Vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 target to functionally distinct synaptic release sites

Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) 1 and 2 show a mutually exclusive distribution in the adult brain that suggests specialization for synapses with different properties of release. Consistent with this distribution, inactivation of the VGLUT1 gene silenced a subset of excitatory neurons in the adult. However, the same cell populations exhibited VGLUT1-independent transmission early in life. Developing hippocampal neurons transiently coexpressed VGLUT2 and VGLUT1 at distinct synaptic sites with different short-term plasticity. The loss of VGLUT1 also reduced the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles. Thus, VGLUT1 plays an unanticipated role in membrane trafficking at the nerve terminal.     

Allelopathic influence on blue-green bloom sequence in a eutrophic lake

The bloom sequence in a eutrophic lake, Linsley Pond, over a period of 3 years is correlated to the effects of cell-free filtrates of dominant blue-green algae on both their successors and their predecessors. There is unbroken correspondence between the effects of heat-labile probiotic and antibiotic filtrates and the rise and fall of bloom populations in situ. All organisms in vitro were axenic or unialgal (bacterized) isolates from Linsley Pond.     

Blue-green algal inhibition of diatom growth: transition from mesotrophic to eutrophic community structure

Cell-free filtrates of axenic or bacterized cultures of the dominant blue-green algae from a freshwater lake inhibited the growth of diatoms isolated from the same lake. Lake waters, collected during blue-green algal blooms, also inhibited diatom growth. In situ observations over a 5-year period indicate that diatom bloom populations vary inversely with the levels of the preceding blue-green algal populations. Blue-green algal dominance of eutrophic lakes is attributed to this allelopathy, and dilution is proposed as one cause for the limited occurrence of blue-green alga dominance in marine waters.     

Gene cloning and expression analyses of WBC genes in the developing grapevine seeds

White-brown complex (WBC) transporters, also called half-size ATP binding cassette G (ABCG) transporters, are involved in many biological processes, including seed development; however, the WBC transporters in grapevines received less attention to date. To reveal the molecular characteristics of WBCs and the connection between WBCs and agronomic traits of stenospermocarpic (seedless) grapevine, we carried out a genomic census and analysis of ovule-associated expression for VvWBC genes in grapevine. We identified 30 VvWBC genes and cloned full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for 20 of these. The tissue or organ-specific expression analysis showed that several VvWBCs exhibited distinct expression patterns with some showing tissue specificity. Twelve VvWBC genes were found to be expressed in the developing ovules. Moreover, the results of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) suggested that four of twelve ovule-expressed VvWBCs have distinct expression profiles during the development of ovules between seeded and stenospermocarpic grapevines. These four genes might be involved in ovule abortion. Meanwhile, chromosome mapping, multiple sequence alignments, exon/intron structure analyses and synteny analyses were preformed on VvWBC genes. Our experiments provide a new perspective on the mechanism of stenospermocarpic seedlessness and put forward a framework for further study of WBC transporters.     

附生细菌在微囊藻(Microcystis)藻华颗粒上的定殖和生长

通过测定微囊藻模拟藻华颗粒和微囊藻水华藻华颗粒表面附生菌数量的变化,分析微囊藻（Microcystis）与附生假单胞菌（Pseudomonas）之间相互作用关系。结果表明,在死亡藻体的模拟藻华颗粒表面附生菌数量迅速增加,而活藻藻华颗粒表面附生菌数量增长缓慢,在培养后期藻体大量死亡,附生细菌的数量不断增加,最后超过死亡藻体的模拟藻华颗粒的附生细菌数量。附生细菌在天然微囊藻藻华上定殖和生长也呈现类似的趋势,由于附生菌同藻华中微囊藻之间存在竞争,附生菌的存在促进藻体团聚,抑制附生细菌的定殖,但是在微囊藻的衰亡期产生的大量营养物质有利于附生细菌的生长,水体中附生细菌的数量不断增加,同时天然藻华上附生细菌的数量也大量增加,有利于其生长和定殖。     

Pob43玉米群体的适应性改良

Pob43玉米群体在太原生态环境条件下具有较强的光周期敏感性,表现为成熟期过晚,植株高大,叶片数增多,叶面积增大,抽雄、散粉、吐丝期推迟,导致空秆率高,结实性差,植株、穗部性状明显劣于温带对照品种。用控制双亲的混合选择法进行适应性选择后,Pob43群体的植株性状和雌雄协调性有所改善,子粒产量有所增加。研究结果表明,控制双亲的混合选择法是改良热带和亚热带玉米种质在温带长日照条件下适应性、提早开花及改善雌雄协调性的有效途径。     

中国主要城市宿根花卉应用现状

宿根花卉是指能够生存2年或2年以上,成熟后每年开花的多年生草本植物。作为一类绿化资源,因其种类丰富、适应性强、经济节约、群体功能强的特点,近年来在国内的园林绿化产业中日益受到重视和青睐。因此,作者通过文献调研和对北京、上海、秦皇岛、武汉、昆明、厦门等城市宿根花卉应用的实地调研,总结性地阐述了宿根花卉顺应当今园林绿化发展所具有的特点和近几年宿根花卉在国内各主要城市宿根花卉的栽培和应用情况,并对目前宿根花卉应用中共同存在的品种单一、管理粗放、引种盲目的问题进行了讨论,提出了加大引种强度、建立宿根花卉专家系统、建立宿根花卉专类园和注重生态安全等建议。     

春季低温冻害对核桃相关性状变异系数的影响

为有效抵御春季低温冻害,提高核桃的稳产性（年际间）,在山西隰县采用定株定枝观察方法,开展了春季低温冻害对核桃相关性状变异系数的研究。结果表明,不同品种间的混合芽+叶芽和雄花芽避低温冻害性不同,但各品种混合芽+叶芽、雄花芽死亡率均值表现为雄花芽＞混合芽+叶芽;春季低温冻害对树体不同部位枝组相关性状的变异系数为副芽枝率＞雌花座果率＞结果枝率＞开雌花枝条率＞枝条座果率＞树冠新枝率;不同品种间相关性状的变异系数为副芽枝率＞结果枝率＞开雌花枝条率＞枝条座果率＞雌花座果率＞树冠新枝率。该项研究为吕梁山低山丘陵区核桃抵御春季低温冻害、实现稳产提供了理论依据。     

蓝藻水华发生过程中细菌群落结构的动态变化

为探究养殖水体蓝藻水华从暴发到降解的整个过程中水体细菌群落的变化特征,于2015年5—7月在珠江水产研究所养殖基地进行为期8周的室内模拟试验,模拟养殖水体蓝藻水华从暴发到降解的整个过程,并采用高通量测序技术分析蓝藻水华发生过程中水体细菌群落的组成。结果表明,养殖水体细菌群落组成在蓝藻水华从暴发到降解的整个过程中发生了显著变化。拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)在水体中的比例随蓝藻水华的暴发而上升,随蓝藻水华的降解而下降;放线菌门(Actinobacteria)在水体中的比例随蓝藻水华的暴发及降解呈现一直下降的趋势;蓝藻水华衰败末期水体中的溶解氧几乎耗尽,隶属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的厌氧菌嗜阳菌属(Heliophilum)在水体中的比例升高;试验期间养殖水体的细菌多样性,随蓝藻水华的暴发而降低,又随蓝藻水华的降解而升高。     

辣椒染病毒株与健株花药中游离脯氨酸含量和花粉萌发力的比较

对辣椒感染病毒病植株与健康植株花药中的游离脯氨酸和花粉萌发力进行了比较性研究,结果表明,从开花前7天到开花当天,病株花药中的游离脯氨酸含量均比同期健株的低,但以开花前4天到开花当天的差异较明显,开花前1天病株花药中游离脯氨酸含量比健株的低26.24％～39.96％,开花当天病株上的花粉萌发率比健株的低14.35％～33.31％。本研究结果从一个侧面反映了辣椒感染病毒病后在生理生化上发生的病理变化。     

‘妃子笑’早花果与晚花果果实发育和糖积累动态及品质差异的比较

以同一株‘妃子笑’荔枝不同花期果实为研究对象,探讨它们在果实发育和糖组分动态及品质方面的差异．研究结果表明：早花果和晚花果的果实及其各组织的生长型均为单s型,其果实发育时期均可划分为Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期,第Ⅱ期又可划分Ⅱa期和Ⅱb期,所不同的是,早花果的Ⅰ期比晚花果要长10d．推测晚花果假种皮在Ⅱb期生长受抑的现象主要还是由于Ⅰ期和Ⅱa期的果皮和种皮生长受到抑制的结果．早花果的糖分积累主要发生在Ⅱa期,晚花果的糖分积累则主要发生在Ⅱb期,它们均是以积累还原糖为主,成熟时两者在总糖及其各组分之间并无显著差别．早花果比晚花果品质好主要表现在果大、含酸量低、固酸比高等方面．     

mRNA差异显示法筛选‘砀山酥梨’褐皮芽变相关差异表达基因

【目的】研究‘砀山酥梨’褐皮芽变形成机理。【方法】以‘砀山酥梨’及其褐皮芽变‘锈酥’花后110 d幼果果皮为试材,利用mRNA差异显示技术筛选相关差异表达基因,基于Gene Ontology方法、采用Blast2 Go软件进行基因功能分析,结合real-time RT-PCR技术验证差异表达基因在花后不同时期的表达水平差异。【结果】筛选出的63条目的片段中,60条质量较高、3条质量较低;差异表达基因包含α-微管蛋白、甲基转移酶、甘露糖- 6-磷酸异构酶、液泡膜焦磷酸酶和泛素等数十个基因。花后90—150 d,α-微管蛋白基因在‘锈酥’中表达量均高于‘砀山酥梨’,特别是在花后90和110 d,其表达量分别为‘砀山酥梨’的5倍和3倍。而在花后90和110 d时,Ca2+/CaM基因在‘锈酥’果皮中的表达略高于‘砀山酥梨’;在120—150 d时,Ca2+/CaM依赖的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因在‘锈酥’果皮中的表达明显低于‘砀山酥梨’。除花后130 d,甘露糖- 6-磷酸异构酶基因在‘砀山酥梨’和‘锈酥’果皮中表达差异不明显。【结论】由试验结果推测,α-微管蛋白基因在果实发育全程的增量表达,以及蛋白激酶基因在果实发育后期表达水平下调,使‘锈酥’果皮细胞壁加厚、木栓化程度加大,导致了‘锈酥’褐色果皮的形成。     

特色农业发展研究——以青岛市为例

特色农业发展对于增加农民收入、改进农业产业结构、促进农村经济增长具有非常重要的现实意义。近些年来青岛的特色农业有了一定程度的发展,已具有了初步的可持续的发展基础,但存在的问题也是不容忽视的,如特色农业的规模经营模式还未形成、缺乏产业化生产的社会分工、协作等。文章对上述问题进行了分析并对青岛市的特色农业进行了重点区域的规划,最后提出了相应的对策建议。     

The E. coli BtuCD structure: a framework for ABC transporter architecture and mechanism

The ABC transporters are ubiquitous membrane proteins that couple adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to the translocation of diverse substrates across cell membranes. Clinically relevant examples are associated with cystic fibrosis and with multidrug resistance of pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells. Here, we report the crystal structure at 3.2 angstrom resolution of the Escherichia coli BtuCD protein, an ABC transporter mediating vitamin B12 uptake. The two ATP-binding cassettes (BtuD) are in close contact with each other, as are the two membrane-spanning subunits (BtuC); this arrangement is distinct from that observed for the E. coli lipid flippase MsbA. The BtuC subunits provide 20 transmembrane helices grouped around a translocation pathway that is closed to the cytoplasm by a gate region whereas the dimer arrangement of the BtuD subunits resembles the ATP-bound form of the Rad50 DNA repair enzyme. A prominent cytoplasmic loop of BtuC forms the contact region with the ATP-binding cassette and appears to represent a conserved motif among the ABC transporters.     

黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成及其影响因素研究进展

根据国内外相关研究结果,综述了黄瓜果实表面蜡粉及其形成机制、影响蜡粉形成的因素以及嫁接对蜡粉形成的影响。黄瓜果实表面的蜡粉是由4～8个无核细胞组成且表面硅化的球状体,蜡粉形成过程有硅参与,蜡粉的有无或多少受一对主效基因控制,同时可能存在与之相关的修饰基因。温度、湿度、光照等环境因素以及嫁接砧木均对蜡粉形成有显著影响,砧木可能通过改变嫁接黄瓜的硅吸收特性而影响蜡粉的形成。     

Geographic variation in the molluscan recovery from the end-cretaceous extinction

Biotic recovery patterns after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction differ among the molluscan faunas of the North American Gulf Coast, northern Europe, northern Africa, and Pakistan and northern India. In contrast to the Gulf Coast, the other three regions lack a rapid expansion and decline of "bloom taxa" and have lower proportions of invaders early in the recovery phase. The anomalous Gulf Coast patterns, distinct from extratropical Europe and the tropical regions, provide evidence for the biogeographic and macroevolutionary complexity of biotic recoveries and may have implications for present-day biotas.     

The predictive value of changes in effective connectivity for human learning

During learning, neural responses decrease over repeated exposure to identical stimuli. This repetition suppression is thought to reflect a progressive optimization of neuronal responses elicited by the task. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the neural basis of associative learning of visual objects and their locations. As expected, activation in specialized cortical areas decreased with time. However, with path analysis it was shown that, in parallel to this adaptation, increases in effective connectivity occurred between distinct cortical systems specialized for spatial and object processing. The time course of these plastic changes was highly correlated with individual learning performance, suggesting that interactions between brain areas underlie associative learning.     

Fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells give rise to distinct T cell lineages in humans

Although the mammalian immune system is generally thought to develop in a linear fashion, findings in avian and murine species argue instead for the developmentally ordered appearance (or "layering") of distinct hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that give rise to distinct lymphocyte lineages at different stages of development. Here we provide evidence of an analogous layered immune system in humans. Our results suggest that fetal and adult T cells are distinct populations that arise from different populations of HSCs that are present at different stages of development. We also provide evidence that the fetal T cell lineage is biased toward immune tolerance. These observations offer a mechanistic explanation for the tolerogenic properties of the developing fetus and for variable degrees of immune responsiveness at birth.     

光温敏核不育系广占63S开花习性观察

对广占 63S开花习性观察表明 :其单株花期 12d ,盛花期集中在始穗后的 3～ 6d ,11:0 1～ 15 :0 0为盛花时段 ,最高盛花时为12 :0 1～ 13 :0 0 ,占全天花量的 2 3 .3 6% ,午前花为全天花量的 3 4.78% ;单株喷施“92 0”能明显缩短花期 1～ 2d ,盛花期提早近 2d ;喷“92 0”单穗花期为 7.3d ,较未喷“92 0”单穗提早 1.6d ;而喷“92 0”后的 1天 11:0 1～ 12 :0 0为盛花时 ,占全天开花总量的 2 1% ,午前花总量占全天花量的 65 .3 2 %。广占 63S对激素“92 0”较敏感。     

国内外蓝绿藻应急响应预案的比较分析

近年来,蓝绿藻暴发问题在我国水体中频频出现,各地已经出现了针对该事件的应急响应预案。澳大利亚及美国在蓝绿藻暴发事件的应急响应方面具有多年丰富的经验。以澳大利亚Coliban地区、美国弗吉尼亚州、无锡太湖、安徽巢湖的蓝绿藻暴发应急响应预案为例,分析了国内外应急响应预案的差异,并得到完善我国蓝绿藻应急响应预案的几点启示。并提出在编制蓝绿藻暴发应急响应预案时,要完善相关应急预案的内容、重视公众信息的发布、设立专项法规、加强相关科研成果在应急预案中的应用及加强应急预案的教育作用。