improvement of soil aggregate stability but also as a means of improving seedling emergence.     

Changes in net N mineralization rates and soil N and P pools in a pine forest wildfire chronosequence

The concern that climate change may increase fire frequency and intensity has recently heightened the interest in the effects of wildfires on ecosystem functioning. Although short-term fire effects on forest soils are well known, less information can be found on the long-term effects of wildfires on soil fertility. Our objective was to study the 17-year effect of wildfires on forest net mineralization rates and extractable inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations. We hypothesize that (1) burned forest stands should exhibit lower net mineralization rates than unburned ones; (2) these differences would be greatest during the growing season; (3) differences between soil variables might also be observed among plots from different years since the last fire; and (4) due to fire-resistant geochemical processes controlling P availability, this nutrient should recover faster than N. We used a wildfire chronosequence of natural and unmanaged Pinus canariensis forests in La Palma Island (Canary Islands). Soil samples were collected during winter and spring at 22 burned and unburned plots. We found significantly higher values for net N mineralization and extractable N pools in unburned plots. These differences were higher for the winter sampling date than for the spring sampling date. Unlike extractable N and N mineralization rates, extractable P levels of burned plots exhibited a gradual recovery over time after an initial decrease. These results demonstrate that P. canariensis forest soils showed low resilience after wildfires, especially for N, and that this disturbance might induce long-term changes in ecosystem functioning.     

Mixed-species legume fallows affect faunal abundance and richness and N cycling compared to single species in maize-fallow rotations

Rotation of nitrogen-fixing woody legumes with maize has been widely promoted to reduce the loss of soil organic matter and decline in soil biological fertility in maize cropping systems in Africa. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of maize-fallow rotations with pure stands, two-species legume mixtures and mixed vegetation fallows on the richness and abundance of soil macrofauna and mineral nitrogen (N) dynamics. Pure stands of sesbania (Sesbania sesban), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), tephrosia (Tephrosia vogelii), 1:1 mixtures of sesbania + pigeon pea and sesbania + tephrosia, and a mixed vegetation fallow were compared with a continuously cropped monoculture maize receiving the recommended fertilizer rate, which was used as the control. The legume mixtures did not differ from the respective pure stands in leaf, litter and recycled biomass, soil Ca, Mg and K. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures consistently increased richness in soil macrofauna, and abundance of earthworms and millipedes compared with the maize monoculture (control). The nitrate-N, ammonium-N and total mineral N concentration of the till layer soil (upper 20 cm) of pure stands and mixed-species legume plots were comparable with the control plots. Sesbania + pigeon pea mixtures also gave higher maize grain yield compared with the pure stands of legume species and mixed vegetation fallows. It is concluded that maize-legume rotations increase soil macrofaunal richness and abundance compared with continuously cropped maize, and that further research is needed to better understand the interaction effect of macrofauna and mixtures of organic resources from legumes on soil microbial communities and nutrient fluxes in such agro-ecosystems.     

Effects of biomass and size of Millsonia anomala (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae) on particle aggregation in a tropical soil in the presence of Panicum maximum (Gramineae)

Summary The present study assessed the effect of the tropical geophagous earthworm, Millsonia anomala, on the aggregate-size distribution of a sieved (2 mm), tropical ferruginous soil in the presence and absence of the perennial tropical grass Panicum maximum. The effect of two size groupings and graded biomass densities of M. anomala on soil aggregation was analysed in time and with depth in the containers within which the plants were grown. In the absence of earthworms, aggregation was rapid although limited (13.5% of soil as aggregates >2.0 mm), and probably arose from a combination of microbial activity and physical processes (interparticle bonding due to clays and other colloids). The roots of the test species contributed little to aggregation. In contrast, the effect of earthworm activity on soil aggregation was rapid and important. The effects of both biomass and, to a lesser extent, size were significant. After 79 days, aggregation reached a maximum with 3 g per container of small earthworms (ca. 59% of soil as aggregates >2.0 mm) and a minimum with 1 g per container of large earthworms (ca. 35% of aggregates >2.0 mm). Aggregation was considered to occur through three different mechanisms: (1) A rapid aggregation due to the interactions of colloids; (2) an intermediate aggregation due to a combination of unquantified processes related to earthworm activity (mucus secretion, development of fungus hyphae); (3) egestion of soil as earthworm casts which are stable macroaggregates.     

The influence of soil bulk density and soil moisture on the habitat selection of the dung beetleTyphaeus typhoeus in the Netherlands

Summary In the Netherlands, the dung beetleTyphaeus typhoeus (Col., Geotrupidae) is confined to sandy and loamy sandy soils. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory and in the field to ascertain the effects of soil bulk density and soil moisture on various aspects of the reproductive behaviour and development of this dung beetle. Some of the results were validated under natural field conditions. The nesting burrows were shown not to penetrate beyond the upper level of the soil moisture saturation zone. The depth of the burrows was not influenced by the bulk density in moist and free-drained sandy soils. Lower bulk densities of the soil were shown to result in fewer dung sausages being made, even when sufficient dung was availabe to provide for the larvae. This phenomenon was attributed to a behavioural response from the dung beetles. The critical bulk density in the field appeared to be approximately 1.40 × 10³ kg/m³. The survival rate of eggs and larvae was shown to be adversely affected by conditions of high soil moisture (> 20% by volume) at the depths where the larvae develop. Evidence is given for a low survival rate of larvae at conditions of low soil moisture (pF > 2.7) at these depths. The impact of certain other soil factors is discussed.Communication no. 280 of the Biological Station, Wijster, The Netherlands     

转 AtPAP15基因大豆种植对根际土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以转入AtPAP15基因的两个磷养分高效转基因大豆株系AP15-1、AP15-3及其各自受体YC03-3、YC04-5为材料,在大田连续种植两季,通过在苗期、盛花期和成熟期采集根际土,对其进行pH和全磷、速效磷、有机磷、全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、及钼等八种微量元素含量的测定,并分析了盛花期AP15-1与其受体YC03-3根际土中酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和脲酶的活性变化,从而了解上述磷高效转基因大豆的种植是否会对根际土中主要养分和酶活性产生影响.研究结果显示:秋春两季根际土中除全钾和微量元素含量外,其他养分含量在个别时期,转基因大豆AP15-1或AP15-3与其受体之间,均存在显著性的差异,但这些显著性差异大部分出现在苗期,成熟期仅有机磷含量在AP15-1与其受体YC03-3、速效钾含量在AP15-3与其受体YC04-5之间呈显著差异,并且这些差异在两季中均未重复出现.根际土中四种土壤酶活性测定结果显示:同季转基因大豆与其受体之间差异不显著.总体结果表明,上述转AtPAP15基因磷高效大豆种植对根际土中磷、氮、钾等养分和四种土壤酶活性均未产生显著的影响.