沙芥生长发育及种子产量形成与播种期关系的研究

在1998-2002年预备试验的基础上,于2003-2004年期间研究了不同播期对沙芥生长发育及种子产量的影响。试验采用直播法,每隔15 d播种1次,共12个播种期。结果表明:沙芥从播种至出苗需7~18 d,种子发芽出土的活动起始温度为12.56℃,有效积温为69.07℃;各播种期株高、总叶片数、株展、茎粗、一级分枝数、返青率、种子产量均随播种期推后而降低,且播种过晚,翌年才出苗;一年生植株安全越冬且翌年能抽薹开花的日历苗龄为59 d以上,植株形态指标为株高9.6 cm,株展为15.5 cm,平均叶片数为5.8片,茎粗为0.8 cm以上;二年生植株生长势、种子产量与一年生苗生长势呈正相关,返青后二年生植株的生育进程基本相同,其全生育期分为营养生长期、休眠期、生殖生长期。沙芥在内蒙古呼和浩特地区的栽培或采种的春季适宜播期是5月中旬,寄子栽培可以在10月上旬播种。研究确定了人工栽培条件的适宜播种期,掌握了越冬的最小苗龄,为沙芥人工栽培及繁育技术的研究奠定了基础。     

The Interaction of Sowing Date and Water Availability in Determining Plant Architecture, Fruiting Pattern and Yield Components of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

A 2-year trial has been carried out in northern Italy on soybean (cv. Hodgson) grown in lysimeters, comparing three soil water regimes (well-watered conditions and water stress during vegetative and reproductive stages) at two sowing dates. Plant evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were calculated from volumes of water independently supplied to eight lysimeter layers; at harvest, plant architecture, yield components and fruit distribution along the main stem and lateral branches were evaluated.
Although water stress intensity was not severe, crop evapotranspiration and water uptake depth were severely restricted by water shortage. Both low water-availability and late sowing significantly modified the architecture of plants, decreasing total height, number and length of internodes and lateral branches. Seed allocation along the stem was shifted downwards both by delaying the sowing date and by reducing the water supply; the component most responsible for yield decrease was the number of pods per plant, while unit seed weight was only slightly affected by water stress. Grain yield reduction was higher when water availability was inadequate during the reproductive phase in the early-sown crop and during the vegetative stage in the late-sown crop. This suggests that the intensity of the water shortage, plant phenological stage of stress application, as well as the date of stress application within the growing season determine the yield response of soybean.     

播期对华北平原雨养夏玉米产量形成与资源利用效率的影响

以京农科728（JNK728）和郑单958（ZD958）为材料,设置6月6日（SD1）、6月11日（SD2）、6月16日（SD3）、6月20日（SD4）和6月26日（SD5）5个播期,研究播期对雨养夏玉米产量形成及资源利用效率的影响。结果表明,随播期推迟,雨养夏玉米灌浆期和总生育期逐渐延长;2个品种平均叶面积指数（LAI）和干物质积累总量（DM）均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在SD2和SD3播期吐丝期LAI最高,SD2吐丝期DM显著高于SD1、SD4和SD5处理,SD2和SD3处理收获期DM显著高于SD4和SD5处理。随播期的推迟,雨养夏玉米穗粒数和行粒数先升高后降低,穗行数逐渐减少,千粒重逐渐升高,2个品种平均产量在SD2和SD3最高,分别为9.84×10³和9.51×10³kg/hm²,SD5最低,仅为8.04×10³kg/hm²,SD5比SD1~SD4产量分别降低9.53%、22.44%、18.36%和15.00%;JNK728比ZD958增产9.19%。灌浆期和全生育期内温度和光辐射量与穗粒数呈显著正相关,但抑制了籽粒灌浆,与千粒重呈负相关,因此雨养夏玉米产量随灌浆期和全生育期内温度升高和光辐射量增加而提高。SD1~SD4光能和降水生产效率比SD5分别提高4.9%~17.6%和13.6%~26.8%,SD2~SD5积温生产效率比SD1提高2.8%~13.3%。综上所述,播期可调控雨养夏玉米的生长发育进程、LAI、干物质积累与分配以及产量,提高资源利用效率,华北平原雨养夏玉米选用抗旱性强品种（JNK728）在6月11日-15日播种,产量可以突破9.5×10³kg/hm²。     

Competition, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)

This paper reviews current knowledge regarding the influence of plant density on the growth and yield of the faba bean crop (Vicia faba L.). An analysis is also made of sowing rate and other factors that may modify optimum plant density, including environmental conditions; in this sense, should be made a differentiation between faba crops grown in temperate conditions and those grown in Mediterranean and semi-arid conditions. The genotype also prompts variations in optimum plant density, depending on the botanical type (mayor, equina or minor) and the growth habit (determinate versus indeterminate) of the cultivar selected. Sowing date also influences optimum seeding rate, which is lower for autumn–winter sowing under temperate and Mediterranean conditions and increases as the sowing date is delayed. For the spring-sown crops typical of temperate conditions, optimum plant density will be higher due to the shorter growing season. With a longer growing season and under optimum environmental conditions, there is normally no additional response to densities over 20 plants m⁻², while in suboptimal conditions, optimum plant density may increase to over 60 plants m⁻². Although the faba bean crop displays considerable plasticity in response to variations in plant density, mainly with regard to number of pods per square meter, it is not wholly clear to which component of yield this should really be ascribed. Number of stems per plant appears to be the most influential factor, although further research is required to confirm this.     

播期和密度对云南冬播燕麦主要经济性状及产量的影响

为探知云南冬燕麦的适宜播期和种植密度,以白燕15号、坝莜6号和远杂2号3个不同生育期的燕麦品种为材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了3个播期和3个种植密度对云南冬播燕麦主要经济性状和产量的影响。结果表明：播期对白燕15号和坝莜6号两品种的主穗小穗数、穗轮层数影响显著(p﹤0.05),对3个供试材料其余的经济性状影响不显著(p﹥0.05);密度对3个供试材料的单株分蘖数和单株有效分蘖数影响显著(p﹤0.05),对其余的经济性状影响不显著(p﹥0.05)。产量结果显示：白燕15号适宜播期为10月29日,密度为64万株.hm-2;坝莜6号适宜播期为10月14日,密度为64万株.hm-2;远杂2号宜适宜播期为10月14日,密度为48万株.hm-2。     

播期对白燕7号在黑龙江省中西部地区产量的影响

为探究播期对皮燕麦生长特性和产量的影响,设置6个播种时期,研究了不同播期对皮燕麦品种白燕7号生育进程、形态指标、光合特性等指标的影响,分析了不同播期处理气候因子和皮燕麦生长的相关性。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,皮燕麦的生育期缩短,分蘖数先减少后增加,株高逐渐升高;光合性能降低、叶面积指数在营养生长期逐渐升高,在生殖生长期则相对降低;各阶段光合势总体呈降低趋势;收获穗数、千粒重、穗粒数显著减少,子粒产量呈下降趋势。气候因素中日照时数对子粒产量影响最大。在其他因子不变的情况下,积温每增加1℃,子粒产量减少1.158kg/hm ²;降雨量每增加1mm,子粒产量减少0.738kg/hm ²;日照时数每增加1h,子粒产量增加24.101kg/hm ²。为获得子粒高产,黑龙江省大庆地区皮燕麦播种日期选择在4月13日前后为宜。     

山东小麦灌水和播期对高产节水的影响

摘 要：山东鲁西北地区小麦生产中灌溉水次数和播期是影响小麦产量的主要因素,而区域灌溉水资源比较缺乏,为了使有限资源充分增产小麦产量,设计并进行小麦灌水次数和小麦播期的研究。试验采取3个播期和5个灌水模式设计,5年的定位试验。结果表明：播期对小麦产量和水分利用效率影响不显著,灌水是影响小麦产量的主要因素。灌水3次产量最高,灌水2次产量次之,灌水1次产量最低;灌水量越灌水多,水分利用效率越低;综合产量和水分利用效率效果,建议冬小麦灌水3次（枯水年）或2次（丰水年）。     

播期与接茬方式对夏玉米羧化酶活性及产量的影响

旨为明确播期和接茬方式对夏玉米羧化酶活性及产量的影响,同时为确定夏玉米与小麦的适宜接茬方式和播种期提供研究依据。2008,2009年进行了4个播期的夏玉米田间试验,6月1,6,11日为"三密一稀"种植的麦田中套种,6月16日为15 cm等行距小麦收获后平播,分别用S06-01、S06-06、S06-11、S06-16表示。生育期间测定羧化酶活性。结果表明,随播期推迟,夏玉米基部第1~4叶的Ru BPCase和PEPCase活性增强,PEPC/Ru BPC比值减小。棒3叶PEPCase活性随生育进程呈单峰变化,播期早的叶片展开虽早,PEPCase活性高峰出现也早,但后期下降幅度也较大,以致不同处理棒3叶生育期间PEPCase活性的平均值差异并不显著。随播期推迟,棒3叶同叶位叶片光合势与叶源量有减小的趋势,玉米成穗数有增加趋势。千粒质量变化与灌浆期温度密切相关而与播期关系不大,最终产量以S06-16处理较高。处理间经济系数也以S06-16最高或较高,说明产量形成不仅与光合物质生产能力有关,还与光合物质有效转运相关。综上可见,夏玉米平播既保证与套种相同或较高的产量,又便于小麦玉米生产的全程机械化,是较适宜的接茬方式。但为避开集中平播后的浇水高峰,在不早于小麦收获前9 d(6月6日以后)套播,可为夏收夏种期间的农事操作提供较为充足的时间。     

Effects of S1-recurrent selection for protein yield on seven agronomic traits of oat

Summary Three S₁-recurrent selection programs (designated HG, HP, and HGP) for increasing protein yield of oat (Avena sativa L.) were conducted for five cycles of selection. The selection criteria in each program (line of descent) emphasized different components of protein yield; high grain yield in HG, both high protein concentration of the groats (caryopsis) and high grain yield in HP, and high protein yield per se in HGP. Heading date and height were restricted to no net change. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomic performance of these three lines of descent and the correlated responses in agronomic traits due to selection. Thirty to sixty random S₀-derived lines from each cycle and ten check lines were grown in hill-plot experiments at two locations in 1989. Grain yield increased in all three lines of descent; HG showed the greatest rate of gain followed by HGP and then HP (0.20, 0.10, and 0.07 Mg ha^-1 per cycle, respectively). Test weight decreased in HGP by 2.6 kg m^-3 per cycle and in HP by 4.0 kg m^-3 per cycle, but remained constant in HG. Cycle 5 (C₅) means for straw yield, height, and seed weight were not significantly different from the C₀ means for any line of descent. Groat percent remained unchanged in HGP, increased from 70.1 to 71.7% in HG, and decreased from 69.9 to 67.6% in HP. Heading date decreased by 3 d in HG and HGP, but remained unchanged in HP. HG compares most favorably with commercial cultivars because of its high yield and acceptable agronomic traits, while HP tends to be low in test weight, seed weight, and groat percent.Abbreviations BM- above ground biomass - GP- groat (caryopsis) percent, fraction of average seed weight that is groat rather than hulls - GPC- groat-protein concentration - GPY- groat-protein yield - GTY- groat yield - GY- grain yield - HD- heading date - HG- selection for protein yield through high grain yield - HGP- selection for protein yield per se - HP- selection for protein yield through high grain yield and high groat-protein concentration - HT- height - PY- protein yield - SDWT- seed weight - SY- straw yield - TWT- test weight     

播期播量对不同穗型冬小麦群体及子粒产量的影响

为明确不同播期播量处理对两种穗型小麦群体结构和产量构成要素的影响,以大穗型品种山农23号和多穗型品种济麦22为材料,研究了小麦群体动态、花后叶面积指数、子粒灌浆进程及产量构成要素的变化规律。结果表明,10月10日播期处理有利于两个品种小麦群体的构建,延迟播期后,即使增大播量也不能获得高产。山农23号在延迟播期后,有效叶面积减少,子粒灌浆速率减慢,单位面积穗数和穗粒数降低,差异显著,加大播量后,穗粒数减少,千粒重降低;济麦22延迟播期后单位面积穗数和千粒重下降,加大播量后,单位面积穗数不升反降,花后叶片衰老加剧。本试验条件下,两个品种的最适播期均为10月10日,山农23号的适宜播量为180kg/hm ²,济麦22的适宜播量为105kg/hm ²。     

Agronomic performance and genetic progress of selected historical soybean varieties in the southern USA

This study was conducted to compare recently developed and historical soybean varieties and evaluate genetic gain in yield and other agronomic traits in the southern USA. A total of 45 southern varieties from public breeding programs, which were released from 1928 to 2008, were used in this study. Three experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Keiser, Stuttgart, and Marianna in Arkansas (USA). Varieties with maturity groups (MG) late IV to early V had a yield gain of 21.7 kg/ha/yr from the 1950s to the 2000s, mid to late MG V had a yield gain of 16.4 kg/ha/yr from the 1940s to the 2000s, and MG VIs had a yield gain of 12.4 kg/ha/yr from the 1920s to the 2000s. Yield increased linearly for all combined experiments by 16.8 kg/ha/yr. Plant height remained steady over time for most experiments. No significant changes were observed in maturity. Lodging scores decreased, protein concentration decreased, and oil concentration increased linearly over time for all combined experiments. Hutcheson, Narrow, R97‐1634, and Young were recommended as parent lines in future soybean breeding efforts.     

水稻颖花分化与退化的动态特征

研究了田间条件下水稻颖花分化与退化的动态模式及品种、播期和施氮水平的影响。结果表明,按幼穗各类原基数的增长动态,幼穗发育可分为一次枝梗分化期、二次枝梗与颖花同步分化期、颖花退化期3个阶段,可用Logistic方程和线性方程分别描述原基分化和退化随生长度日的变化动态。早播增加了分化颖花数,以大穗型品种尤为显著     

春夏不同播期玉米籽粒镉积累差异

本研究以34个玉米品种为材料,在湖南长沙和湘潭两地镉污染农田设置2个播期处理开展大田试验,探讨春、夏不同播期玉米品种籽粒镉积累差异.结果表明,播期对玉米籽粒镉含量有显著影响,春播镉含量高于夏播.不同玉米品种间籽粒镉含量差异显著,表现出广泛的遗传变异,变异系数大于100％,且广义遗传力可达85％.相关性分析结果表明,土壤...     

播期对山旱地区紫苏产量及品质的影响

研究了甘肃山旱地区不同播期对紫苏生长发育、产量和品质的影响,结果表明,随着播期的推迟,紫苏花期和生育期缩短,单株分枝数、单株穗数、千粒重、单株产量及单位面积产量先升高再降低;紫苏子粒含油量、蛋白质含量随播期的延后呈下降趋势。在甘肃天水海拔1 600m左右的山旱地区,紫苏的适宜播期为4月9日左右。     

不同播期和播种量对冬小麦生长特征和产量的影响

为研究播期和播种量对冬小麦生长和产量的影响,设置3个播期和3个播种量,研究小麦干物质积累转运、叶面积和群体光能截获以及产量的变化特征。结果表明,随播期的推迟,干物质积累量降低,每推迟1个播期,干物质积累降低0.13~0.37t/hm²,花前干物质转运量随播期的推迟呈降低趋势,随播种量增加而增加。花后光合同化物积累量则随播期的推迟呈先升高后降低的趋势,随播种量的增加逐渐降低。光能利用率随播期推迟和播种量增加均呈先增加后减小的趋势。在10月4日播种,播种量160kg/hm²时,花后干物质同化物较多,光能利用率达到最大值,2年平均产量达到最大值,为8257.84kg/hm²,是适合当地的播期和播种量种植组合。     

基于播期的温度变化对豫南粳稻播始历期和灌浆成熟期的影响

为了探索温度变化对豫南粳稻播始历期（从播种到始穗所需要的天数）和灌浆成熟期的影响,以生产上引进应用的5个品种为试验材料,于2011-2012年进行分期播种试验,探索了播期及基于播期的温度变化对参试品种生育特性的影响。研究结果表明,播始历期温度随着播种期推迟而升高,接近水稻生物学最适温度,灌浆成熟期温度随播期推迟显著降低。随着播种期推迟,播始历期缩短,灌浆成熟期延长。利用改进的水稻发育温度效应的非线性模型进行播始历期模拟,参试品种均有不同程度的感温性,感温性宁粳3号>9优418>南粳44>郑稻18>隆优1875。9优418、南粳44、宁粳3号和隆优1875灌浆成熟期长短与平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈极显著负相关,郑稻18与平均气温呈显著负相关,与温差呈显著正相关。隆优1875灌浆成熟期对低温敏感,21℃以下灌浆成熟期显著延长,郑稻18灌浆速度快,对低温钝感。综合考虑,播始历期和灌浆成熟期受气温影响,为安全起见,将隆优1875播种期安排在5月10日前,郑稻18播种期安排在5月下旬,而宁粳3号、南粳44和9优418,播种期安排在5月15日前后。     

种植时间对甘肃引黄灌区红花生长发育、品质及产量的影响

为明确红花在甘肃引黄灌区的适宜种植时间，以云红7号、YM18-6和大红袍3个品种为试验材料，设置4个种植时间（3月16日、3月26日、4月6日、4月15日），研究不同种植时间对红花生育期、农艺性状、花丝和籽粒产量及品质的影响。结果表明，随着种植时间的推迟，播种至出苗、出苗至现蕾阶段生育期显著缩短，全生育期也随之缩短；种植时间对红花农艺性状、产量及品质性状的影响均占主导地位，大多数性状随种植时间推迟呈先升后降的趋势，且在4月6日种植达到最高，3月26日达到次高，与其他种植时间差异显著；红花农艺性状与产量、品质存在着一定的相关性。适期种植可实现红花营养生长和生殖生长合理过渡，促使其充分利用光热资源，更加优质高产。甘肃引黄灌区红花适宜播种时间在3月26日至4月6日。     

不同降水年型下水氮调控对小麦产量及生物量的影响

水和氮是影响西北黄土高原雨养农业区粮食生产的主要因素,但其增产效应受降水年型影响明显。本水氮调控试验利用APSIM模型在甘肃省定西市安定区1971—2018年气象数据,分析了不同降水年型下水氮管理对小麦产量和生物量的变异系数、可持续性指数的影响,明确了各年型产量与施氮量、降水量之间的关系。结果表明,模型模拟的小麦产量和生物量的决定系数R2均在0.90以上,一致性指标D均在0.95以上,归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)均在15%以下,表明该模型在研究区具有较好的模型拟合度和适应性。通过二元二次回归方程探讨了其最优产量下的水氮优化组合,在当年年降水总量的基础上,干旱年小麦达潜在最优产量时(3492.6kghm–2),降水需增加39.73%,应施氮182.73 kg hm–2;平水年小麦达潜在最优产量时(4514.5 kg hm–2),降水需增加45.26%,应施氮208.26 kg hm–2;湿润年小麦达潜在最优产量时(4890.3 kg hm–2),降水需增加46.31%,应施氮211.15 kg hm–2。研究结果可为研究区不同降水年型下缓解小麦干旱和养分胁迫,节约化肥资源和农业可持续性发展提供理论依据。     

密度与播期对晋西旱作玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

为了研究不同玉米品种在晋西旱作条件下的最佳栽培模式,采用3因素随机区组设计,对3个耐密型品种在4个种植密度和3个播期下的农艺性状及产量的数值差异进行比较研究。结果表明,密度对3个品种的最大叶面积指数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量的影响达显著或极显著水平,对株高、穗位高的影响不显著;播期对株高、穗位高、最大叶面积指数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量的影响达显著或极显著水平,主要农艺性状之间的交互作用共同影响并且决定了玉米产量。综合分析可知‘：先玉335’和‘大丰30’在67500株/hm²和5月中旬处理组合下产量最高,分别为13914.17kg/hm²、13487.67kg/hm²‘;福盛园55’在75000株/hm²和4月下旬处理组合下,产量最高为16114.37kg/hm²,本研究为3个玉米品种在本地区获得高产提供了一定的技术支撑。     

玉米大豆播期衔接对间作大豆干物质积累及产量的影响

为完善玉米/大豆间作的播期衔接技术,在西南地区寻求合适的玉米、大豆播期。试验在田间采用二因素裂区设计,以玉米/大豆间作模式下3个玉米播期:早播(A1:5月15日)、中播(A2:5月30日)、晚播(A3:6月14日)与3个大豆播期:早播(B1:5月30日)、中播(B2:6月14日)、晚播(B3:6月29日)为对象,研究不同玉米、大豆播期对大豆的干物质积累、器官分配比率及产量的影响。结果表明:大豆开花后作物生长率、单株干物质积累量、荚果分配率和产量均在玉米中播时最高,开花后作物生长率较玉米晚播时高出33.2%;在R4、R6生育时期,单株干物质积累量和大豆荚果分配比率分别比玉米晚播时高32.4%,17.9%和26.3%,23.9%;大豆产量较玉米晚播时高75.7%。玉米中播时衔接不同播期的大豆,其单株干物质积累量、荚果分配比率和产量均在大豆早播时最高,在R4、R6生育时期,大豆单株干物质积累量与荚果分配比率比大豆晚播时分别高195.4%,58.5%和33.9%,26.7%;大豆产量较大豆晚播时高出128.7%。在玉米/大豆间作下,玉米中播(5月30日)间作大豆早播(5月30日),即玉米大豆同时播种时,可提高大豆开花后作物生长率,增加单株干物质累积量、籽粒分配率和产量。