施镁对缺镁葡萄叶片和果实矿质元素含量的影响

在大田条件下,对缺镁的葡萄园进行了土施和叶面喷施硫酸镁肥的试验,探讨缺镁条件下,施镁对葡萄叶片和果实矿质营养吸收的影响,为葡萄施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,分别为0、112.5、150、187.5 kg/hm2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0.2%、0.4%。结果表明:土施和叶面喷施硫酸镁在增加缺镁葡萄镁含量的同时,促进了钾、钙和锰的吸收,但降低了叶片和果实中锌含量,对铁和铜的影响不显著。土施镁肥极显著增加了叶片和果实中镁含量,叶面喷施极显著增加了叶片镁含量,但对果实镁含量影响不显著;土施150 kg/hm2同时叶面喷施0.4%硫酸镁肥,可提高叶片和果实中镁及其它矿质元素的含量。     

镁肥对葡萄叶片糖、淀粉和蛋白质及果实品质的影响

探讨大田条件下,施镁对缺镁葡萄叶片糖、淀粉和蛋白质及果实品质的影响,为葡萄科学施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,为0、112.5、150、187.5 kg/hm~2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0.2%、0.4%。结果发现:土施和叶面喷施镁肥能够显著提高叶片镁含量,提升硝酸还原酶活性,增加可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量,并促进淀粉转运,减少其在叶片中的积累,最终增加果皮花色素含量,使果皮显著变红,并提高果实可溶性固形物含量,降低可滴定酸含量,提升了果实外在和内在品质。土施150 kg/hm~2同时叶面喷施0.4%硫酸镁肥时,叶片镁含量处于适量标准,硝酸还原酶活性高,叶片可溶性蛋白和糖含量高,果皮红,果实糖高酸低,施镁效果最好。     

镁肥对缺镁葡萄叶片活性氧含量和保护酶活性的影响

探讨大田条件下,补镁对缺镁葡萄叶片活性氧含量、保护酶活性和产量的影响,为葡萄科学施肥提供理论依据。采用裂区试验,主区设4个土施硫酸镁梯度,分别为0、112. 5、150、187. 5 kg/hm~2,副区设3个叶面喷施硫酸镁浓度,分别是0%、0. 2%、0. 4%。结果发现:葡萄缺镁时,叶片超氧阴离子产生速率加快,过氧化氢含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶活性升高,但过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著降低,叶片脯氨酸和丙二醛含量升高,生物膜受到伤害。通过土施和叶面喷施的方式适量补镁,葡萄叶片活性氧产生速率降低,同时保护酶过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性增加,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量降低,生物膜的受伤程度得到缓解,叶片衰老速率降低,葡萄产量提高,但当施入量过大对生物膜受伤程度的缓解效果降低,葡萄产量降低。土施150 kg/hm~2同时叶面喷施0. 4%硫酸镁肥时,叶片超氧阴离子产生速率低,过氧化氢含量少,膜质过氧化产物丙二醛含量低,葡萄产量高,是该土壤环境下的最佳补镁措施。     

镁肥基施及后期喷施对油菜产量与品质的影响

在大田条件下,研究了镁肥基施及后期喷施对直播冬油菜产量与品质的影响,为冬油菜科学施肥提供理论依据。试验采用裂区设计,主处理为基施镁肥,用量分别为MgO 0、15、30、45、60 kg/hm~2;副处理为叶面喷施清水和镁肥,于油菜终花期(即播种后180 d)喷施等量(750 L/hm~2)清水和0.5%硫酸镁。结果表明:(1)镁肥基施显著提高了油菜产量和产油量,与不施镁相比,施镁的油菜产量和产油量分别增加了370～675和253～409 kg/hm~2,增幅分别为14.08%～25.68%和21.12%～34.19%。(2)镁肥基施及后期喷镁可进一步提高油菜产量和产油量,与喷水相比,喷镁的油菜产量和产油量分别增加了89～267和44～138 kg/hm~2,增幅分别为2.74%～9.36%和2.81%～9.56%。基施MgO 15 kg/hm~2时,喷施镁肥的油菜产量和产油量增产效果最佳,分别为266和138 kg/hm~2;基施镁肥超过MgO 30 kg/hm~2时,喷施镁肥的增产效果不明显。因此,在土壤交换性镁含量界于缺乏与潜在缺乏时,油菜基施MgO 30～45 kg/hm~2即可满足整个生育期的镁养分需求;基施镁肥用量较低(MgO 15 kg/hm~2)时,后期喷施叶面镁肥可以达到相应的增产效果。     

遮荫下氮肥用量对雪茄外包皮烟叶光合特性的调控效应

通过遮荫条件下的盆栽试验,测定分析了4个氮肥处理的雪茄外包皮烟叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和叶绿素荧光动力学参数,探讨了不同氮肥用量对雪茄外包皮烟叶光合特性的调控效应。结果表明,随着氮肥用量的增加,烟叶的叶绿素含量增加,叶片的PS.II最大光化学效率和潜在活性,PSⅡ的实际光化学效率以及荧光光化学猝灭系数(qP)都有增加的趋势,最终导致叶片净光合速率的提高。试验还表明,适当的增施氮肥有利于改善叶片的光合功能,提高叶片的净光合速率,但过量氮肥则不利于光合能力的改善,更不利于荧光动力学参数的优化。     

干湿交替灌溉与施氮量对水稻叶片光合性状的耦合效应

【目的】探讨干湿交替灌溉与施氮量耦合对水稻光合性状及其效应的影响,从光合源及光合质方面阐明不同水氮组合处理在光合性状上的差异。【方法】以新稻20为材料进行土培试验,设置浅水层灌溉 (0 kPa)、轻度干湿交替灌溉 (–20 kPa) 和重度干湿交替灌溉 (–40 kPa) 3种灌溉方式及不施氮 (N0)、中氮 (MN, 240 kg/hm2) 和高氮 (HN, 360 kg/hm2) 3种氮水平,研究不同水氮耦合处理对水稻产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、叶片氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率的影响。【结果】灌溉方式与施氮量存在显著的互作效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉增加了主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率,提高抽穗后群体叶面积指数,且与MN耦合后产量最高,为本试验最佳的水氮耦合运筹模式;重度干湿交替灌溉则显著降低主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、叶片氮含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率;在同一灌溉方式下,中氮处理提高叶片净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率,有利于穗后叶片叶绿素含量及叶面积指数提高,重施氮肥反而降低叶片光合及荧光效率。水稻叶片叶面积指数、光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ潜在活力及最大光化学效率与产量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系。水稻主要生育期光合性状指标的供氮效应均为正效应,轻度干湿交替灌溉下主要生育期叶片叶绿素含量、氮含量、净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率的供水效应及耦合效应均为正效应,而重度干湿交替灌溉的控水及耦合效应则为负效应。【结论】轻度干湿交替灌溉耦合中氮处理水稻叶片净光合速率、光合氮素利用率、PSⅡ的潜在活性和最大光化学效率提高,有利于穗后叶片叶绿素含量及叶面积指数形成,表明通过适宜的肥水调控发挥水氮耦合效应,可以创造良好的光合性状,提高水稻光合生产能力,从而促进水稻高产。     

遮阴和施氮对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为了探明弱光条件下小麦光合速率降低的原因,为黄淮海麦区小麦生产中合理施氮和高产高效栽培提供理论依据,通过田间试验研究了拔节期至成熟期弱光胁迫(透光率为50%的黑色遮阳网遮阴)和氮素水平[N0,0 kg(N)×hm~(-2);N1,120 kg(N)×hm~(-2);N2,240 kg(N)×hm~(-2)]对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:冬小麦拔节期至成熟期长期遮阴,导致旗叶叶绿素含量、PSⅡ荧光光化学猝灭系数(q P)和实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSII)在3个施氮水平下均显著增加,其中以N2施氮水平下增幅最大,同时显著降低了叶绿素a/b和荧光非光化学猝灭系数(q N),进而提高了旗叶光化学效率,降低了热能耗散,提高光能利用率。在开花期至灌浆中期,由于光能不足造成小麦旗叶净光合速率Pn降低,而在灌浆后期,遮阴处理较正常光照能维持较高的叶绿素含量和光能转化效率,从而Pn高于正常光照。在相同光照条件下,随施氮量增加,小麦旗叶净光合速率Pn、叶绿素含量、PSⅡ荧光光化学猝灭系数(q P)和实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)显著提高,这有利于植株充分利用光能,增强光合作用。弱光导致穗数、穗粒数及千粒重显著降低(P0.05),穗粒数降低幅度最大(13%~46.8%),千粒重降低幅度最小(3.4%~8.5%),穗数的降低幅度为8.6%~22.5%,严重影响氮肥的增产效应。遮阴和施氮水平间交互显著影响了叶绿素含量、穗粒数和产量,但对其他指标影响并不显著。综合而言,增施氮肥缓解了弱光胁迫对光合作用的不利影响,遮阴条件下施氮处理(N1、N2)净光合速率Pn较对照(N0)增幅为11.5%~27.4%,其中以N2[240 kg(N)×hm~(-2)]水平增幅最大。在不同施氮水平下,遮阴处理均提高了光能转化效率,但遮阴显著降低了植株光合速率及产量构成因素,导致产量显著降低(P0.05)。     

不同施肥水平下多效唑对马铃薯光合及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

为探明适宜马铃薯生长的最佳施肥量和多效唑处理,在大田条件下,以晋薯16号为试材,SV有机无机复合肥设0、300、600、900、1 200、1 500kg·hm~(-2)6个水平,多效唑设清水对照,现蕾期喷施1次,现蕾期和初花期各喷施1次,现蕾期、初花期和盛花期各喷施1次4个处理,二因素随机区组设计,探究肥料与多效唑互作对马铃薯叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同施肥水平和不同生育时期喷施不同次数多效唑以及二者互作均提高了马铃薯叶片的叶绿素总量(Chla+b)、类胡萝卜素(Car),净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、暗适应下最大荧光(Fm)、暗适应下PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光适应下PSII实际光化学效率(Y(II))、PSII相对电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭系数(q P)、光能利用率(LUE)及块茎干物质含量和产量;降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和暗适应下最小荧光(Fo)。由此可知,增施有机无机复合肥和叶面喷施多效唑能显著改善马铃薯叶片的光合性能。综合各项指标的方差分析表明,二者的最佳组合为施肥水平1 200 kg·hm~(-2)、在现蕾期和初花期各喷施1次多效唑,该处理下有较高的光合荧光参数,可获得较高的光能利用率,促使马铃薯将捕获的光能更有效地用于光合作用,最终提高马铃薯产量。本研究为指导大田马铃薯生产提供了重要的理论依据。     

叶面喷施亚硒酸钠对谷子光合特性及产量构成的影响

以晋谷21号和张杂谷10号为试材,采用大田试验,研究了灌浆期叶面喷施亚硒酸钠(0,2.5,5,7.5,10,12.5,15g·667m-2)对谷子光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,随着亚硒酸钠喷施浓度的增加,谷子叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率Y(Ⅱ)、电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP、PSⅡ最大光化学效率Fv/Fm和PSⅡ潜在活性Fv/Fo均呈先升高后降低的趋势;而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)变化呈现相反趋势。在灌浆期喷施亚硒酸钠对谷子千粒重、穗粒重、穗重影响效果最为显著。与对照相比,叶面喷施7.5g·667m-2的亚硒酸钠溶液,可显著提高谷子叶片中光合色素含量和光合性能,同时提高谷子的产量。     

镁对厚皮甜瓜坐果节位叶片叶绿素荧光特性和活性氧清除系统的影响

【目的】厚皮甜瓜坐果节位叶片在果实生长过程中早衰现象严重,对果实生长会造成不利影响。本试验采用外源喷施硫酸镁的方法,研究了镁对坐果节位叶片叶绿素荧光特性、活性氧清除系统及果实的影响,以期延缓坐果节位叶片衰老,提高厚皮甜瓜产量和品质。【方法】以厚皮甜瓜品种‘迎春(F1)’为试材,于坐果节位雌花开放授粉当天对植株叶片喷施不同浓度(0、2、4、6 mmol/L)的硫酸镁溶液,每7天喷1次,共喷3次,采用随机区组试验设计,重复3次。在第一次处理后每隔7 d对坐果节位叶片进行各项生理指标测定。叶片叶绿素荧光参数采用成像荧光仪MINI-IMAGING-PAM测定,光合特性采用Li-6400光合仪测定,叶片镁元素含量采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定,酶含量、果实可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白测定参照李合生的方法测定,可溶性固形物采用手持糖度计测定,Vc采用2,6-二氯酚靛酚滴定法。【结果】对坐果节位叶片及果实生理指标进行分析,结果显示2mmol/L和4 mmol/L镁处理能够显著增加坐果节位叶片的镁含量,延缓叶片衰老过程中叶绿素的降解速率;明显降低坐果节位叶片初始荧光Fo值,增强PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(ФPSⅡ)及表观光合电子传递速率(ETR),提高坐果节位叶片的净光合速率;明显提高叶片过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)等抗氧化酶活性,降低活性氧和MDA含量;显著提高了厚皮甜瓜果实的可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、可溶性蛋白及Vc含量,但对单果重影响不显著。【结论】适宜浓度的镁处理能够提高厚皮甜瓜坐果节位叶片的叶绿素和镁元素含量,改善其叶绿素荧光参数和净光合效率,增强POD、SOD和CAT活性,减少H2O2、O-·2和MDA的累积,从而延缓其衰老,并能提高果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc及可溶性蛋白等品质指标,但对果实产量影响不显著。     

Evaluation of liming and magnesium materials for increasing soil pH and available magnesium

Abstract

Four liming and Mg materials were compared in a greenhouse experiment with soybeans for their ability to raise soil pH, supply Mg, and their effect on the availability of Mn, Cu, Fe, and Zn. Three materials were added at rates of 0, 1, and 2 times the lime requirement, calcitic lime, dolomitic lime, and Hydra‐Mag (an industrial by‐product containing 20% Mg). Sul‐Po‐Mag was the fourth material added as a plus Mg check at a rate based on an equivalent amount of Mg to that supplied by Hydra‐Mag. Plant growth, plant tissue element content and extractable soil elements were determined after growing the soybeans for 5 weeks. Plants in treatments where no lime/Mg materials were added were very small due possibly to Mg deficiency and Al toxicity. The 1 and 2 times rates of the materials gave about equal growth except that the high Sul‐Po‐Mag rate caused salt injury. Hydra‐Mag increased soil pH more than calcitic lime which increased soil pH more than dolomitic lime. Soil and plant Mg levels were increased more by Hydra‐Mag than dolomitic lime when applied at equivalent rates based on the lime requirement. Dolomitic lime gave very good plant growth indicating that it made adequate amounts of Mg available. Hydra‐Mag reduced plant and extractable soil Zn, Cu, and Fe but no more so than calcitic or dolomitic lime. Hydra‐Mag reduced plant Mn more than for the other limes.     

冲积潮土镁的释放特征及相对植物有效性

Experiments including two in laboratory and one in greenhouse were carried out to study non-exchangeable magnesium release from fluvo-aquic soils sampled from Daxing and Changping counties located in the suburbs of Beijing and Mg relative availability of the two soils to plants.In a batch experiment in labortory the soils were incubated under wet conditions and alternation of dry and wet conditions and determined for amount of Mg relesed at the 4th,8th and 12th week,respectively,after extraction of exchangeable Mg with 1molL^-1 NH4Ac.The amount of Mg released from the soil of Daxing was higher than from the soil of Changping,which was in accordance with the fact that the soil of Daxing had higher contents of all forms of Mg than that of Changping.There was little difference in Mg release from soils between wet conditions and alternation of dry and wet conditions.About 1%-2% of the total non-exchangeable Mg might be released within 12 weeks of incubation.restoring about 30%-35% of the original soil exchangeable Mg.Results of the experiment on kinetics of Mg release from the soils through continuous extractions with 0.5molL^-1 NH4Ac(pH7.0) on a continuous flow apparatus in laboratory showed that Mg released rapidly in the beginning,decreased sharply with time and kept stable at 60 and 240 min for the soile of Changping and Daxing,respectively,Among the five mathematical models used to describe the kinetics of Mg release,the parabolic diffusion equation best fitted the cumulative Mg release,indicating that diffusion of Mg out of the soils might be the controlling processa.The experiment of exhaustive cropping with 1 crop of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) followed by six crops of corn(Zea mays L.)in greenhouse showed that soil exchangeable Mg decreased remarkably with cropping .After three crops,the percentage of the total plant Mg uptake that came from soil non-exchangeable Mg was 29.5% for the soil from Changping and 35% for the soil from Daxing,About 50% of the total Mg uptake by plants in the six crops was believed to come from the soil non-exchangeable Mg form.     

红壤地区土壤镁素状况及镁肥施用技术的研究

从南方各地采集7种不同类型土壤126个样品,测定土壤有效镁含量.结果表明,平均有效镁含量37.2mg/kg.几种土壤类型供镁能力排序为:水稻土＞棕色石灰土＞暗泥质砖红壤＞泥质红壤＞麻硅质红壤＞硅质红壤＞红土质红壤.同样母质发育红壤,其有效镁的含量与植被种类覆盖、土壤侵蚀程度有关,说明植被生态环境对土壤质量产生重要作用.盆栽试验表明,不同镁肥用量对玉米生物量均有不同程度增加,施镁的增产幅度受土壤施钾水平的制约,大量施用钾肥,更引起土壤供镁量不足,钾与镁有相互制约的作用.大田施用镁肥,以红壤旱地上黄豆、花生增产幅度最大达25%～40%,其次是茶叶、烤烟,增产幅度20%～25%,水稻增产幅度较少仅有6%左右.施镁肥增产幅度与土壤有效镁含量和作物品种有关.镁肥品种以含镁石灰性物质或水溶性镁化合物较好.     

我国土壤有效镁含量及分布状况与含镁肥料的应用前景研究

本文采用土壤养分系统研究法,分析了我国31个省(市、自治区)的17790个土壤样品中有效镁的含量,结果表明:我国土壤有效镁含量从1 2mg/L到4468 9mg/L不等,平均含量为320 6mg/L。地区间变异性较大。根据土壤系统研究法的养分评价指标,我国土壤有效镁含量处于严重缺乏状态的土壤占8%,处于缺乏状态的土壤占13%,处于中等水平的占33%,而处于丰富和极丰富状态的分别占34%和12%。有54%的土壤需要不同程度的补充镁素肥料;我国土壤有效镁含量较低的区域主要集中在长江以南地区,主要省份有福建、江西、广东、广西、贵州、湖南和湖北等省份。根据我国土壤有效镁含量判断,每年我国土壤需要补充984万吨的含镁肥料。     

Interrelationships between soil magnesium forms

Abstract

A second order equation best described the relationship between exchangeable Mg and both total and acid‐soluble Mg in select temperate and tropical soils. The relationship between acid‐soluble and total Mg was linear. Soil types differ in their Mg contents. On a per unit weight of material bases the finer soil particles contained more than 95 percent of the total soil inorganic magnesium. In tropical soils, as in temperate soils, the total Mg content of surface horizons tends to decrease with severe weathering, soil erosion and movement of soil colloidal particles down the profile.     

Effect of magnesium on early taro growth

Abstract

Little research has been conducted on magnesium (Mg) nutrition of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cv. ‘Bun Long']. In this study, we evaluated the effects of varying levels of Mg (0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mM) on taro plants grown hydroponically for 33 days. Magnesium treatment effects were evaluated for dry matter biomass, leaf area, and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and B concentrations of old and young leaves. Dry matter of leaves (young, old, and total), roots, corms, petioles, and total biomass were significantly higher in all plus‐Mg treatments than in the zero‐Mg treatment. These same biomass parameters were not different among treatments with Mg (0.05 to 0.8 mM). Leaf area (young, old, and total) did not differ significantly with varying levels of Mg. A quadratic model described the relationship between Mg levels in leaves and solution Mg (r² = 0.99). Young and old leaf Mg concentrations did not differ. Total leaf Mg concentration ranged from 0.07% to 0.42% for the lowest and highest Mg levels in solution, respectively. Leaf Mg effects on total leaf DM was best fit using segmented regression (r² = 0.95), with a corresponding critical leaf Mg concentration (95% of maximum predicted leaf DM) of 0.14%. No significant interactions were observed between Mg and other mineral nutrients. Critical leaf Mg concentration is based on the vegetative growth stage of taro and could be a key index for taro producers who emphasize vegetable leaf, rather than corm production.