米氏冰草种群种子产量与种子雨的时间动态

对呼伦贝尔沙化草地半固定沙地和固定沙地的米氏冰草（Agropyron michnoi）种群种子雨时间动态及有性繁殖特性进行了研究。结果表明,米氏冰草种群的种子雨时期集中在8月8日－9月22日,持续45 d。米氏冰草种群种子雨强度的波动变化均与最大风速呈线性回归关系。不同生境之间,半固定沙地的米氏冰草的种子雨强度总是显著高于固定沙地。半固定沙地的米氏冰草的有性繁殖体的穗长、穗宽、单穗质量、每穗上的小穗数量及种子百粒重等均显著高于固定沙地。在半固定沙地和固定沙地种子雨数量分别占其种子产量的29%和10%。因此,沙地微生境的变化对米氏冰草种子雨散布的时期及波动规律无影响,而对其有性繁殖体的形态特征具有显著影响。     

几种预处理对促进草地早熟禾种子萌发的效果

草地早熟禾是建植北方冷季型草坪的首选草种这一。针对其在草坪建植中存在的发芽率低，萌发速率慢等问题，对草地早熟禾的两个品种进行了种子预措引发试验研究。探讨了水分调控，温度调节，激素处理，电场处理等方法对种子发芽的影响。     

牧草种子的收获、清选、加工和储藏

牧草种子是农牧业生产中最重要的生产资料之一,是建立人工草地、改良天然和退化草地不可缺少的物质基础。种子的生产和生产效益作为种业的重要一环,是牧草种子工程能否顺利实施的关键。一般牧草种子的产量均较低,由于大多数牧草具有野生性强、开花时间长、种子发育不整齐、容易落粒等特性,进行牧草种子生产时要求的自然条件和生产技术要比进行作物种子生产时更高。牧草种子生产对生产条件的要求往往与进行饲草生产时有很大差异。1牧草种子的收获1.1确定牧草种子成熟度     

干旱对草地早熟禾种子萌发的影响

用不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液模拟干旱协迫环境,研究了9个草地早熟禾品种在干旱条件下种子的萌发情况,结果表明,低浓度PEG(0.025 mg/mL)可促进草地早熟禾种子萌发,当PEG浓度达到0.050mg/gL时,对种子的萌发产生了抑制作用,且随浓度的继续增加,抑制作用逐渐加强,不同品种间的受抑制程度表现出明显差异。     

盐胁迫对草地早熟禾种子萌发的影响

研究了盐胁迫对草地早熟禾种子萌发的影响。置床时对早熟禾种子进行盐溶液浇灌,通过各项生理指标的对比,得出早熟禾种子在不同盐分浓度下的发芽情况,了解草地早熟禾种子的盐害率程度。     

影响牧草种子生产的环境因素

牧草种子是农牧业生产中最重要的生产资料之一，是建立人工草地、改良天然和退化草地不可缺少的物质基础。种子的生产和生产效益作为种业的重要一环，是牧草种子工程能否顺利实施的关键。相对于其它作物来讲，由于牧草的总体育种目标是营养生长（饲草生产）旺盛，而并非生殖生长（种子生产）突出，故一般牧草种子的产量均较低。由于大多数牧草具有野生性强、开花时间长、种子发育不整齐、容易落粒等特性，进行牧草种子生产时要求的自然条件和生产技术要比进行作物种子生产时更高。牧草种子生产对生产条件的要求往往与进行饲草生产时有很大差异。决定一个品种是否适于在某一地区生产种子的主要环境因素是气候和土地因素。     

不同温度处理对呼伦贝尔天然草地3种野生豆科牧草种子萌发的影响

为研究呼伦贝尔天然草地野生牧草种子萌发特性,在不同温度条件下（15、20、25、30 ℃）对不同地区采集的扁蓿豆、斜茎黄芪和野火球3种野生牧草种子进行发芽试验,测定和分析野生豆科牧草种子各项发芽指标。结果表明：野生豆科牧草种子萌发率普遍较低,不同温度条件下对3种野生豆科牧草种子萌发有显著影响。扁蓿豆种子和野火球种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和发芽速度均随温度升高呈上升趋势,在30 ℃时发芽指标最高;斜茎黄芪种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和发芽速度随温度升高先上升后下降,在25 ℃时发芽指标最高。扁蓿豆种子活力指数在温度为20 ℃时最大,为14.53;斜茎黄芪活力指数在不同温度下为4.89~7.11,活力指数最高温度为25 ℃;野火球种子在30 ℃下活力指数最高,为18.04。综合考查各项指标,3种野生豆科牧草种子萌发最适温度为25~30 ℃。该试验结果为呼伦贝尔天然草地野生牧草种子萌发率提供理论依据。     

温度和干旱胁迫对3种牧草种子萌发的影响

对扭黄茅Heteropogon contortus、鸭茅Dactylis glomerata、高羊茅Festuca arundinacea 3种牧草,进行了3个不同温度、4个不同干旱胁迫强度的种子萌发试验,分别测定了牧草品种的发芽率、发芽势和萌发指数,并进行了统计分析。研究结果表明：在自然条件下,扭黄茅种子萌发是在常温条件下完成的。不同温度和聚乙二醇胁迫强度处理影响下,扭黄茅种子均先于鸭茅和高羊茅种子萌发23 d,扭黄茅萌发指数均高于鸭茅和高羊茅。低胁迫干旱强度有助于扭黄茅种子萌发,当干旱胁迫强度超过一定程度（-3 Pa）时不利于种子萌发。扭黄茅对干热河谷生态条件的适应性主要由种子萌发后的植株生长适应性决定的。     

黄土高原草地封育与放牧条件下土壤种子库特征

对半干旱区黄土高原草地在封育和放牧条件下土壤种子库种子密度、种子库组成、种子库物种多样性及均匀性进行了比较研究,并得出主要结论：1）封育提高土壤种子库的植物种类和密度,使优良禾草和多年生植物增加。2）种子库的垂直分布规律是随着土层的加深,种子在数量上递减的速度较快。3）坡向和坡位对土壤种子库有较大影响,种子库密度变化趋势是阴坡>阳坡;坡下部>坡中部>坡上部。4）从丰富度、Shannon Wiener多样性和均匀性3个方面比较分析封育和放牧样地土壤种子库多样性,得出封育样地Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon Wiener指数都高于放牧地,Pielou均匀性指数低于放牧地。     

Spatial and temporal effects on seed dispersal and seed predation of Musa acuminata in southern Yunnan, China

Wild bananas are abundant in tropical areas and many ecologists have observed that the succession process is quicker following increased disturbance. This study was conducted to analyze animal-seed interactions and their effects on the seed fate of a wild banana species (Musa acuminata) in tropical southern Yunnan (China) through experiments considering spatial (site and habitat) and temporal (seasons) variation. The largest proportion of fruits (81%) was removed by frugivorous seed dispersers, especially by bats at nighttime. Only 13% of the fruits were removed by climbing seed predators (different species of rats). In the exclosure treatment, rodents accounted for a significantly higher total artificially exposed seed removal number than ants, but with spatial and temporal differences. The highest seed predation rate by rodents (70%) was found in forest with wild banana stands, corresponding with the highest rodent diversity (species numbers and abundance) among the habitat types. In contrast, the seed removal number by ants (57%) was highest in the open land habitats, but there was no close correlation with ant diversity. Seed removal numbers by ants were significantly higher in the dry compared to the rainy season, but rodent activity showed no differences between seasons. The overall results suggest that the largest proportion of seeds produced by wild banana are primarily dispersed by bats. Primary seed dispersal by bats at nighttime is essential for wild banana seeds to escape seed predation.     

How seed defense and seed abundance predict dispersal and survival patterns in Camellia

Little is known about how seed defense and seed abundance interact with behavioral responses of seed dispersers to predict dispersal and survival dynamics in animal‐dispersed plants. By tracking the fate of individual seeds in Camellia stands with high and low seed abundance in Southwest China in 2007, we investigated the dispersal and survival of 2 high‐saponin Camellia species (Camellia oleifera and Camellia sinensis and 1 non‐saponin species (peanut Arachis hypogaea) as a control. Saponins in Camellia seeds are chemical compounds that act as seed defense. Our results were most consistent with the predictions based on the predator satiation hypothesis and the plant defense hypothesis. At the abundant Camellia stand (predators and dispersers were satiated), more Camellia seeds survived at the source but fewer were hoarded and survived at cache sites. At the sparse Camellia stand (predators and dispersers were not satiated), no Camellia seeds survived at the source, but more Camellia seeds were hoarded and survived at cache sites. Unlike Camellia seeds, no peanuts survived at the source at both stands, while more peanuts were hoarded and then survived at cache sites in the abundant Camellia stand compared to none at the sparse Camellia stand. In addition, the 2 Camellia species showed similar trends for seed fates across different dispersal stages. Our study indicates that the combined effects of seed abundance and seed defense, compared to their separate effects, provide a more accurate prediction for dispersal and survival patterns in animal‐dispersed Camellia species.     

增水对伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地土壤种子库种子萌发特征的影响

为探明土壤种子库种子萌发对未来降水变化的适应机制,研究不同降水量[对照(CK)、增加5% (W₅)、增加10% (W₁₀)、增加15% (W₁₅)、增加20% (W₂₀)、增加25% (W₂₅)]对伊犁绢蒿荒漠0~5 cm、5~10 cm土层土壤种子库种子萌发物种组成、萌发动态及密度的影响,并对土壤种子萌发库与地上植被的相似性进行分析。结果表明:随降水量的增加,伊犁绢蒿荒漠0~5 cm 土层土壤种子库萌发的物种数及其萌发总密度呈增加趋势,与对照(3种,146.5粒·m^-2)相比,增水20% 及25% 处理土壤种子库萌发的物种数依次显著增加3.7、4.3倍,萌发的总密度显著增加65.2%、195.6%,且土壤种子库平均萌发总量仅占种子储存量(7.2×10³粒·m^-2) 的2.8%,而5~10 cm土层也呈现相同的变化趋势,萌发数仅占土壤种子库种子储存量(1.2×10³粒·m^-2) 的6.2%。从萌发物种看,增水显著促进串珠老鹳草、木地肤、荒漠蒲公英的萌发。随降水量的增加,伊犁绢蒿土壤种子库萌发物种与地上植被相似性呈逐渐增加趋势,相似性系数最高达0.81,且各增水处理间相似性系数也逐渐升高。总之,增水促进了伊犁绢蒿荒漠土壤种子库种子的萌发数量,提高了萌发物种数,增加其与地上植被的相似性,利于退化草地的演替与恢复。     

Seed traits and taxonomic relationships determine the occurrence of mutualisms versus seed predation in a tropical forest rodent and seed dispersal system

Although many studies have been carried out on plant–animal mutualistic assemblages, the roles of functional traits and taxonomy in determining both whether interactions involve mutualisms or predation and the structure of such assemblages are unclear. We used semi‐natural enclosures to quantitatively assess the interaction strengths between seeds of 8 sympatric tree species and 4 rodent species in a tropical forest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Southwest China. We found 2 clusters of species in the seed–rodent network represented by 2 genera in the Fagaceae (Castanopsis, Lithocarpus). Compared to seeds of 3 Castanopsis species, seeds with heavy weight, hard coat or caloric content (including 3 Lithocarpus species) were eaten less and more frequently hoarded by rodents. In turn, hoarded seeds showed less predation and more mutualism with rodents. Our results suggest that seed traits significantly affected the hoarding behavior of rodents, and, consequently, the occurrence of mutualisms and predation as well as assemblage structure in the plant–animal seed dispersal system. Taxonomically‐related species with similar seed traits as functional groups belong to the same substructures in the assemblage. Our results indicate that both seed traits and taxonomic relationships may simplify thinking about seed dispersal systems by helping to elucidate whether interactions are likely to be dominated by predation or mutualism.     

不同种衣剂配方对达乌里胡枝子种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响

在原来的达乌里胡枝子种子包衣配方研究基础上,选用杀菌剂(多菌灵,50％可湿性粉剂)、保水剂(SAP,高吸水性树脂)、填充材料(玉米秸秆粉)等包衣材料对"晋农1号"达乌里胡枝子种子进行包衣,研究不同配方对达乌里胡枝子种子发芽和出苗的影响.试验结果显示,药种比1:60的多菌灵可以有效解决种子萌发时发霉腐烂、失去种子活力的问...     

Effectiveness of seed dispersal by ants in a Neotropical tree

Seed dispersal and subsequent recruitment is the template on which forest regeneration takes place. Hence, considering the scale over which ecological processes occur is key for understanding the overall impact of various dispersal agents. To explore leafcutter ant (Atta colombica) dispersal effectiveness in space and time, seed movement and subsequent recruitment of a large‐seeded predominately vertebrate‐dispersed tree, Simarouba amara (Aubl. Simaroubaceae), was investigated on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. At each of 218 reproductive‐sized adults (≥20 cm diameter at breast height), presence or absence of a leafcutter ant colony was noted, with extensive checks for Atta activity taking place at or in close proximity to seed and seedling transects, which extended 4 cardinal directions for 30 m from each reproductive female tree (n= 74). Only at 2 S. amara trees were nests observed, and in these areas a dense S. amara seedling carpet was observed. Although nearby nest and dump sites might increase local S. amara recruitment in the short term, mortality at these sites is complete or nearly so. Hence, the seed dispersal effectiveness by leafcutter ants appears to be ephemeral and likely contributes inconsequentially to the long‐term recruitment and distribution patterns of the species. This finding highlights the importance of evaluating disperser effectiveness at ecologically relevant spatiotemporal scales.     

不同重金属胁迫对盐生草种子萌发特性的影响

以盐生植物盐生草为材料,研究不同重金属胁迫下其种子萌发特性,探讨盐生草种子萌发期对不同重金属的耐受程度,旨在为盐生草对重金属污染土壤修复提供理论依据。以5种主要土壤重金属污染物(Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、Pb)胁迫处理盐生草种子,对其发芽率、发芽势、株高、鲜重、干重、根系活力和离子含量进行测定,并对以上指标进行聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:在5种不同重金属胁迫下,低浓度处理对盐生草种子萌发影响较小,高浓度则产生抑制作用;但是其对幼苗生长指标的影响不同,其中,株高、鲜重和根系活力在低浓度Zn^2+、Pb^2+处理下与对照差异不显著,但在5.00 mmol·L^-1 Zn^2+和3.00 mmol·L^-1 Pb^2+胁迫下显著降低,以上指标均低于各重金属胁迫下对照的55%和52%;低浓度Cu^2+、Ni^2+、Cd^2+显著抑制盐生草幼苗的株高、鲜重和根系活力,且分别在3.00 mmol·L-1 Cu^2+和Ni^2+、0.20 mmol·L^-1 Cd^2+胁迫下降低最为显著,株高、鲜重和根系活力均低于各金属胁迫下对照的40%、46%和53%;组织内各金属离子含量随处理浓度的升高而增大,同时在5.00 mmol·L-1 Zn2+,3.00 mmol·L^-1 Pb^2+、Cu^2+、Ni^2+和0.20 mmol·L^-1 Cd2+胁迫下升高幅度最大。聚类分析结果显示,以3.00 mmol·L^-1 Zn^2+,1.00 mmol·L^-1 Pb^2+、Cu^2+、Ni^2+和0.10 mmol·L^-1 Cd^2+为结点,将各金属胁迫浓度聚为两类,并对上述结点下各指标进行主成分分析,发现在重金属Zn^2+、Pb^2+、Ni^2+胁迫下,发芽指标贡献率最大,Cu^2+、Cd^2+胁迫下,生物量指标贡献率最大。上述结果说明,在重金属Zn2+浓度低于3.00 mmol·L^-1,Cu^2+、Ni^2+和Pb2+浓度低于1.00 mmol·L^-1,Cd^2+浓度低于0.10 mmol·L^-1的处理环境下,其对盐生草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响较小;发芽指标可首选为评价盐生草萌发期耐重金属Zn^2+、Pb^2+和Ni2+的重要参数,生物量可首选为评价盐生草萌发期耐重金属Cu2+和Cd2+的重要参数。     

不同温度条件下土壤粘着剂对宽叶雀稗种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响

为探索水土流失区植被恢复中植物种子发芽和幼苗生长的适宜条件,选取我国南方水土保持良种宽叶雀稗种子为试验材料,以长汀水土流失区的表层土壤为种子发芽基质,添加4个土壤粘着剂PAM浓度梯度(0、0.5、1.0和2.0 g·L^-1),采用人工气候箱控制4个温度梯度(15、20、25和30 ℃)进行种子萌发试验,研究温度和土壤粘着剂对宽叶雀稗种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,15~30 ℃随着温度升高,宽叶雀稗种子发芽开始时间由第10天提前至第3天,结束时间由第26天提前至第9天,温度越高,种子开始发芽时间越早,发芽速率越快;20和25 ℃时,宽叶雀稗种子发芽率和发芽势较高,20~30 ℃种子发芽指数与活力指数、幼苗生长与生物量显著高于15 ℃处理。添加土壤粘着剂有利于延长宽叶雀稗种子发芽历程与生长期,提高种子发芽速率;中低浓度粘着剂(0.5、1.0 g·L^-1)可提高种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数与活力指数,高浓度粘着剂(2.0 g·L^-1)对种子发芽有抑制作用,但中高浓度粘着剂(1.0、2.0 g·L^-1)可促进苗高和根长生长,提高幼苗生物量与根冠比。研究结果为宽叶雀稗在水土流失区的植被恢复应用提供科学参考依据和技术指导。