等高草篱对坡耕地土壤苯磺隆残留迁移的影响

在北京市昌平区冬小麦田采用模拟降雨的方法,对不同坡位（坡中和坡底）的土壤进行分层（0~5、5~10、10~15 cm）取样测定,研究了草木樨和狼尾草两种等高草篱在不同雨强（15、20 mm·h-1）和坡度（15%和20%）条件下对土壤苯磺隆残留迁移及分布特征的影响。结果表明,前期干旱条件下,降雨后土壤苯磺隆残留纵向迁移特征明显,无明显的水平移动,亦未产生残留径流输出。草篱能够促进土壤中苯磺隆残留向下迁移,导致草篱带内和无草篱区域土壤中的残留纵向分布特征有较大差异：草篱带内3个土层残留水平相近,而对应坡位无草篱区域残留主要滞留于土壤表层,并随土层加深而显著降低。雨强、草篱、坡度均对土壤苯磺隆残留量有显著影响,草篱的贡献超过雨强和坡度,成为影响坡耕地农药残留纵向迁移行为的首要因素。     

模拟降雨条件下草篱对坡地浅层土壤水分分布特征的影响

为明确草篱对坡地浅层土壤水分分布特征的影响,在北京地区采用模拟降雨的方法,分层采集不同坡位的土壤样品,研究了在草木樨和狼尾草2种等高草篱措施干预下,不同雨强(30,45 mm/h)和坡度(15%,20%)条件下坡地降水迁移分配以及水分在浅层土壤中的分布特征。结果表明,该地区雨季坡地降水具有明显的沿坡面水平移动特征,无草篱对照地表径流量占降雨量的12%~44%。采用等高草篱能促进降水向下迁移,增加壤中流,减少30%~70%的地表径流,但此作用有随坡度的增加而减弱的趋势。浅层土壤含水量随土层加深而降低,表层(0-5cm)显著高于5-10,10-15cm土层。草篱带内土壤含水量与对应坡位无草篱区域的含水量处于同一水平。雨强、草篱、坡度均对坡地降水的运移和分配规律有显著影响,草篱的重要性高于坡度,低于雨强,是减少坡耕地降水流失的关键因素,但大强度的降雨和较陡的坡度会削弱草篱的水土保持功能。     

北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土流失效果

在北京地区采用自然降雨和模拟降雨相结合的方法,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度（5%、10%、15%、20%）下对裸露坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果一致表明,狼尾草和野古草2种草篱均可显著降低坡耕地水土流失,且狼尾草草篱的效果显著好于野古草草篱。在自然降雨下（平均雨强13.3 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少72.7%的地表径流和86.3%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少53.8%的地表径流和64.1%的土壤流失;在模拟降雨下（平均雨强49.5 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少80.7%的地表径流和94.5%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少59.5%的地表径流和71.5%的土壤流失。另外,2种等高草篱防治水土流失的效果与坡度成显著负相关关系,随坡度增加2种草篱的水土保持功能逐渐减弱,但至20%坡度时,其对径流和土壤流失的降低作用仍维持在40%和50%以上。回归分析结果显示,草篱因素已经超过坡度和雨强,成为控制坡耕地水土流失的首要因素。     

田间土壤剖面中阿特拉津的迁移试验

为了评价阿特拉津的污染风险,采用原位试验法研究了土壤剖面中阿特拉津、Br-与水分耦合迁移特征.结果表明,施用阿特拉津24 h后,模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为40 mm的处理(Ⅰ)和80 mm的处理(Ⅱ)的土壤含水率随土层深度增加先减小后增加;而施用阿特拉津前模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为10mm,施用24 h后,模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为40 mm的处理(Ⅲ)和80 mm的处理(Ⅳ)的则呈"S"形变化.Br-与阿特拉津在0～10 cm土层的残留浓度最大,分别为1.40、1.09、0.62、0.52 mol/kg和0.82、0.74、0.54、0.29 靏/g.处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的各土层中Br-与阿特拉津的变异较小.土壤溶液中阿特拉津的浓度随土层深度的增加而降低,表层(20 cm)土壤溶液中阿特拉津残留浓度为:处理Ⅰ＞处理Ⅲ＞处理Ⅱ＞处理Ⅳ.     

草篱对坡耕地水土流失的影响

在华北地区采用人工模拟降雨的方法研究了狼尾草和野古草两种人工草篱在不同雨强(22,36,63 mm/h)和不同坡度(5%,10%,15%,20%)条件下对坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果表明:野古草草篱可减少7%~37%的地表径流和49%~63%土壤侵蚀,狼尾草草篱可减少30%~72%的地表径流和69%~89%的土壤侵蚀,数据显示两种草篱均能减少坡耕地地表径流和土壤侵蚀,且狼尾草草篱的水土保持作用明显好于野古草草篱;多元回归分析结果表明,地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量与草篱、坡度和降雨强度均呈显著相关,其中草篱带是影响坡耕地水土流失的主要因子。     

免耕和草篱措施对径流中典型农业面源污染物的去除效果

大量施用农业化学物质在提高作物产量的同时,也导致了严重的水体污染.在北京地区不同坡度的径流小区上,通过人工模拟降雨试验,研究免耕、草篱、以及免耕与草篱复合3种措施对农田径流中氮、磷、阿特拉津3种典型农业面源污染物的去除效果.结果表明:免耕措施可减少53%的总氮、51%的总磷和56%的阿特拉津流失;草篱措施可减少68%的总氮、61%的总磷和90%的阿特拉津流失;而免耕与草篱复合措施可减少77%的总氮、76%的总磷和92%的阿特拉津流失.另外,总氯、总磷和阿特拉津流失量均与径流量呈显著的线性正相关关系.本研究证实,免耕和草篱措施均能有效防止氮、磷以及阿特拉津随农田径流流失,对农业面源污染具有较好的防治效果,而这2种措施复合后能使其防治效果进一步增强.     

北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失效果研究

在北京地区自然降雨条件下,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度(5%,10%,15%,20%)下对裸露坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失的影响。研究结果表明,两种草篱均可显著减少径流和土壤流失,并同时显著减少随径流和泥沙的氮磷养分流失,且两种草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果随坡度增加而逐渐减弱。其中,狼尾草草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果显著好于野古草草篱。与无草篱相比,狼尾草可分别减少73%的地表径流和86%的土壤流失,同时减少76%的氮流失和88%的磷流失;与此对应,野古草可减少54%的地表径流和64%的土壤流失,以及55%的氮流失和63%的磷流失。另外,径流量和土壤流失量是影响氮磷养分流失的主要因素。     

紫色土坡耕地植物篱的水土保持效应研究

在四川盆地紫色土区通过标准径流小区试验,研究新银合欢(Leucaena leucocephala,豆科银合欢属)植物篱、香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides,禾本科香根草属)植物篱对坡耕地水土流失和微地形的影响.结果表明:10.,15.坡耕地上,新银合欢植物篱和香根草植物篱均表现出一定的水土保持效应,此效应需要约2年时间才开始显现.据2010年和2011年径流小区的水土流失监测数据知,植物篱对泥沙的控制效应优于对径流的控制效应;同坡度时,香根草植物篱对径流泥沙的拦截效应优于新银合欢植物篱;定植时间较长时,植物篱的减流减沙效益较好,尤其表现在固土减沙方面;坡度对径流泥沙的影响显著于植物篱对径流泥沙的影响,但定植植物篱2年,二者对径流泥沙的影响差距缩小.此外,定植植物篱2年,植物篱改变坡耕地微地形的效应开始显现,篱带前出现泥沙淤积带,篱带间农地坡度变缓,篱带下出现土坎,此种现象以15.坡耕地比10.坡耕地、香根草植物篱小区比新银合欢植物篱小区、底行植物篱带处比中行及顶行植物篱带处稍明显.     

植物篱措施对紫色土坡耕地产流产沙及微地形的影响

基于遂宁水土保持试验站坡耕地2012—2016年次降雨和径流输沙数据,定量分析了自然降雨下植物篱对坡耕地产流产沙及微地形的影响。结果表明:植物篱小区总径流深是对照小区的80%~84%,总冲刷量是对照小区的34%~44%,植物篱减沙作用优于减流。对照小区(Ⅱ小区和Ⅴ小区)径流深、冲刷量与平均雨强、降雨量均极显著相关(P0.01);植物篱小区(Ⅰ小区、Ⅲ小区和Ⅳ小区)径流深、冲刷量与平均雨强、降雨量均呈正相关,其中径流深与降雨量极显著相关。各雨型间产流产沙差异不显著,其中植物篱对A型雨(大雨强、短历时)减流减沙效果优于B型雨(中雨强、中历时)和C型雨(小雨强、长历时)。定植植物篱后,篱带前出现泥沙淤积带,15°香根草(Ⅰ小区)、10°香根草(Ⅲ小区)和10°新银合欢(Ⅳ小区)平均坡度分别演变为11.97°,7.73°和7.89°,香根草植物篱的效果较明显,植物篱使得坡耕地梯田化发展。     

三峡库区坡耕地植物篱对土壤特性的影响研究

植物篱在减少坡耕地径流、控制土壤侵蚀和降低非点源污染方面具有重要的作用。采用中国科学院万州典型区生态环境监测重点站监测的三峡库区坡耕地皇竹草植物篱小区和对照小区连续6年的监测资料,研究了坡耕地皇竹草植物篱对土壤特性的影响,结果表明植物篱能有效地改善坡耕地土壤结构、提高土壤养分含量。植物篱的实施有利于三峡库区坡耕地的可持续利用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.