泥鳅苗种的工厂化繁育技术

<正>泥鳅自然繁殖产卵率低,且产出的卵容易被亲鳅吃掉,受精卵的收集也不方便,操作难度大,产卵亲鱼损失较多;一些关键的技术环节如泥鳅的亲鱼促熟、产卵同步性、受精卵孵化、仔稚鱼全人工培育等还没有得到很好解决,尚未形成一套成熟的技术体系,造成目前泥鳅人工育苗出苗率低,不能及时批量提供养殖用泥鳅     

大胡子异形鱼繁育试验

为探索大胡子异形鱼的饲养和繁殖技术,于2008年购进30尾6～8月龄的大胡子异形鱼,在水族箱中进行了亲鱼培育,自然繁殖和仔、稚鱼培育试验,统计了亲鱼的生长速度、产卵次数以及仔、稚鱼的生长速度和成活率.试验结果显示,使该鱼在水族箱中自然繁殖较为容易,但仔、稚鱼的成活率较低,生长较慢.45d内仔、稚鱼的成活率最高仅40.9％,生长最快的组平均体长仅25.7 mm.     

野生与人工养殖牙鲆亲鱼不同组织脂肪酸的比较

为研究脂肪酸对牙鲆繁育性能的影响, 采用生物化学方法, 对野生和养殖牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏及卵中脂肪酸组成分别进行测定。结果表明: (1) 牙鲆肌肉、肝脏和卵中脂肪含量大小关系为肝脏>卵>肌肉。野生亲鱼肌肉和卵中脂肪含量显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 肝脏脂肪含量与养殖亲鱼无显著差异; (2) 牙鲆亲鱼3种组织中均检测出21种脂肪酸。野生亲鱼肌肉中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)与养殖亲鱼无显著差异, 单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05)。肝脏和卵中SFA显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), MUFA与养殖亲鱼无显著差异; (3) 野生亲鱼肌肉、肝脏和卵中高不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量, 尤其是肝脏和卵中C20:5n-3(EPA)、C22:6n-3(DHA)的含量均显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 但肌肉和卵中的C20:4n-6(ARA)含量明显高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05); (4) 野生牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏和卵中n-3/n-6 PUFA及EPA/ARA显著低于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 肝脏中DHA/EPA显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05), 但野生亲鱼肌肉和卵中的DHA/EPA与养殖亲鱼无显著差异。比较结果说明, DHA、EPA和ARA等PUFA是与牙鲆繁殖性能密切相关的重要脂肪酸。在牙鲆亲鱼养殖过程中, 除了提供牙鲆亲鱼足够的脂肪酸营养外, 也应注意各种脂肪酸, 尤其是PUFA中各种脂肪酸之间的添加比例, 从而保证亲鱼的繁殖性能及卵和仔鱼的质量。     

漠斑牙鲆人工繁育技术研究

本文研究了漠斑牙鲆亲鱼培育、产卵、受精卵孵化,仔稚鱼饵料系列的选择以及营养强化,并进行了人工授精试验,完善了漠斑牙鲆人工繁育技术工艺.结果表明:16～18 ℃为漠斑牙鲆最佳自然产卵水温;18～19 ℃水温下仔稚鱼的成活率较高.     

褐牙鲆亲鱼野生群体与养殖群体维生素A、C、E含量的比较

为探讨养殖褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)亲鱼后代较野生亲鱼后代质量下降这一问题,本实验分析了野生与人工养殖(包括营养强化处理)褐牙鲆亲鱼肌肉、肝脏及卵中维生素A、维生素C、维生素E含量的差异,并进行了养殖褐牙鲆维生素营养强化的探索实验.结果显示,野生与养殖亲鱼肌肉和肝脏中维生素A含量无显著差异,野生亲鱼卵中维生索A含最显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05);野生亲鱼肝脏和卵中维生素C含量显著高于养殖亲鱼(P<0.05),肌肉中两者无显著差异(P>0.05);维生素E含量在野生和养殖亲鱼各组织内均有显著差异(P<0.05),仅肝脏中养殖亲鱼显著低于野生亲鱼(P<0.05),其余组织均为养殖亲鱼较高.在本实验中,营养强化显著增加了养殖亲鱼肌肉和肝脏维生素A、维生素C及卵和肝脏中维生素E的含量,但对卵中维生素A和C的含量均无显著影响(p>0.05),而肌肉中维生素E含量则显著降低(P<0.05).上述结果表明,养殖与野生褐牙鲆亲鱼卵中维生素A、C、E含量存在一定的差异,可能与养殖褐牙鲆亲鱼后代质量下降有关,本实验所采用的营养强化方法仅增加了养殖亲鱼卵中维生素E的含量,而对卵中维生素A和维生素C的含量无显著影响,更为有效的强化方式有待进一步研究.     

中华鲟子一代配子质量及其子二代生长特征分析

通过测定卵的直径、卵粒质量、受精率和孵化率系列指标以及精子的激活率、快速运动时间和寿命系列指标对人工驯养子一代中华鲟配子进行质量评价,并通过该批受精卵孵出的子二代系列生长指标进行其发育状况分析。结果显示,子一代所产卵子形态饱满,卵径平均3.71 mm,小于自然繁殖群体。与历年在本基地养殖的自然繁殖群体统计资料相比,其受精率(60.1%)和孵化率(36.8%)处在中等偏下的水平。2012年和2013年的精子活力监测结果发现,子一代精子有效运动时间(漩涡运动+快速运动)均较野生群体高。表明子一代卵子质量较野生群体有所降低,而精子活力则较野生群体高。与历年该基地集约化养殖系统培育出的子一代中华鲟相比,子二代的生长表现出显著的阶段差异性,其中仔鱼阶段生长较慢,稚鱼和幼鱼阶段生长优势则较明显。研究表明,促进人工驯养条件下的子一代后备亲鱼性腺发育完善,以获得较高质量的配子和子二代,对防止中华鲟种质退化至关重要。     

松江鲈人工繁育在天津市首次获得成功

<正>日前,由天津市水产研究所夏苏东博士主持,联合天津市立信水产养殖有限公司共同承担的天津市水产局项目"松江鲈鱼人工繁育技术研究"通过专家验收并结题。该项目引进松江鲈鱼亲鱼60对,获得受精卵10万粒,成功繁育出平均体长5.3cm的健康幼鱼3万多尾。项目组对松江鲈鱼的亲鱼培育、催产、孵化及苗种培育中的关键技术开展相关研究,确定了亲鱼培育、受精卵孵化与仔稚鱼培育的适宜条件,研发并制作了孵化装置,确定不同阶段的饵料,总结了天津地区松江鲈鱼人工繁育技术。松江鲈鱼在天津地区首     

人工养殖银鲳子代胚胎发育及仔稚幼鱼形态观察

采用人工培育的子代银鲳(Pampus argentus)为亲本,对银鲳的胚胎及胚后各发育阶段的形态特征进行观察测量,以期为今后苗种培育和繁殖生物学研究提供参考资料.银鲳成熟卵子为端黄卵,单个油球,卵径(1.417±0.063)mm,油球径(0.575±0.031)mm.在水温(20.0±0.5)℃、盐度24±1,pH8.0～8.5条件下,受精卵经36 h孵化出膜.初孵仔鱼在水温19.0～24.0℃、盐度 23±1,pH8.0～8.5、光照2 000～3 000 lx条件下,经60 d培育成幼鱼.银鲳早期发育分前期仔鱼、后期仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼,前期仔鱼以卵黄囊吸收消化为主要形态特征;后期仔鱼分化出侧囊、食道、胃、幽门育囊和肝脏等消化器官,外形特征是鱼体腹两侧星状黑色素及金黄色斑点明显,背鳍和臀鳍鳍条原基出现,13日龄仔鱼全长(5.586±0.479)mm,体高((1.068±0.087)mm;稚鱼期消化器官进一步完善,脊索末端向上曲屈,随后尾下骨出现并且尾下骨末端与体轴倾斜,至35日龄尾下骨与体轴垂直,45日龄体高明显增高,全长(25.560±3.870)mm,体高(11.157±1.266)mm.幼鱼期胸鳍前端呈尖形,尾鳍上下两侧生长加快形成深叉状,鳞片完全长成,60 d时全长为(引.000±3.300)mm,体高达(19.750±1.620)mm,此时体形与成鱼已无差别.此外,本研究还对仔稚幼鱼的划分、鲳属鱼类中主要品种胚胎与仔稚鱼发育的异同点以及育苗中容易出现死亡的关键时期进行了分析探讨.     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

云纹石斑鱼胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对云纹石斑鱼Epinephelus moara胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态进行了观察与研究,详细描述了各发育期的形态特征和发育时间。结果表明:1)在水温22±0.2℃、盐度30、溶氧7.8mg/L、pH8.25的条件下,云纹石斑鱼的受精卵历时38h 17min开始孵化出膜。胚胎发育可分为受精卵、卵裂、原肠、神经胚和器官形成及出膜6个阶段,受精、胚盘形成、2细胞等28个时期。2)在水温23±1℃,盐度30±3,DO≥5mg/L,pH8.0±0.5的海水中,培育至5d,卵黄囊完全消失,成为后期仔鱼;培育至27d,发育最快的云纹石斑鱼结束仔鱼期,进入稚鱼期;培育至65d,发育最快的稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。胚后发育过程主要是根据卵黄囊、鳍膜、鳞片、体色及第1腹鳍棘与第2背鳍棘相对长度的变化分为仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼3个时期。其中仔鱼期又根据其卵黄囊的有无划分为前期仔鱼和后期仔鱼。     

Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Effect of Lead on Survival,Osmoregulation, and Histological Changes of the Gills of the White Shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone, 1931

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of lead for different life stages of shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and to determine the effect of its sublethal concentrations on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) as well as the possible histological alteration in the gills of juvenile shrimp. The 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐h LC₅₀ values for lead to L. vannamei increased progressively with increasing life stage, from nauplii < zoeae < mysis < postlarvae < juvenile. After 15‐d exposure to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, the OC values of exposed shrimp were reduced by 39, 73, and 157%, respectively compared to control animals. Compared to controls, the lead concentrations in gill tissues increased significantly by 127,500, 137,500, and 141,000% in shrimps exposed to 3.25, 6.50, and 9.75 mg Pb/L, respectively. After lead exposure, hemocytic congestion in efferent vessels and multiple hyperplasia were observed in gill filaments, resulting in narrowed hemolymphatic lacuna. The histopathological effects increased with increasing Pb concentration.     

Effects of Mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis,on Channel Catfish,Ictalurus puncatatus,Production Ponds

Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., have been spread throughout the world to biologically control mosquitoes. However, the fish has gained a reputation as an invasive species and has been implicated in displacing native aquatic species. Gambusia affinis are native to the southeastern United States and commonly occur in commercial channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production ponds. We investigated effects of mosquitofish presence on zooplankton populations, water quality, disease occurrence, and fish production in experimental ponds. There were no differences between ponds with or without mosquitofish in numbers of calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, total copepods, Bosmina sp., Ceriodaphnia sp., Moina sp., Daphnia sp., or total cladocerans. There were also no differences in copepod and cladoceran sizes. Copepod nauplii were more numerous during the summer months in ponds with mosquitofish. There were no differences in water quality variables (soluble reactive phosphorus, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, pH) or phytoplankton density between ponds stocked with and without mosquitofish. Catfish production and disease occurrence were also similar between ponds with and without mosquitofish. Although mosquitofish may cause problems when stocked outside their native range, there does not appear to be any adverse effects of mosquitofish presence in catfish production ponds.     

Age,growth, maturity and the overfishing of the iconic sciaenid,Argyrosomus japonicus,in south-eastern,Australia

Mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus) occur in estuarine and coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan, where they are important in fisheries. This study identified that mulloway in south-eastern Australia had similar growth rates, but matured at smaller lengths and younger ages, to those in South Africa and Western Australia. Growth of both sexes was similar to about 5 years, after which females grew faster and attained a greater maximum length than males. Female mulloway matured at 4–5 years of age with a L₅₀ of 68 cm, whereas males matured at 2–3 years of age with a L₅₀ of 51 cm. The commercial fishery in New South Wales was characterised by declining catches and a reduction in the proportion of mulloway of mature lengths in landings. During 2002–2005 commercial landings were dominated (83%) by fish within 15 cm of the current minimum legal total length of 45 cm and aged 2 and 3 years (>80%), even though mulloway can attain lengths of 200 cm and live >30 years. Estimates of the rates of instantaneous total mortality ranged between 0.34 and 0.45, whilst the rate of instantaneous natural mortality (M) was estimated to be approximately 0.12. Yield-per-recruit analyses indicated that mulloway in New South Wales are being growth overfished and substantial increases in yield could be achieved by increasing the length at first harvest. Values of the spawning potential ratio were below 0.2 under a range of mortality estimates, suggesting that mulloway are at risk of recruitment overfishing. These results suggest that the spawning stock of mulloway in south-eastern Australia has been depleted and that remedial management action is required to protect this iconic species.     

Surface disinfection of Pacific threadfin, Polydactylus sexfilis, and amberjack, Seriola rivoliana, eggs

The effects of exposing the eggs of Pacific threadfin and amberjack eggs (AEs) to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide for 5 min on hatch rate and survival were assessed in a series of experiments using a petri dish model rearing system. Despite significant inter‐batch variation in hatch rate, it was shown that eggs of both species could be safely exposed to up to 11 340 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min. Exposure to 34 230 mg L⁻¹ H₂O₂ for 5 min was shown to be lethal to AEs at a late stage of development. In two further experiments, it was demonstrated that Pacific threadfin eggs were resistant to all tested concentrations of a range of polyvinylpyrrolidone iodine (PVP‐I) concentrations and contact times (up to 1000 mg L⁻¹ PVP‐I for 10 min). The level of bacteria adhering to the eggs of both species was highly variable. Where eggs were heavily colonized (>10⁴ cfu egg⁻¹), hydrogen peroxide concentrations of at least 11 340 mg L⁻¹, or PVP‐I concentrations higher than 500 mg L⁻¹ for 10 min, were required for effective sterilization. In less colonized batches, rinsing in sterile seawater or exposure to lower (550 mg L⁻¹) concentrations of H₂O₂ was sufficient to result in high apparent levels of surface sterility (<1 cfu egg⁻¹).     

Effect of temperature,volume of ova batches,and addition of a diluent,an antibiotic,oxygen and a protein inhibitor on short-term storage capacities of turbot,Psetta maxima,ova

The effect of different parameters on short-term storage capacity of turbot ova was assessed over a 45-h period after ova collection for fertilization rates and over a 9-h period after ova collection for hatching rates. Increasing the volume of ova sampling from 0.5 to 2.5 mL, as well as adding an antibiotic–antimicotic solution or oxygen did not significantly change the storage capacity of ova. Regarding the hatching rates, a higher storage ability was recorded at 8 and 13 °C, compared to 3 °C. The mean composition of the ovarian fluid was determined (n = 57 spawns). Use of a diluent mimicking the ovarian fluid significantly decreased the storage ability as assessed by the fertilization rates but did not modify the hatching rates. Diluting ova in an artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium significantly decreased the fertilization and hatching rates during the storage period. Furthermore, addition or not of soybean trypsin inhibitor (Sigma T 9003) to the artificial ovarian fluid deprived of calcium did not significantly change the results. Storage capacity of control batches of ova was low: at 13 °C, without any diluent and when ova were fertilized 3 h after stripping, the hatching rate was lowered to 62.4 ± 29.4 % (mean ± SD) of the initial value.     

Effect of Temperature on Growth,Energy Budget,and Physiological Performance of Green,White, and Purple Color Morphs of Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

As an intertidal species, Apostichopus japonicus is subject to diel and seasonal temperature fluctuations. Color variation is a distinct characteristic of A. japonicus, and a new color morph, purple A. japonicus, was recently found on the coast of Rushan, Weihai City. This study was conducted to compare the performance of green, white, and purple color morphs of A. japonicus at different water temperatures to help improving aquaculture technology and management. In this study, green, white, and purple color morphs of juvenile A. japonicus (1.5 ± 0.1 g) were cultured at 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 C for 60 d, according to the suitable temperature range for sea cucumber growth. Temperature was shown to have a significant effect on growth, energy budget, and physiology of sea cucumbers (P < 0.05). Specific growth rates, feed conversion efficiencies, and the proportion of energy allocated to growth of all three color morphs were optimal at 18 C. Activities of the enzymes related with oxidative stress, immune response, and digestion were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and trypsin activities generally reached a maximum in all three color morphs at 18 C. The purple color morph of A. japonicus was higher in growth rate, food conversion efficiency, and proportion of energy allocated to growth than green and white color morphs at 18 and 22 C, consistent with its higher trypsin and SOD activity, indicating the mutual effect of growth and physiology. At 18, 22, and 26 C, the green color morph had the highest level of lysozyme activity and purple color morph had the lowest, indicating possible infection by external pathogens of green color morph, which might be caused by high temperature. These results suggested that the optimum temperature for culture of the three color morphs was approximately 18 C, the purple had a better adaption to high temperature, and the green and white color morphs may be more susceptible to thermal stress than the purple color morph.     

Effects of Carbohydrate‐Rich Alternative Feedstuffs on Growth,Survival, Body Composition,Hematology, and Nonspecific Immune Response of Black Pacu,Colossoma macropomum,and Red Pacu,Piaractus brachypomus

To facilitate economical culture of black pacu, Colossoma macropomum, and red pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, in the Amazon region of South America, we assessed locally available alternative energy sources for practical diets. We tested the effects of control diets (containing wheat products) versus diets with different Amazonian feedstuffs (yucca, Manihot sculenta, plantain, Musa paradisiaca, or pijuayo, Bactris gasipaes) on the performance of the pacus in three feeding trials. Black pacu (22.5 ± 0.03 g; Trial 1) or red pacu (2.56 ± 0.01 g; Trial 2) were fed diets containing 30% wheat bran (control) or cooked or uncooked yucca, plantain, or pijuayo for 12 wk. In Trial 3, larger black pacu (86.9 ± 6.4 g) were grown to market size in 24 wk on similar diets. Weight gain, feed conversion, survival, alternative complement activity, and lysozyme were similar among diets. Hepatosomatic index, liver glycogen, and dry matter were affected by diet in Trials 1 and 2, but effects were not consistent among trials. In Trial 3, protein efficiency ratio was lower in fish fed the diet containing wheat middlings. However, relative to wheat bran or wheat middlings, all feedstuffs tested were effective energy sources for juvenile black pacu and red pacu.