玻璃纤维增强塑料用热解油-酚醛树脂的合成工艺

采用热解油、苯酚和多聚甲醛合成满足玻璃纤维增强塑料(玻璃钢)制备要求的热解油-酚醛树脂,通过单因素试验考察了合成工艺条件对树脂性能的影响规律,并利用正交试验优选出最佳合成工艺条件为:甲醛/苯酚摩尔比1.8、热解油添加量为苯酚质量的20%、NaOH/苯酚摩尔比0.25、反应时间10 min。在该条件下合成的热解油-酚醛树脂的主要性能为:黏度743 m Pa·s、固体含量77.1%、游离酚含量3.1%、游离醛含量1.2%、凝胶时间28.0 min、氧指数92.7%,能够较好地满足制备玻璃钢的需要。利用热解油-酚醛树脂制备的玻璃钢材料的主要性能为:氧指数90.3%、弯曲强度138.5 MPa、弯曲模量4 582.3 MPa,表明其具有良好的阻燃性能和力学强度,且以上性能均优于普通酚醛树脂所制玻璃钢;通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析发现,热解油-酚醛树脂与普通酚醛树脂具有相似的分子结构和微观表面形貌。     

酚化木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂的制备及性能表征

在碱性条件下,酸性木质素先经苯酚处理,再用于对酚醛树脂进行改性,制备得到木质素改性酚醛树脂(LPF)胶黏剂,考察了木质素用量、苯酚处理时间及温度、苯酚处理木质素时氢氧化钠水溶液用量(第一批次氢氧化钠)、酚醛物质的量比对LPF胶黏剂性能的影响。研究结果表明:在木质素用量25%、苯酚处理时间2 h、苯酚处理温度80℃、第一批次氢氧化钠水溶液用量8%、苯酚与甲醛的物质的量比1.0∶2.0时,LPF胶黏剂的胶合强度为1.57 MPa,较未经改性的酚醛树脂(PF)胶黏剂的1.35 MPa提高了16.3%,游离苯酚为0.58%,比PF的0.72%降低了19.4%,游离甲醛0.16%、固体质量分数51.2%、pH值11.4、黏度80 mPa·s、贮存期为60天。FT-IR分析表明:LPF在2893和1213 cm~(-1)处吸收峰明显减弱,表明木质素分子中甲氧基部分脱落;在1505、1320、1114和875 cm~(-1)处吸收峰消失,表明合成酚醛树脂过程中,木质素中的磺酸基消失;在1018 cm~(-1)处的吸收峰明显增强,表明有新的醚键生成。     

纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂的初步研究

以纤维素乙醇木质素、苯酚、甲醛为原料,氢氧化钠为催化剂,制备了纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂,研究了木质素替代苯酚的工艺以及对胶黏剂性能的影响。研究发现:当木质素替代率为30%时,纤维素乙醇木质素改性酚醛树脂胶黏剂胶合强度达到国家Ⅰ类板要求,甲醛释放量达到Eo级,且成本低、胶合强度好、低毒环保,可广泛用于制备室外级人造板。     

聚乙烯醇对粉状脲醛树脂复水性能的影响研究

以改善粉状脲醛树脂复水性能为目的,探讨聚乙烯醇对粉状脲醛树脂复水后液体胶的黏度、沉降性的影响,并通过正交试验分析树脂固体含量、氯化铵、聚乙烯醇各因素对板材胶合强度的影响,确定胶合强度最优时各因素的主要参数。试验结果表明:聚乙烯醇的加入可提高粉状脲醛树脂胶黏剂的黏度。当聚乙烯醇加入量为10%时,固体含量为70%的粉状脲醛树脂胶黏剂黏度可达47.92 s。聚乙烯醇的加入在一定程度上能改善粉状脲醛树脂的复水性能。在粉状脲醛树脂复水后液体胶固体含量为60%、氯化铵为1.5%、聚乙烯醇为3%条件下,制得的三层杨木胶合板胶合强度为2.113 6 MPa,达到GB/T 9846—2015Ⅱ类胶合板要求。     

果葡糖浆改性糠醛苯酚树脂的研究

酚醛树脂具有优异的胶结强度和耐水性,在高温高湿的环境中有相当高的耐久性,耐酸、耐化学药剂的侵蚀,具有能广泛改性的特点,可与多种树脂混合使用,是一类性能优良的结构胶黏剂。绿色化和低成本化是酚醛树脂的发展趋势。以果葡糖浆代替甲醛合成的糖稀苯酚树脂满足了树脂绿色化的要求。探讨了热压温度,时间和固化剂用量对树脂胶合强度的影响,通过正交实验确定出糖稀苯酚胶黏剂实验的最佳工艺条件为:温度为130℃,压力为0.5MPa,固化剂加入量为质量分数的5%时,所压制的胶合板胶合强度优异。     

PMUF树脂胶黏剂的制备与性能

以尿素和三聚氰胺作为酚醛树脂改性单体制备苯酚-三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛(PMUF)树脂胶黏剂,研究甲醛、苯酚、尿素、三聚氰胺及氢氧化钠用量对PMUF树脂胶黏剂性能的影响,并采用DSC和13C-NMR对其进行表征.结果表明:PMUF树脂游离甲醛含量低,能满足耐水、耐候性能要求较高的人造板产品的生产.当甲醛、苯酚、尿素、三聚氰胺、NaOH的摩尔比为3.1∶1∶0.7∶0.3∶0.5时胶黏剂性能最佳,其最佳固化温度为135.5℃.     

油茶饼粕苯酚液化物的树脂化研究

以油茶饼粕苯酚液化物为原料制备酚醛树脂,测定树脂的理化性能,评价树脂的胶合性能.考察了甲醛与苯酚的摩尔比(F/P)、氢氧化钠与苯酚的摩尔比(NaOH/P)和树脂化时间对树脂理化性能和胶合性能的影响.结果显示,在F/P 1.8、NaOH/P 0.6、树脂化时间70 min的条件下合成的酚醛树脂压制的胶合板能满足Ⅰ类胶合板强度要求.FTIR分析显示液化物树脂具有常规酚醛树脂典型的官能团特征,树脂中含有较多的羟甲基等活性官能团.     

1.5％聚乙烯醇改性尿醛树脂制备工艺小试报告

聚乙烯醇改性尿醛树脂。以提高树脂的初粘性能,用于胶合板的预压。本试验着重于探讨在保证预压效果的前提下,减少聚乙烯醇的用量,以降低生产成本。通过实验室小型试验,1.5%聚乙烯醇改性尿醛树脂用于预压同样能取得良好效果,热压后其胶合强度试验,云南松平均为18.42公斤/平方厘米,阔叶材22.53公斤/平方厘米,超过部颁标准二类胶合板的指标。现将实验室小型试验研究结果整理如下:一、克分子比尿素:甲醛=1:1.7二、原料配方     

弱酸性起始条件合成聚乙烯醇改性脲醛树脂胶黏剂的工艺及性能研究

用聚乙烯醇(PVA)作为改性剂,在不同的弱酸性条件下合成脲醛树脂(UF),并用正交实验法得出了弱酸性起始条件合成聚乙烯醇改性脲醛树脂的最优工艺为:最终n(甲醛):n(尿素)=1.2:1、起始pH值为6.5、碱性阶段反应温度85℃、PVA加入量占尿素总量1%。用该工艺制备的PVA改性UF的游离甲醛含量、胶合强度均能满足GB/T 14732-2006标准要求,并且相应胶合板的甲醛释放量为4.80mg/L,达到了GB/T 9846.3-2004标准中E_2级指标要求。     

金属离子催化剂对酚醛树脂分子结构及性能的影响

针对酚醛树脂固化速度慢、热压温度高等问题,采用Na_2CO_3、(CH_3COO)_2Zn、Ba(OH)_2、LiOH等金属离子作催化剂,合成快速固化改性酚醛树脂。通过理化性能对比分析发现,Ba(OH)_2作为一种低成本催化剂,不仅可以有效提高酚醛树脂固化速度,而且改性酚醛树脂胶制备胶合板的胶合强度明显提高,甲醛释放量有所降低。同时,对Ba(OH)_2催化剂的加入量进行了进一步优化实验,对比了Ba(OH)_2不同加入量对酚醛树脂分子结构和固化行为的影响。研究发现,当改性酚醛树脂中Ba(OH)_2催化剂用量为1.5wt%时,其胶合强度达到1.66 MPa,甲醛释放量相比于纯酚醛树脂明显降低。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.