统筹江西城乡经济社会发展的对策研究

进入20世纪以来,江西城乡发展进入了新阶段,城乡经济获得了很大发展,城乡居民生活得到了较大改善,但城乡二元结构仍未发生根本的改变,城乡差距仍然较大,影响了全省经济和社会更快更好地发展.本文在分析江西城乡差距及其原因的基础上,提出了统筹江西城乡经济社会发展的对策建议.     

Inhibition of development of exoerythrocytic forms of malaria parasites by gamma-interferon

A specific DNA probe was used to study the effect of recombinant rat, mouse, and human gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) on the course of sporozoite-induced malaria infections. In mice and rats infected with sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei, mouse and rat gamma-IFN's strongly inhibited the development of the exoerythrocytic forms in the liver liver cells of the hosts, but not the development of the erythrocytic stages. The degree of inhibition of the exoerythrocytic forms was proportional to the dose of gamma-IFN administered, but was independent of the number of sporozoites used for challenge. A 30 percent reduction in the development of exoerythrocytic forms in rat liver was achieved when 150 units (about 15 nanograms of protein) of rat gamma-IFN were injected a few hours before sporozoite challenge; the reduction was 90 percent or more with higher doses of gamma-IFN. The effect was less pronounced if the gamma-IFN was administered 18 hours before or a few hours after challenge. Human gamma-IFN also diminished the parasitemia in chimpanzees infected with sporozoites of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. The target of gamma-IFN activity may be the infected hepatocytes themselves, as shown by in vitro experiments in which small doses of the human lymphokine inhibited the development of exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium berghei in a human hepatoma cell line. These results suggest that immunologically induced interferon may be involved in controlling malaria infection under natural conditions.     

中国茶学科技文献的搜集、整理与分析

利用网络、信息、数据库等最新技术,搜集到与茶有关的文献资料2万多篇,并开发出一个包含涉茶专利文献、报纸中的涉茶文章、期刊中的茶学文献等的茶学文献检索数据库.利用该数据库对期刊中茶学文献进行的统计分析得到,最近十多年共发表中文茶学文献21206篇,分布于2073种出版物中,参与创作的作者(指第一作者)有9132名,他们分属于6697个机构.文章还对中国茶学文献在数量、作者、作者所属机构、载文期刊等方面的发展变化规律进行了初步的统计分析.     

Sex determination in malaria parasites

A century ago, W. G. MacCallum identified distinct male and female forms in malaria parasites of both birds and humans. Since then, scientists have been puzzled by the high female-to-male ratios of parasites in Plasmodium infections and by the mechanism of sex determination. The sex ratio of malaria parasites was shown to become progressively more male as conditions that allow motility and subsequent fertilization by the male parasites become adverse. This resulted from an increased immune response against male gametes, which coincides with intense host erythropoietic activity. Natural and artificial induction of erythropoiesis in vertebrate hosts provoked a shift toward male parasite production. This change in parasite sex ratio led to reduced reproductive success in the parasite, which suggests that sex determination is adaptive and is regulated by the hematologic state of the host.     

水产养殖动物寄生虫及环境的相互关系

随着水产养殖集约化程度地不断提高,鱼类传染性疾病暴发所带来的损失愈发严重,鱼类病害已成为制约水产养殖业健康发展的关键问题,其中寄生虫病发生较为频繁,同时由于原发寄生虫所造成继发感染其它的疾病也给水产养殖业造成了损失.当前,传统的化学药物防治鱼类疾病带来了病原体抗药性增加和药物残留等新问题,这与今天我们所倡导的绿色养殖、生态养殖的观点是不相适宜的,所以我们只有了解和掌握水产养殖动物、寄生虫及环境的相互关系,才能从根本上提出有效的防治方法.本文从寄生虫对寄主造成的损伤方式、寄主对寄生虫的作用、寄生虫与各种环境因子的关系等方面进行论述,以期能对水产养殖中的寄生虫防治有指导作用.     

Cross-species interactions between malaria parasites in humans

The dynamics of multiple Plasmodium infections in asymptomatic children living under intense malaria transmission pressure provide evidence for a density-dependent regulation that transcends species as well as genotype. This regulation, in combination with species- and genotype-specific immune responses, results in nonindependent, sequential episodes of infection with each species.     

成渝城市群土地利用效益与生态环境耦合协调关系

在构建土地利用效益与生态环境水平评价指标体系的基础上,运用变异系数法确定权重,结合耦合协调度模型揭示了成渝城市群2006—2016年土地利用效益和生态环境水平耦合协调度的时间和空间变化情况。结果表明,成渝城市群各城市的土地利用效益表现出逐步上升的趋势,上升速度逐年放缓,内部差异显著。各城市生态环境水平也基本呈现逐年增长的趋势,少部分城市在2011年以后开始出现回落。成渝城市群土地利用效益与生态环境的协调度亟须加强,大部分城市常年处于失调状态,以中度失调和濒临失调为主,耦合度的空间变化表现为从成都市开始向城市群的东北再向东南上升的态势。     

杂交小麦主要农艺性状与产量结构间协调性分析

为了对超高产杂交小麦育种工作提供基本依据,试验选用9个性状差异较大的品种(系)组配成36个杂交组合,用Nair单性状水平分组法将杂交组合分为低产组、中产组、高产组和超高产组四组。按分组结果对不同产量水平下各产量构成因素与主要农艺性状间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:随产量水平的升高,株高、倒二叶面积与产量的关系都由不显著负相关～极显著正相关;穗下节长与产量的关系,由不显著正相关～极显著正相关;旗叶面积和分蘖与产量的关系,由显著正相关～显著负相关。即在超高产杂交小麦育种中,应选择株高适当、穗下节长、株型紧凑、旗叶面积小、倒二叶面积大、分蘖适中的杂交组合。     

松树枯萎病枝条内的寄生虫和微生物群落

对松树枯萎病枝条内的寄生虫和微生物群落进行分离研究,结果发现枯萎松枝条内有大量的寄生虫和微生物,主要是线虫、原虫、真菌和细菌。经形态观察,线虫为松材线虫（Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner and Btihrer）Nikle）、拟松材线虫（B．mucronatus Mamiya and Enda）和小杆线虫（Rhabditida sp．）;原虫为一种纤毛虫（Paramoecium sp．）;真菌是长喙壳孢（Ceratocystis Ell．et Hals）;细菌主要是假单胞杆菌（Pseudomanus sp．）和芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp．）。     

淮河流域农业生产水平与资源环境协调度评价研究

以淮河流域35个地级市为研究单元,采用特尔斐法,分析淮河流域2008年和2012年的农业生产水平、资源环境保障度、农业生产与资源环境协调度三个方面的综合水平,探讨其时空聚类格局。结果表明,2008-2012年5年间,淮河流域各市的农业生产水平全面提高,整体平均提高11.75分;整体资源环境保障度上升3.6分,其上升速度远低于生产水平发展的速度;区域之间的开发和保护存在不平衡,使本区域农业生产与资源环境的协调度发生空间聚集,并且在5年间,协调度低的城市以西北—东南走向的条带状格局向西转移。本区域整体的农业生产与资源环境协调度均值从2008年的0.14下降到2012年的-0.11,恶化态势明显。淮河流域全区须尽快健全保护农业农村环境的政策法规体系、建立起流域补偿机制等,更加注意发展与资源利用之间的时空匹配与效率提高,保障现代农业未来一段时间的发展质量。     

Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis

The increase of allergic diseases in the industrialized world has often been explained by a decline in infections during childhood. The immunological explanation has been put into the context of the functional T cell subsets known as T helper 1 (TH1) and T helper 2 (TH2) that display polarized cytokine profiles. It has been argued that bacterial and viral infections during early life direct the maturing immune system toward TH1, which counterbalance proallergic responses of TH2 cells. Thus, a reduction in the overall microbial burden will result in weak TH1 imprinting and unrestrained TH2 responses that allow an increase in allergy. This notion is contradicted by observations that the prevalence of TH1-autoimmune diseases is also increasing and that TH2-skewed parasitic worm (helminth) infections are not associated with allergy. More recently, elevations of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10, that occur during long-term helminth infections have been shown to be inversely correlated with allergy. The induction of a robust anti-inflammatory regulatory network by persistent immune challenge offers a unifying explanation for the observed inverse association of many infections with allergic disorders.     

广西猪群肠道寄生虫感染情况调查

【目的】摸清广西区规模化猪场和散养户猪群肠道寄生虫的流行情况,旨在为养殖户提供预防及控制猪寄生虫病的科学依据。【方法】通过直接涂片法、沉淀法、尼龙筛淘洗法、卢氏碘液染色法、蔗糖溶液漂浮法等对广西12个市的规模化猪场和散养户猪群共3021份样品进行肠道寄生虫感染情况调查。【结果】广西猪群感染的肠道寄生虫主要有猪球虫、小袋纤毛虫、线虫和隐孢子虫,小袋纤毛虫和猪球虫的感染虽然比较普遍,但感染强度均较低,属于正常带虫现象。广西规模化猪场中线虫感染率最高的是类圆线虫（2．26％）,其次是鞭虫（0．98％）和蛔虫（0．81％）,食道口线虫最低（0．58％）;在广西散养户猪群中,线虫感染率最高的是蛔虫和鞭虫,均为8．19％,最低是食道口线虫（4．56％）。0-6月龄猪群中各种线虫的感染率随着日龄的增长而增长,但6月龄以后,线虫感染率在规模化场猪趋于平缓,散养户猪群则明显下降。【结论】广西猪群仍然存在寄生虫感染的危害,其中线虫的优势虫种是猪蛔虫和鞭虫,即广西当前甚至未来几年内,猪群需要重点防范的体内寄生线虫仍是蛔虫和鞭虫。     

我国淡水鱼类寄生虫的研究概述

鱼类寄生虫病是目前水产养殖中发病率最高的疾病,因此深入研究鱼类寄生虫的种类及其及所致危害等对于预防和控制鱼类寄生虫病具有重要意义.文章对我国淡水鱼类寄生虫病的种类、防治方法进行了简单的归纳总结,又从肉眼观察、显微镜观察和分子免疫学等3个方面对鱼类寄生虫病的相关研究进展进行了介绍,并对该领域未来前景进行了展望.     

烟田生态系统多样性与病虫害控制

当前烟草种植过程中大量施用农药,但烟草病虫害非但没有得到稳定控制,反而日渐猖獗,烟田环境污染加剧。为保证烟草生产持续健康稳定发展,该文论述了生物多样性对烟田生态系统中病虫害及其天敌群落的影响,提出了利用生物多样性持续有效控制烟田害虫的方法和措施,并在此基础上开展以保护和提高烟田生态系统多样性为中心的烟草害虫生态调控机制的探讨。分析了利用生物多样性进行未来生物防治的发展方向以及对保护生态及防治虫害的重要现实意义。     

森林公园环境保护与游客体验管理的协调机制研究

阐述了环境保护与游客体验管理在森林公园管理中的重要性，指出了这两者存在着既相互依赖又相互矛盾的辩证关系，运用系统论与控制论等理论从监测机制、调节机制及反馈机制等3个方面构建了森林公园环境保护与游客体验管理的协调机制，其中着重对如何设计监测指标及对森林公园生态环境与游客体验协调度的计算进行了探讨。     

洋葱病虫害防治技术

近几年随着对俄出口量的增加。洋葱生产面积大幅度增长，洋葱的病虫害也逐年加重，特别是重迎茬的地块，为害尤为严重。主要发生的病害有紫斑病、灰霉病、病毒病、霜霉病。主要虫害是美洲斑潜蝇和葱蓟马。现将这些病虫害的为害症状、发病规律和防治方法介绍如下。     

广州地区观赏植物寄生线虫初步鉴定与防治

从广州的13种观赏植物寄主上采集的30份样品中,初步鉴定出8个属的花卉寄生线虫,分别为螺旋属、平滑垫刃属、长针属、剑属、沼泽垫刃属、滑刃属、肾状属和短体属,其中螺旋属和长针属的寄主范围较宽,是广州花卉的重要寄生线虫。并提出了线虫病害的综合防治策略。