饲料营养因素对牛乳中乳脂率的影响

牛乳具有特殊的营养价值，它是由水、乳蛋白质、乳脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、磷脂、维生素、酶类免疫体、色素及一些其它微量成分构成的复杂的胶体系。牛乳的乳成分受多种因素影响，概括起来主要包括遗传因素、饲料因素、产犊季节、挤奶次数、疾病与药物等。虽然其遗传特性较为稳定。但是日粮因素的某些变化也会对乳成分产生影响。本文综述了近年来有关饲料对牛乳中乳脂率影响的研究，以探讨饲料营养对乳脂率的影响。     

提高奶牛业经济效益的技术措施

<正>1饲养管理乳量和乳成分是影响奶牛业经济效益的主要指标,而影响奶牛乳量和乳成分的因素除遗传因素外,增加干物质的采食量极其重要。要想增加干物质的采食量必须     

影响牛乳成分含量变化的因素

牛乳中各种成分含量受多种因素的影响,这些因素包括遗传、营养、环境、年龄、胎次、泌乳期、健康状况等。了解和调控这些因素有利于获得优质牛乳,对于合理安排乳品厂生产,及时调整工艺流程和产品结构,保证产品质量,都有重大意义。该文综述了影响牛乳成分含量的因素及其研究进展。     

动物营养与牛乳品质

牛乳具有特殊的营养价值,它是由水份、乳蛋白、乳脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、磷脂、维生素、酶类、免疫体、色素及一些其它微量成分构成的复杂的胶体系。乳成分的遗传特性较为稳定。一般来说,如果乳牛的饲料供给与饲养管理不当,不会使乳质特别是乳成分发生变化,却容易使乳产量发生变化。但是饲料中某些因素的变化也会对乳质产生影响,本文就饲料对牛乳中各种成分变化的影响作一综述。     

饲料营养对牛乳中乳脂含量的影响

牛乳具有特殊的营养价值,它是由水、乳蛋白质、乳脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、磷脂、维生素、酶类、免疫体、色素及一些其它微量成分构成的复杂的胶体系.乳成分的遗传特性较为稳定,但是饲料中某些因素的变化也会对乳脂产生影响.本文综述了近年来有关饲料对牛乳中乳脂含量影响的研究,以探讨饲料营养对乳脂含量的影响.     

牛乳热稳定性影响因素的研究进展

牛乳的热稳定性是评定乳制品生产工艺合理性和生产质量的重要指标,主要影响因素来自乳成分的改变,如pH、无机盐、乳蛋白及其多态性、非蛋白氮、乳脂、乳糖和体细胞等.本文详细概述了影响牛乳热稳定性的相关因素以及作用机理,以期为乳制品加工中有效控制影响牛乳热稳定性的因素,提高生产效率提供依据和参考.     

饲料对牛乳品质的影响

饲料对牛乳品质的影响中国科学院上海动物中心张德福牛乳具有特殊的营养价值，它是由水分、乳蛋白质、乳脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、磷脂、维生素、酶类、免疫体、色素及一些其它微量成分构成的复杂的胶体系。乳成分的遗传特性较为稳定。一般来说，如果乳牛的饲料供给和饲养管理...     

饲料营养对牛奶主要成分的影响

奶产量和牛乳成分受许多因素的影响，除遗传、生理、环境控制及饲养方式外，奶牛日粮的营养素含量是调控乳成分的决定因素，主要包括日粮精粗比、能量、蛋白质、脂肪及干物质采食量。调控牛乳成分时，各成分问有互作效应，在生产实践中，当生产者使用某种饲料原料或改变某种营养成分的浓度时，在提高牛奶中某～指标含量的同时往往会降低另一指标的含量。因而系统地研究这些因素并综合调控是很重要的。     

掺假牛乳的市场检验

影响牛乳成分组成的因素很多,归纳起来,有牛的品种、个体、饲养管理、年龄、胎次、泌乳期、季节、温度及健康状况等。乳汁是不断进行组分变化的流体,乳成分含量的变化,不仅直接关系到乳品厂加工技术的调整,而且关系到乳制品的产量和质量。因此,了解和掌握其变化规律和影响因素,     

饲料对畜禽产品品质的影响：饲料与牛乳的品质

牛乳具有特殊的营养价值,它是由水分、乳蛋白质、乳脂肪、乳糖、无机盐、磷脂、维生素、酶类、免疫体、色素及一些其它微量成分构成的复杂的胶体系。乳成分的遗传属性,比较稳定。但品种、胎次、饲料、饲养管理条件、运动、挤奶方法和时间以及个体健康状况等都可影响牛奶成分发生变化,尤其饲粮组成的改变,常使乳成分发生较明显的变化,进而影响乳的品质。     

Diet-induced milk fat depression: Association with changes in milk fatty acid composition and fluidity of milk fat

This experiment was designed to examine changes in milk fatty acids during fish oil-induced milk fat depression (MFD) and to test the theory that these changes are related to milk fat fluidity. The experiment was divided into three periods: 1) Baseline: all cows (n = 12) received a high fiber diet without fish oil (FO) for 12 days; 2) Treatment: 4 cows/group received the following treatments for 21 days: a) Low fiber diet without FO (LF), b) High fiber diet + FO (HF + FO) and c) Low fiber diet + FO (LF + FO); 3) Post-treatment: cows returned to the baseline diet and were monitored for 12 days. FO was included at 1.6% DM and HF and LF diets had 40 and 26% NDF, respectively. Milk fat content and yield were unchanged by the LF diet, but were reduced by FO diets at both dietary fiber levels and recovered in the post-treatment period. FO diets caused a pronounced reduction in stearic and oleic acid concentrations in milk fat and an equally pronounced increase in trans-18:1 fatty acid concentrations. Milk fat mean melting point (MMP) was correlated with MFD (r = 0.73) and with milk oleic acid concentration (r = − 0.92). The ratio of oleic:stearic in milk fat increased gradually and consistently in response to FO. Trans-C18:1 isomers with double bounds at carbon ≤ 10 increased with greater MFD and those with double bonds at carbon ≥ 11 decreased with greater MFD. Trans-9 cis-11 CLA explained more than 80% of MFD and was strongly correlated with trans-10 C18:1. Maintenance of MMP below 39–40 °C suggests that the mammary gland was able to secrete only milk fat with adequate fluidity and that MFD could be an adaptation mechanism to prevent secretion of milk with higher MMP.     

Dimensional analysis of milk fat globules in sow milk: effects of the lactation stage and fat content and comparison with vaccine milk

To assess the differences in the granulometry of milk fat globules between swine and bovine species, milk samples from 30 lactating sows were analyzed for fat globule dimensions and compared with cow milk samples. Results showed differences between the fat globules: sow milk presents reduced globule diameters compared with cow milk (volume-weighted diameter 2.62 vs. 3.27 µm, p < 0.001) and reduced interglobular distance. A positive relationship was observed between milk fat content and globule diameter, while a slight, insignificant inverse trend was detected between the day of lactation and fat globule diameter. These complex interactions between milk lipids, globule membrane proteins, and globule dimensions provide a better understanding of digestion/absorption phenomena in the design of milk replacers.

     

奶牛乳脂形成的调控措施及其机理

乳脂是乳中的主要营养成分,也是衡量乳品质优劣的重要指标。乳脂与人类的健康有着密切的关系。文章对乳脂的功能、不同奶畜乳脂含量、乳脂的调控研究、以及不同杀菌强度对乳脂的影响等方面进行综述,对乳脂在未来进一步研究做了展望。     

奶牛瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对乳脂率的影响

乳脂肪对于人类的健康有着重要的生理作用,乳脂率的高低决定牛乳的品质、风味和营养价值,所以乳脂率对牛乳品质十分关键。奶牛乳脂率的高低受到多种因素的影响,如何提高奶牛乳脂率一直是行业研究的热点。大量研究表明,瘤胃微生物及其代谢产物与乳脂合成关键酶基因对奶牛乳脂率的高低具有重要调控作用。文章就瘤胃微生物及其代谢物与乳脂合成关键酶基因如何影响奶牛乳脂率的研究进行综述,为进一步探索乳脂合成机制,进而改善奶牛乳脂率提供新的思路。     

Challenges in enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.     

Challenges in enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids

Milk fatty acid composition is determined by several factors including diet. The milk fatty acid profile of dairy cows is low in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially those of the n-3 series. Efforts to change and influence fatty acid profile with longer chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have proven challenging. Several barriers prevent easy transfer of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids to milk fat including rumen biohydrogenation and fatty acid esterification. The potential for cellular uptake and differences in fatty acid incorporation into milk fat might also have an effect, though this has received less research effort. Given physiological impediments to enriching milk fat with polyunsaturated fatty acids, manipulating the genome of the cow might provide a greater increase than diet alone, but this too may be challenged by the physiology of the cow.     

IGF-Ⅰ对奶牛乳腺上皮细胞合成乳脂、乳蛋白的影响

分离培养奶牛乳腺上皮细胞,添加不同质量浓度的IGF-Ⅰ（insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ）（0,10,100,200μg/L）刺激24h后,提取细胞总RNA,用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测β-酪蛋白（CSN2）和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α（ACA-CA）基因的转录水平变化。结果显示,IGF-Ⅰ能够显著促进CSN2和ACACA基因的转录,并且具有浓度依赖性。结果表明,IGF-Ⅰ可作为信号分子调节乳腺的泌乳功能。     

Influence of feed mixtures supplemented with animal fat on milk yield and milk composition]

Animal fat was administered in fat-supplemented mixtures of concentrates in amounts varying from 0%, 5%, to 10%. The trials were carried out on 12 dairy cows. The best results were obtained with mixed concentrates containing 5% of animal fat. Animals on these food rations produced 6.75% more milk (expressed in units of fat-corrected milk (FCM) and 9.87% more milk fat. Additions of animal fat affected the composition of milk fat in such a way that the milk contained smaller portions of short-chain fatty acids and higher proportions of stearic and oleic acid.     

Effects of induced subacute ruminal acidosis on milk fat content and milk fatty acid profile

Two lactating dairy cows fitted with a rumen cannula received successively diets containing 0%, 20%, 34% and again 0% of wheat on a dry matter basis. After 5, 10 and 11 days, ruminal pH was measured between 8:00 and 16:00 hours, and milk was analysed for fat content and fatty acid profile. Diets with 20% and 34% wheat induced a marginal and a severe subacute ruminal acidosis respectively. After 11 days, diets with wheat strongly reduced the milk yield and milk fat content, increased the proportions of C8:0 to C13:0 even- or odd-chain fatty acids, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 fatty acids but decreased the proportions of C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 fatty acids. Wheat also increased the proportions of trans-5 to trans-10 C18:1, the latter exhibiting a 10-fold increase with 34% of wheat compared with value during the initial 0% wheat period. There was also an increase of trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 fatty acid and a decrease of trans-11 to trans-16 C18:1 fatty acids. The evolution during adaptation or after return to a 0% wheat diet was rapid for pH but much slower for the fatty acid profile. The mean ruminal pH was closely related to milk fat content, the proportion of odd-chain fatty acids (linear relationship) and the ratio of trans-10 C18:1/trans-11 C18:1 (nonlinear relationship). Such changes in fatty acid profile suggested a possible use for non-invasive diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis.