温湿度对亚洲小车蝗飞行能力及主要能源物质利用的影响

本研究采用昆虫飞行数据微机采集系统(飞行磨)吊飞方法,测定了温、湿度对10日龄亚洲小车蝗(Oedaleus asiaticus)雌雄成虫的飞行能力及主要能源物质利用的影响。结果表明,在环境温度为28℃、相对湿度(RH)为60%时,10日龄亚洲小车蝗成虫表现出最优的飞行能力,单个个体的最大飞行时间、最大飞行距离和最大飞行速度分别可达1.62h、9.87 km和2.03 km·h~(-1)。在温度16℃以下或28℃以上,其飞行能力明显降低。在40%~80%RH时,成虫均能进行正常的飞行活动。环境温、湿度会显著影响亚洲小车蝗成虫飞行能源物质的消耗情况(P0.05)。在最适的温、湿度条件下,小车蝗飞行所需的能源物质(甘油三酯)最少,其飞行单位距离消耗的甘油三酯也最低,能源利用效率最高。较高或较低的温、湿度条件,能源物质的消耗都显著高于最适条件。飞行能源物质利用效率的不同是导致其在不同温、湿度下飞行能力产生差异的主要原因之一。     

意大利蝗对温度耐受力的初探

对意大利蝗(Calliptamus italicus)各虫态过冷却点、成虫耐高温能力和体温调节行为进行测定,并初步探究意大利蝗对温度的耐受力。结果表明,意大利蝗各虫态的过冷却点均服从正态分布;各虫态的过冷却点及冰点有所差异,其中越冬卵的过冷却点及冰点最低(P0.05),3龄蝗蝻过冷却点最高(P0.05),其他各龄蝗蝻及成虫雌雄之间过冷却点均无显著差异(P0.05)。环境温度为41℃时,雌成虫和雄成虫的LT50、LT90均最长,分别为623.83、1 604.98h,459.52、1 181.97h;成虫的体温与环境温度均呈极显著的线性关系(P0.01);当环境温度以0.5℃·min-1速率上升时,成虫的体温升高速率在0.30~0.36℃·min-1,其中雄成虫体温升高速率(0.36℃·min-1)显著高于雌成虫体(0.30℃·min-1)。     

伞裙追寄蝇能源物质积累及其飞行动态能耗

为了解天敌昆虫伞裙追寄蝇（Exorista civilis Rondani.）的飞行规律,本文采用吊飞试验及相关生理生化方法,研究了不同日龄伞裙追寄蝇体内甘油酯、糖原的积累状况及5日龄不同飞行时间其体内能源物质的变化情况。结果表明：5日龄雌蝇体内糖原、甘油酯含量均到达高峰,分别为114.3517和0.7537 mmol·L^-1;雄蝇则在7日龄糖原、甘油酯含量达到最高,分别为111.6680和0.7214 mmol·L^-1。5日龄伞裙追寄蝇飞行60 min后体内糖原含量显著下降;在飞行120 min后甘油酯含量下降明显。飞行60 min后体内糖原含量显著下降,说明伞裙追寄蝇体内糖原含量能维持60 min的飞行,120~240 min后糖原含量达到最低,此时甘油酯含量也有明显降低的趋势,说明120 min后糖原迅速耗尽,此后飞行所需的能量由甘油酯提供。     

亚洲小车蝗飞行能力及其与种群密度的关系

在室内对我国北方草原优势种蝗虫--亚洲小车蝗（Oedaleus asiaticus）成虫连续悬吊飞行测试12 h,分析成虫飞行能力及其与种群密度的关系。结果表明,亚洲小车蝗高密度种群的飞行能力较强,最远的累计飞行距离可达15 km,累计飞行时间超过2 h。不同日龄的成虫飞行能力有显著差异,羽化后4日龄成虫的飞行能力较弱,以13日龄成虫的飞行能力最强,20日龄显示出下降趋势。雌雄个体间飞行能力无显著差异（P>0.05）。低密度种群成虫不具备远距离飞行的能力,各日龄成虫累计飞行距离和飞行时间均极显著短于同日龄的高密度区个体（P<0.01）。     

猪旋毛虫病的主要防治对策

猪旋毛虫病是由毛首目毛形科的旋毛形线虫而引起的.成虫寄生于肠管,称肠旋毛虫.幼虫寄生于横纹肌,称肌旋毛虫.人、猪、犬、猫、鼠均能感染.世界各地均有.食用生肉或不熟的肉类可以引起人的发病.主要引起呕吐、腹泻,运动障碍. 1 病原体 成虫细小,肉眼难以看清.虫体愈向前端愈细,前半部为食道,占虫体长约1/3～2/3.雄虫大小为1.4～1.6mm×0.04～0.05mm,雌虫大小约3～4mm×0.06mm.胎生.成虫寄生于小肠,幼虫寄生于横纹肌,成虫和幼虫寄生于同一个宿主.     

牧草害虫优势天敌伞裙追寄蝇飞行中代谢相关酶活性的变化

昆虫在飞行过程伴随着较高的代谢速率和能源物质消耗.为明确伞裙追寄蝇飞行肌对能源物质的利用,测定了与能源物质代谢相关的5种酶,即3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)、3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GDH)、3-羟酰辅酶A脱氢酶(HOAD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和柠檬酸合酶(CS)的活性变化.结果表明:GAPDH活性在吊飞过程中呈先升...     

桑白毛虫生物学特性研究

桑白毛虫在重庆市一年发生2代,越冬后的蛹在5月中旬进入羽化期.第1代桑白毛虫各虫态历期:卵期3.9天,幼虫期21.2天(25.99℃),蛹期61.5天,成虫寿命5~7天;幼虫发生盛期在5月中旬~6月中旬,每头幼虫全龄食桑量9234.73mg,经6个龄期而化蛹;成虫羽化盛期在8月下旬~9月上旬,每雌平均产卵量447粒,雌:雄=1:1.48.第2代桑白毛虫幼虫发生期从8月下旬开始至11月底结束,盛期在10月中旬~11月中旬,幼虫全龄经过46.22天(17.48℃),幼虫食桑量与第1代相近似,化蛹期集中在气温较低(15℃~16℃)的11月份.     

桑白蚧发生规律和综合治理研究

桑白蚧是全国性成灾害虫,在铜梁县普查,全县平均蚧株率39.6％,枝干虫口密度7.4头/5cm。经测定被害重的蚧株单株产叶量下降31.9—47.6％,用其虫株叶养蚕,蚕儿生命率降低13.1—37.9％,单张蚕种产茧量下降13.7％。在四川桑白蚧一年发生3代,各代一龄若虫期发生于4、6、8月下旬或5、7、9月上旬。该虫生殖方式为两性生殖,无孤雌生殖现象。组建不同温度条件下的实验种群生命表,以25℃的内禀增长能力和种群趋势指数量大(rm=0.04571,I=15.3);自然种群生命表揭示第二代若虫受气侯影响大,越冬代雌虫受天敌影响大,一年3代虫口数量增长13.26倍。雌虫扩散距离在100cm以内,雄虫扩散距离在10cm以内。冬季重剪的剪伐形式以第2代一龄若虫上新梢数量最多。栽植形式与为害的关系:田边桑>密植小桑园>大行桑>地边桑,不同地势与为害的关系:沟边桑>平坝桑>坡地桑;温度在28℃以下。温湿系数在3以上的虫口密度大于温度在28℃以上,温湿系数在2.8以下。发现天敌30种,其中四川新记录6种,新种1个,特别是桑白蚧盗蚊(新种)、桑白蚧扑虱蚜小峰为四川的优势天敌,寄生率和捕食效率最高。新开发的防治方法有:粘土浓泥浆涂干防治雌成虫,漂白粉(1％有效氯)液防治一龄若虫,柴油石灰乳剂防治各代成虫,均有显著的防治效果。     

门源草原毛虫幼虫发育特性的研究

通过野外调查和室内研究相结合的方法,研究了青海高寒草甸地区优良牧草的主要害虫门源草原毛虫幼虫的发育特性.结果表明,门源草原毛虫幼虫虫龄划分为雄虫6龄,雌虫7龄.头壳宽与摄食量为显著的直线相关关系;而头壳宽与体重,虫龄与头壳宽、体长、体重均呈显著的指数关系;头壳宽与体长,虫龄与摄食量呈显著的幂函数关系.草原毛虫的相对生长率随虫龄增大只是略有上升,生长率较恒定.门源草原毛虫一生取食紫羊茅植物的食量约为1 700 mg(干重).草原毛虫的相对生长速率(RGR)为0.03～0.08 mg/(d·mg),相对取食速率(RCR)为14.9～1.2 mg/(d·mg),近似消化率(AD)为23%～95%,净转化效率(ECD)和毛转化效率(ECI)分别为0.28%～11%和0.26%～4.2%.     

牛羊疥螨病的防治新技术

牛羊疥螨病,俗称疥癣,是由疥螨属的各种疥螨寄生于牛羊的皮肤内引起的以接触传染,引起患畜生发剧烈痒感以及各种类型的皮肤炎症为特征的寄生虫病。该病常导致患畜生长发育不良,逐渐消瘦,最后甚至死亡。因此严重地影响着畜牧业的发展。1病原与流行病学疥螨虫体较小,肉眼不易看到,其大小雌螨为0.33～0.45m m×0.25～0.35m m,雄螨为0.2～0.23m m×0.14～0.19m m。成虫身体呈卵圆形,微黄白色。背腹扁平,虫体前端有假头,背部有小棘和刚毛,腹面有4对足,前两对足大,超过虫体的边缘,后两对足小,不超过身体边缘。雌雄虫体的区别除大小外,雄虫的第一、…     

磷肥和石灰对红壤墨西哥玉米生长的影响

为推广墨西哥玉米(Zea mexicana)栽培,于2009年采用盆栽试验,研究了南方丘陵区酸性红壤上石灰和磷肥配合施用对墨西哥玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明:施磷(25~200 mg·kg^-1)能显著提高墨西哥玉米的株高、分蘖数和生物产量(P<0.05),且其效应基本是随磷肥用量增加而增加;低量石灰下(0.7~1.4 g·kg^-1),石灰能提高墨西哥玉米的株高和分蘖数,石灰与磷肥有显著的正交互作用(P<0.05);高量石灰下(2.1~2.8 g·kg^-1),墨西哥玉米的株高和分蘖数有所降低;墨西哥玉米的经济产量对低量石灰(0.7~1.4 g·kg^-1)呈现为正效应,对高量石灰(2.1~2.8 g·kg^-1)呈现为负效应,以1.4 g·kg^-1的石灰和高量磷为最高产组合。因此,施用1.4 g·kg^-1石灰和高量磷有利于红壤环境中墨西哥玉米生产。     

Spatial genetic pattern in an economically beneficial insect,the cyclical African wild silk moth (Gonometa postica)

The African wild silk moth (Gonometa postica) exhibits large inter-annual population size fluctuations in the Kalahari region of southern Africa. Spent cocoons from this species are currently being utilized in a local silk industry. An understanding of the recolonization dynamics of a particular harvested site, and of the population genetic effects of such dispersal, are crucial for designing a scientifically-based harvesting strategy. I link morphological estimates of flying ability to microsatellite genotyping in the determination of dispersal ability of this species. Morphological results suggest that the moth is a poor disperser with high wing loadings and males are better fliers than females. There is a significant effect of isolation-by-distance. Spatial population genetic analyses of microsatellite data further indicate lower and upper bounds on dispersal of 90 m and 50 km. The combined evidence suggests male-biased dispersal over several dozen kilometers with females that do not disperse over large distances. I discuss the potential influences of large population size fluctuations on patterns of genetic diversity and the implications for the inference of dispersal in my study species.     

Movements of deep-sea red crab (Geryon maritae) off South West Africa/Namibia

Of 10 246 red crabs tagged between 1979 and 1984 on the continental slope of Namibia, a total of 1 604 were recaptured by commercial fishermen. Three tagging methods were tested. The most effective method was by inserting the tag through the epimeral suture. Though tagged crabs were released over a range of depths (from 400 to 900 m), the distances that they covered while at large were found to be unrelated to the depth at which they were released. No significant differences were found for distances moved by males compared to immature females, but differences (P< 0,01) did indicate that large males (≥105 mm carapace width (CW)) move farther than small males. Mature females moved significantly farther (P< 0,001) than the other crabs and over 32% moved > 100 km. The farthest distance covered by a single crab was 380 km. No seasonal trends regarding distances or direction moved were noted for either sex or size groupings examined. Mature females did show a tendency, although unrelated to season, to move northwards. Movements of crabs by depth suggested that, although crabs of all sizes and sexes move freely between depths, small males (< 100 mm CW) do tend to favour deeper water than larger males and vice versa. Female crabs tend to favour shallow depths and, of those tagged at 800 and 900 m, over 60% were recaptured shallower than 700 m. Based on the results of this study, it is considered that the movement patterns of G. maritae could best be described as nomadic. A possible reason for the fact that mature females display different movement patterns compared to other crabs in the population is discussed, as are possible implications to the fishery of crab movements between Namibia and Angola     

SA,ETH和IAA处理对破除赖草种子休眠的影响

为研究破除赖草（Leymus secalinus）种子休眠的方法,采用浓度为0.01~0.17 mmol·L^-1水杨酸（Salicylic acid,SA）、200~600 μL·L^-1乙烯利（Ethephon,ETH）、20~60 mg·L^-1吲哚乙酸（Indoleacetic acid,IAA）分别对赖草种子浸种处理12 h,24 h,36 h,通过测定分析4个种子发芽指标,探究这3种物质对破除赖草种子休眠的影响,为赖草种子的人工繁殖提供理论依据。结果表明：适宜浓度的SA,ETH和IAA浸种处理均能有效打破赖草种子休眠,用0.05 mmol·L^-1 SA浸种12 h后种子发芽率最高为64%,是对照的2倍;用20 mg·L^-1 IAA浸种24 h时,种子发芽势达到最大为33%,高于SA,ETH处理;其次用50 mg·L^-1 IAA浸种36 h和200 μL·L^-1 ETH浸种12 h时,种子发芽率分别为51%和48%,均显著高于对照。然而与IAA处理不同,高浓度的SA,ETH会抑制种子发芽。因此,浓度为0.05 mmol·L^-1 SA浸种处理12 h破除赖草种子休眠的效果最佳。     

Flight performance and wing morphology in the bat Carollia perspicillata: biophysical models and energetics

Studies on functional performance are important to understand the processes responsible for the evolution of diversity. Morphological trait variation within species influences the energetic cost of locomotion and impacts life history traits, with ecological and evolutionary consequences. This study examined wing morphology correlates of flight performance measured by energetic expenditure in the Seba's short-tailed bat, Carollia perspicillata. In the flight experiments, nature caught bats (59 females, 57 males) were allowed to fly for 3 min in a room. After each flight, thermographic images were taken to measure body temperature, and biophysical models were used to calculate sensible heat loss as a measure of energetic expenditure. Wing morphological traits were measured for each individual and associated with heat loss and power required to fly on performance surfaces. Wing morphological traits explained 7–10% of flight energetic cost, and morphologies with the best performance would save the energy equivalent to 9–30% of total daily requirements. The optimal performance areas within the C. perspicillata morphospace were consistent with predicted selection trends from the literature. A trade-off between demands for flight speed and maneuverability was observed. Wing loading and camber presented sexual dimorphism. These morphological differences are likely associated with more economical but less maneuverable flight in females, leading them to fly more often in open areas along the forest edge. Our findings demonstrate how small scale changes in wing morphology can affect life history strategies and fitness.     

内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量

为了给内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）测土施氮奠定科学基础，本研究采用“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡-地力差减法”新应用公式，开展了该自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量研究。结果表明：内蒙古高原生长第1年紫花苜蓿土壤碱解氮第1~6级丰缺指标为≥48，20~48，8~20，4~8，2~4和<2 mg·kg^-1，土壤全氮第1~5级丰缺指标为≥1.4，0.8~1.4，0.4~0.8，0.2~0.4和<0.2 g·kg^-1，土壤有机质第1~6级丰缺指标为≥17，10~17，6~10，3~6，2~3和<2 g·kg^-1。当紫花苜蓿目标产量9~18 t·hm^-2、氮肥利用率40%时，内蒙古高原紫花苜蓿第1~6级土壤推荐施氮量分别为0，68~135，135~270，203~405，270~540和338~675 kg·hm^-2。     

三江源区不同高寒草地植物矿物元素含量特征及分析

本试验对三江源区不同高寒草地植物中6种矿物元素（钾K,钙Ca,钠Na,镁Mg,锌Zn,铁Fe）的含量进行了测定和分析,结果表明：植物中K元素含量为7.314～12.803 g·kg^-1之间,Ca元素含量为2.851～6.823 g·kg^-1之间,Na元素含量为64.404～185.553 mg·kg^-1之间,Mg元素含量为1.272～2.655 g·kg^-1之间,Zn元素含量为14.718～51.387 mg·kg^-1之间,Fe元素含量为161.056～531.677 mg·kg^-1之间;豆科（Leguminosae）植物和杂类草（Forbs）矿物元素含量显著高于禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物;植物中K元素与Mg元素、Ca元素与Na元素、Ca元素与Zn元素、Na元素与Zn元素含量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,Ca元素与Fe元素、Mg元素与Fe元素之间呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;根据美国国家研究理事会（National research council,NRC）绵羊日粮矿物元素需求标准,三江源区各草地植物中Na,Zn元素相对缺乏,其它4种元素均能满足放牧藏羊的矿物营养需求。     

我国籽实和饲草谷子土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量

为了给我国谷子测土施氮提供科学依据，本研究采用“零散实验数据整合法”和“养分平衡-地力差减法新应用公式”，开展了我国谷子土壤氮素丰缺指标和推荐施氮量研究。结果表明，我国谷子土壤碱解氮第1~6级丰缺指标依次为≥247,128~247，66~128，34~66，18~34和＜18 mg·kg^-1；土壤全氮第1~7级丰缺指标依次为≥3.3,1.7~3.3，0.9~1.7，0.5~0.9，0.3~0.5，0.2~0.3和＜0.2 g·kg^-1；土壤有机质第1~9级丰缺指标依次为≥81.4，33.7~81.4，14.0~33.7，5.8~14.0，2.4~5.8，1.0~2.4，0.5~1.0，0.2~0.5和＜0.2 g·kg^-1。当氮肥利用率40%时，目标产量3~7.5 t·hm^-2籽实谷子第1~9级土壤推荐施氮量分别为0，30~75，60~150，90~225，120~300，150~375，180~450，210~525和240~600 kg·hm^-2；目标产量6~15 t·hm^-2干草谷子第1~9级土壤推荐施氮量依次为0，30~75，60~150，90~225，120~300，150~375，180~450，210~525和240~600 kg·hm^-2；目标产量15~45 t·hm^-2青贮谷子第1~9级土壤推荐施氮量分别为0，26~79，53~158，79~236，105~315，131~394，158~473，184~551和210~630 kg·hm^-2。本研究初步建立了我国籽实和饲草谷子土壤氮素丰缺指标推荐施肥系统，为我国谷子测土施氮奠定了科学基础。