紫色土坡耕地香根草根系的固土抗蚀效应

本试验以坡度3°和25°下的自然生草和香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)为研究对象,采用室内直剪试验和原状土冲刷试验,分析紫色土坡耕地上香根草根系的固土抗蚀效应。结果表明,1)香根草根系改变了土壤结构,土壤容重与根长密度、根表面积密度极显著负相关(P0.01),与根重密度显著负相关(P0.05),土壤含水率与根长密度、根表面积密度显著正相关;2)土壤抗剪强度与根重密度、根表面积密度极显著正相关,与根长密度、含水率显著正相关,土壤抗冲性指数与根重密度、根长密度和根表面积密度极显著正相关;3)同级荷载(100、200、300、400 k Pa),土壤抗剪强度表现为,香根草3°香根草25°自然生草3°自然生草25°,土壤抗冲指数表现为,香根草3°香根草25°自然生草3°自然生草25°;4)与自然生草相比,含香根草土体结构稳定,抗剪、抗冲能力强,在3°和25°坡耕地上均表现出一定的固土抗蚀效应。     

黄河源区高寒草地植物组合对根-土复合体抗剪强度的影响

以位于黄河源区的青海河南县境内高寒草地作为研究区,通过野外现场勘察与取样及室内试验,探讨了区内6种不同植物组合类型草地的植物根-土复合体抗剪强度特征,旨在为防治草地退化引起的水土流失、浅层滑坡等灾害现象发生提供理论依据。结果表明：6种组合类型的根-土复合体抗剪强度随海拔高度降低而呈逐渐增大的变化趋势,即阳坡坡顶位置处紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea Griseb.）+高山嵩草（Kobresia pygmaea C.B.Clarke）组合的根-土复合体抗剪强度为27.76 kPa,至阳坡坡底位置处的垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb.）其根-土复合体抗剪强度为37.53 kPa;从坡顶至坡底6种植物根-土复合体抗剪强度由小至大变化规律,与根-土复合体试样密度、含水率、根系干重等因素有关,即阳坡坡顶、坡中和坡底处根系平均含量分别为6.2%,5.5%和16.2%;阴坡坡顶、坡中、坡底处根系平均含量分别为8.0%,11.4%和31.6%。     

香根草和马唐的根系特征及对坡地紫色土抗侵蚀性的影响

为探讨紫色土区草类根系特征及对土壤抗侵蚀性的影响,本试验选取坡地香根草和马唐为研究对象,分0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层采集根系和土壤样品,分别采用WinRHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统、ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪和改进的原状土冲刷水槽测定根系指标、根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能,研究了不同土层香根草和马唐的根系特征及与土壤抗侵蚀性之间的关系。结果表明,0~30 cm土层范围内,香根草根系的总体指标和径级指标(根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度和根重密度)均优于马唐;较之马唐,香根草更有利于降低土壤容重,改善土壤微团聚体组成状况和提高土壤有机碳含量;上述2种草类根-土复合体的抗冲剪性能均表现为:0~10 cm土层最优,10~20 cm土层次之,20~30 cm土层最差,且各土层均表现为香根草的优于马唐的;相关分析表明,1.0相似文献   

种草和施用聚丙烯酰胺对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响研究

为探究种植草类和施用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对荒坡紫色土抗侵蚀性的影响,尤其是对其抗剪和抗蚀性能的影响,选取狗牙根和三叶草进行盆栽试验,设计了对照、单植草类、单施PAM和复合措施(“草类+PAM”)4类处理开展研究,测定了根系指标和土壤理化性状指标,计算了土壤的抗剪强度指标和抗蚀性指标。结果表明,狗牙根和三叶草根系均能显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度和有机质含量(P<0.05),有效增强土壤的抗剪和抗蚀性能;施加PAM能有效促进上述草类各径级根系的生长,显著改善土壤的微结构(P<0.05),尤其是非毛管孔隙度(单施PAM为CK的1.15~1.31倍),提高土体抗剪强度及内摩擦角φ,增大粒径>0.25 mm、>0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体含量、平均重量直径和几何平均直径等抗蚀性指标;PAM对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果存在最优浓度;草类根系对土壤抗剪性能的影响较抗蚀性能明显,能显著提高土体的抗剪性能(P<0.05),尤其是增大土壤粘聚力;PAM对土壤抗蚀性能的影响较抗剪性能明显,能显著促进土壤团聚体大颗粒的形成和小颗粒的减少,显著提高土壤团聚度和改善土壤团聚结构等(P<0.05);较单一措施,“草类+PAM”对荒坡紫色土抗剪和抗蚀性能的增强效果最为明显,其中狗牙根与30 g·m^-3的PAM混施时效果最优;0相似文献   

椰丝纤维长度对土体抗剪强度和抗压强度的影响

【目的】探究在客土喷播基材中添加不同长度纤维材料对土体抗剪强度和抗压强度的影响。【方法】采用控制变量的试验方法,以不同长度（1、2、3、4、5 cm）的椰丝纤维和砂土为试验材料,按0.4%(w/w)的质量比混合后进行了室内三轴试验和无侧限抗压试验。【结果】1）各长度纤维加筋土在各围压下的主应力差峰值强度和抗压强度峰值都大于无纤维加筋的素土;2）随着纤维长度的增加,主应力差峰值强度、内聚力、内摩擦角和加筋效果系数都呈现出先增加后减少的趋势,且在长度为3～4 cm时,强度达到峰值;3）随着纤维长度的增加,抗压强度峰值,主应力差强度峰值及破坏后的残余强度都得到明显提升,应力-应变曲线逐渐由应变软化型过渡为应变硬化型。【结论】掺量为0.4%、长度为3～4 cm的椰丝纤维可以有效提升土体的抗剪强度和抗压强度。     

狗牙根和三叶草的根系特征及对荒坡紫色土抗剪性能的影响

为探讨草类根系对荒坡紫色土的固土性能及其影响因素,以该环境的紫色土为研究对象,设置了空白对照、盆栽狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)和盆栽三叶草(Trifolium repens)3个处理,8个月后分别取样用常规方法测定土壤基本理化性质、Win RHIZO(Pro.2004c)根系分析系统测定根系指标、ZJ型应变控制式直剪仪测定根-土复合体抗剪强度。结果表明,狗牙根的根系指标优于三叶草,且在根系直径(d)≤0.2 mm径级范围内更为突出;较之三叶草,狗牙根更能有效改善土壤的理化性质;两种草类均能有效提高根-土复合体的抗剪性能。较之空白对照,狗牙根的内摩擦角(φ)和粘聚力(c)分别增加了10.37%和66.36%,三叶草的分别增加了1.14%和34.22%,其中狗牙根处理的土壤抗剪性能最优;影响根-土复合体抗剪性能的关键性指标有土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和根长密度,根系直径≤0.2 mm是影响根-土复合体抗剪性能的关键性径级。     

紫色土区草篱根系对其根-土复合体抗剪和抗冲性能的影响

为探索草篱在紫色土坡地的水土保持价值及其根系固土的力学性能特征,在重庆市北碚区"西南大学紫色丘陵区坡耕地水土流失监测基地"种植了2种草篱(紫花苜蓿和拉巴豆),定量研究了草篱根系形态、纤维含量、抗拉特性以及根-土复合体的抗剪/冲性能,明确了根系对其根-土复合体抗剪/冲性能的影响及主要影响因素.结果表明:1)紫花苜蓿和拉巴豆根-土复合体中有超过90％的根系直径小于1.0 mm,紫花苜蓿根系的纤维含量较高,拉巴豆根系的根长密度、根表面积密度、根体积密度较优;2)同一径级下根系平均极限抗拉力和抗拉强度均表现为拉巴豆(19.76 N,32.70 MPa)>紫花苜蓿(14.32 N,26.66 MPa).极限抗拉力与根系直径呈幂函数正相关,抗拉强度与根系直径呈幂函数负相关;3)2种草篱根系均能显著提高根-土复合体的粘聚力和抗冲指数(P<0.05),尤其是拉巴豆.拉巴豆根-土复合体平均粘聚力达22.88 kPa,较对照提高了71.06％,最大抗冲指数达19.00 L·g-1,是对照的2.60倍;4)主成分分析表明根系通过根长密度、半纤维素含量以及极限抗拉力来影响根-土复合体的抗剪/冲性能,拉巴豆草篱根-土复合体抗剪/冲性能的综合得分均高于紫花苜蓿草篱.综上,紫色土坡地上拉巴豆草篱根-土复合体抗剪/冲性能显著优于紫花苜蓿草篱.     

施用生物炭对西南地区紫色土和黄壤的作用效果

探究施用生物炭对紫色土和黄壤的养分含量、酶活性、微生物数量、pH和作物生长状况的影响,为西南地区紫色土和黄壤的改良提供理论依据和现实指导。以紫色土和黄壤为研究对象,分别添加质量分数0(CK)、0.8%(CT₁)、2.0%(CT₂)和4.0%(CT₃)的稻壳生物炭,通过180 d温室油菜盆栽试验,测定土壤性质、土壤微生物数量、酶活性及植株生物量。结果表明,生物炭显著改善了两种土壤的性状,且CT₃效果最佳。添加生物炭后CT₃黄壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别是CK的1.3、1.2、4.0、1.1、0.9、33.1和18.0倍,而紫色土中则分别是CK的1.4、1.0、1.5、1.1、0.9、3.8和6.0倍;CT₃显著提高了土壤pH值,黄壤和紫色土分别提高了1.5和0.9个单位。生物炭显著增加了两种土壤细菌、放线菌的数量,促进了紫色土真菌数量增长,CT₃黄壤的细菌、放线菌数量分别较CK增加了677%、395%;CT₃紫色土的细菌、放线菌、真菌数量较CK分别提高了20%、88%、82%。CT₃紫色土的蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别较CK提高了106%和30%,对脲酶活性无显著影响;黄壤脲酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性较CK平均分别提高约150%和130%,但蔗糖酶活性平均降低了约40%。CT₁对油菜的株高和生物量均有促进作用,黄壤中分别增加了4.6和11.4倍,紫色土中分别增加了17%和8%,而其他处理均表现为抑制作用。施用适宜比例的稻壳生物炭可以改良紫色土和黄壤的酸度,提高土壤养分含量,改变微生物数量并改善作物生长状况,可作为紫色土和黄壤的改良剂。     

产后护理对母牛体况恢复和繁殖能力影响的研究

为了解产后母牛的繁殖状况,明确产后护理的应用效果,选择饲养管理条件相同、日粮配方及营养水平相同、不同胎次的围产期西门塔尔母牛,每批次护理组105头、对照组35头,3批次共计420头,进行产后护理对母牛体况恢复和繁殖能力影响的研究。结果显示:护理组胎衣不下、乳房炎、子宫内膜炎极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),其他疫病发病率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);护理组恶露排放期、子宫复旧时间极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),45 d以下黄体、卵泡和46～60 d黄体发育极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),45 d以下及46～60 d发情率、情期受胎率显著高于对照组(P<0.01),61～90 d及91 d以上发情率、产后配种天数显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。提示:护理模式对产后母牛的干预效果明显,可显著促进母牛产后体况快速恢复,促进了卵巢黄体、卵泡的发育,缩短了产后配种天数,提高了情期受胎率。     

Effect of management on rangeland phytomass,cover and condition in two biomes in South Africa

In rangelands, grazing management is a main driver of rangeland condition. Due to masking effects of seasonal climate fluctuations, little is known about (dis)similarity of management effects on rangeland condition and forage provision across major dryland biomes. Taking a macro-ecological perspective, we analysed if management effects differed between South Africa’s central grassland and Kalahari savanna biomes. We recorded proxies of forage provision (phytomass, vegetation cover and their ratio) over five seasons, annual rainfall to account for seasonal climate fluctuations, and rangeland condition (through relative abundances of increaser and decreaser species). Regarding forage provision, we found effects of management for the savanna, where, irrespective of rainfall, rotational grazing management resulted in higher phytomass and phytomass–cover ratios than management with continuous grazing. In the grassland, however, this difference was only discernible for phytomass–cover ratio in two years with above-average antecedent rainfall. This suggests that management effects are biome-dependent and that modulating effects of annual rainfall are stronger in the grassland. In either biome, management effects on the dominance of increaser and decreaser species were negligible, i.e. rangeland condition did not differ across management types in either biome. We conclude that investigations on management effects should account for interactions with biome and rainfall.     

不同耕作措施对西北绿洲灌区冬小麦农田土壤呼吸的影响

在西北绿洲灌区多年田间定位试验基础上,研究了免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕不覆盖(NT)和传统耕作(T)3种耕作措施下冬小麦农田土壤呼吸变化特征及其对土壤温湿度的敏感性。结果表明,3种耕作措施土壤呼吸速率日变化和生育期变化呈单峰曲线。免耕秸秆覆盖处理土壤呼吸速率日峰值出现在15:00,免耕不覆盖和传统耕作处理出现在14:00。3种耕作措施土壤呼吸速率生育期峰值出现在冬小麦开花期。从冬小麦返青至成熟,免耕秸秆覆盖和传统翻耕处理土壤呼吸平均速率分别较免耕不覆盖处理高43.01%和33.33%。3种耕作措施下土壤呼吸对土壤温度的敏感性(Q₁₀)依次为NT＞NTS＞T,敏感性为1.93~3.00;3种耕作措施下土壤呼吸对土壤含水量不敏感。说明在西北绿洲灌区,不同耕作措施下冬小麦农田土壤呼吸主要受耕层土壤温度的控制。     

Effect of including whole oats into pellets on performance and plumage condition in laying hens housed in conventional and furnished cages

In an experiment including 2400 layers, a diet with 40% whole oats incorporated into 3 mm pellets (experimental diet) was compared with a complete diet, also as 3 mm pellets, but containing no whole oats (control diet). These diets were examined in conventional 3-hens cages and two furnished cage systems with 8 or 16 birds per group including nest, perches and litter. The effects of diet, rearing condition and cage system on performance, plumage condition, comb lesions and rear body wounds were studied. Furthermore, the effect of feed structure on gizzard characteristics and interactions with access to litter during rearing and laying periods were examined. The hybrids LSL and Shaver 2000 were included in the experiment. Egg production was lower (P<0.05) in furnished cages than in conventional cages. No difference in plumage condition was found between diets, but a significantly poorer plumage condition (P<0.05) was observed with increasing group size. Also, the frequencies of rear body (P<0.05) wounds increased as the group sizes increased, while no such effect was observed for comb lesions. Higher (P<0.05) feed consumption was observed in furnished cages than in the conventional, causing a corresponding increase (P<0.05) in feed conversion rate (FCR). Higher (P<0.05) FCR was observed for birds fed pellets with whole oats than the control. Whole oats also increased (P<0.05) the weight of gizzard and gizzard contents. For LSL, better (P<0.05) plumage condition was found for birds reared on a deep litter floor compared to cage rearing. It was concluded that no beneficial effect of replacing high amounts of ground oats with whole oats was observed. Genotype and rearing method may interact with housing system.