Nutrient seed priming improves seedling development of maize exposed to low root zone temperatures during early growth

Low root zone temperature (RZT) in early spring is a major constraint for maize production in Central and Northern Europe. Nutrient acquisition, nutrient uptake and particularly root growth are severely reduced at low RZT and the consequences of these growth depressions are frequently not completely compensated until final harvest. Perspectives to overcome these limitations by seed priming treatments with different micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn) were studied with maize seedlings exposed to low RZT (12 °C).Model experiments were performed in nutrient solution and soil culture using rhizo-boxes with root observation windows under green house conditions. To observe effects on final grain yield, additionally two field experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011. Nutrient seed priming resulted in a significant increase in seed contents of the respective nutrients, i.e. Fe (25%), Zn (500%) and Mn (800%). At low RZT, biomass production and total root length of maize plants were significantly increased after Fe and Zn + Mn priming treatments, both in nutrient solution and in rhizo-box culture. There was no prominent difference in shoot Fe, Zn, Mn and P concentrations but total shoot contents per plant were significantly increased after nutrient seed priming. Plant growth promotion and improved micronutrient status was detectable also under field conditions at 5 weeks after sowing. This offers perspectives for using micronutrient seed priming for improving early seedling development and plant nutrient status of maize under low temperature climatic conditions.     

施氮量对豫北冬小麦产量及子粒主要矿质元素含量的影响

以兰考矮早8、豫麦49-198和平安8号为材料,设置5个氮素水平（0、120、180、240、360kg/hm ²）,研究不同施氮量对豫北冬小麦子粒产量及其N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、B等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明：子粒中N与B（r=0.879）、N与Mg（r=0.858）、Mg与Zn（r=0.871）、Mg与B（r=0.877）含量间相关系数较高。施氮显著提高了子粒N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn、B含量,K、Mg含量受施氮量影响较小,但P和Mn含量明显下降。兰考矮早8子粒中各种矿质元素（除B外）含量明显高于平安8号,豫麦49-198介于二者之间。施氮在提高小麦子粒产量的同时降低了P/Ca、P/Mg、P/Fe和P/Zn的值,增强了Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn的生物有效性。此外,研究发现施氮量达到180kg/hm ²后,继续增施氮肥小麦产量难以提升。可见,合理的氮肥管理可以提高豫北地区冬小麦产量及子粒中微量元素的含量;过量施氮不仅难以提高子粒产量,还会降低子粒P和Mn的含量。     

源库调节对小麦不同品种籽粒微量元素及蛋白质含量的影响

为了解小麦籽粒微量营养元素含量的调控机制及其与籽粒重和蛋白质含量的关系, 以9个冬小麦品种为材料, 通过开花后减源(去叶、穗遮光)、减库(去50%小穗)处理, 分析了成熟籽粒中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu等微量元素含量与籽粒重、蛋白质含量变化及其相互关系, 并探讨了籽粒微营养素积累的源库调控作用。结果表明, 籽粒中Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、蛋白质含量和籽粒重均在品种间和源库处理间存在显著差异。去叶源不仅使籽粒重和籽粒蛋白质含量显著降低, 而且使籽粒Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu含量明显降低; 穗遮光使籽粒重显著降低, 蛋白质含量略有提高, 籽粒微量元素含量的变化因品种和元素类型而异, 总体趋势为Fe、Zn和Cu含量增加, Mn含量降低; 去小穗减少库, 使各品种剩余籽粒粒重略有增加, 而蛋白质含量提高, 籽粒Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu含量均较大幅度提高。籽粒Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu含量主要受各元素供源的限制, 不同元素受供源影响程度不同, 且与品种基因型有关。籽粒中4种微量元素含量之间及其与粒重和蛋白质含量之间具有一定的正相关性, 说明籽粒微量元素含量与籽粒重和蛋白质含量存在同步提高的可 能性。     

Dynamic change of mineral nutrient content in different plant organs during the grain filling stage in maize grown under contrasting nitrogen supply

The introduction of new hybrids and integrated crop-soil management has been causing maize grain yield to increase. However, less attention has been paid on the nutrient concentration of the grain; this aspect is of great importance to supplying calories and nutrients in the diets of both humans and animals worldwide. Increasing the retranslocation of nutrients from vegetative organs to grain can effectively increase the nutrient concentration of grain and general nutrient use efficiency. The present study involved monitoring the dynamic change of macro- and micronutrients in different organs of maize during the grain filling stage. In addition, the mobility of different elements and their contribution to grain nutrient content were evaluated in a 2-year experiment under low (LN, no N supplied) and high N (HN, 180 kg N ha⁻¹) supply. Under HN supply, the net remobilization efficiency (RE) of the vegetative organs as a whole (calculated as nutrient remobilization amount divided by nutrient content at silking) of N, P, K, Mn, and Zn were 44%, 60%, 13%, 15%, and 25%, respectively. The other nutrients (Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B) showed a net accumulation in the vegetative organs as a whole during the grain filling stage. Among the different organs, N, P, and Zn were remobilized more from the leaves (RE of 44%, 51% and 43%, respectively) and the stalks (including leaf sheaths and tassels) (RE of 48%, 71% and 43%, respectively). K was mainly remobilized from the leaves with RE of 51%. Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, and Cu were mostly remobilized from the stalks with the RE of 23%, 9%, 10%, 42%, and 28%, respectively. However, most of the remobilized Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were translocated to the husk and cob, which seemingly served as the buffer sink for these nutrients. The REs of all the nutrients except for P, K, and Zn were vulnerable to variations in conditions annually and were reduced when the grain yield and harvest index were lower in 2014 compared with 2013. Under LN stress, the RE was reduced in P and Zn in 2013, increased in Cu and unchanged in other nutrients. The concentration of these nutrients in the grain was either unchanged (P, K, Ca, Zn, and B) or decreased (N, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Cu). It is concluded that grain N, P, K, Mn, and Zn, but not Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, and B concentration, can be improved by increasing their remobilization from vegetative organs. However, enhancing the senescence of maize plant via LN stress seems unable to increase grain mineral nutrient concentration. Genetic improvement aiming to increase nutrient remobilization should take into account the organ-specific remobilization pattern of the target nutrient.     

不同P-Zn配比对小麦幼苗微量元素营养的影响

采用了螯合-缓冲营养液培养方法对小麦进行了苗期培养试验,在3个P水平(0,0.6,3.0 mmol/L)和3个Zn水平(0,3,30 μmol/L)的完全组合下对小麦苗期生长及Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养进行了研究,旨在为小麦微肥施用提供理论依据.结果表明,P、Zn的正常供应促进了小麦生长,二者的缺乏与过量均会抑制小麦发育,且这种影响在冠部表现得更为明显.在小麦苗期,Zn与Cu的吸收存在明显的拮抗作用,但供Zn则促进了Zn和Cu的转运,而Mn转运则受到了抑制;过量供Zn时,大量Zn被转运到冠部,同时明显抑制了(Fe+Cu+Mn)的吸收总量;P的供应显著地抑制了Fe的吸收,但P的供应提高了Zn、Cu、Mn的转运率;P、Zn在对Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn间吸收竞争的影响中,Zn本身的影响要比P的影响更为明显,供Zn明显促进了小麦幼苗对Zn的吸收;在小麦幼苗冠部,Zn与Fe的竞争中,供P利于Zn的吸收,缺P则利于Fe的吸收;而Zn与Cu以及Zn与Mn间的竞争中,缺磷时利于Zn的吸收,供磷后则利于Cu和Mn的吸收.总之,小麦幼苗Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn营养中,P、Zn的不同配比会不同程度地改变Zn与Fe、Cu、Mn的协同或拮抗效应.     

控释肥对盛果期果园根域环境的影响

为了探讨苹果根域环境对控释肥的响应机制,从而为控释肥在果树上的应用提供理论依据。采用苹果专用控释肥和普通复合肥为试材,设计不同控释肥养分含量处理的方法,研究了控释肥对盛果期果园土壤有机质、pH和N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn等矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,施肥降低了果园土壤的pH和有机质含量,施用控释肥果园的pH要高于普通复合肥;施用控释肥明显增加了土壤碱解氮、Fe和Zn的含量,降低了速效磷、速效钾、土壤中交换性Ca、交换性Mg、Mn和Cu的含量。控释肥提高了土壤N的利用率,减轻了肥料流失对土壤的污染,有效改善了果树根域环境。     

灌溉制度对不同基因型燕麦籽粒植酸、蛋白质和矿质元素含量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了不同灌水时期、灌水次数和灌水量对两个不同类型燕麦品种内农大莜1号（Avena nuda L.）和白燕7号（A. sativa L.）籽粒产量及营养品质性状的影响。结果表明,内农大莜1号籽粒粗蛋白、总磷、钙、镁、锌、铁（P<0.01）和钾含量（P<0.05）高于白燕7号。不同灌水制度对植酸、总磷、蛋白质、钙、镁、钾、锌、铁和铜含量有显著影响,全生育期灌水3次（底墒+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量1 800 m3 hm^-2;或灌水4次（底墒+分蘖水+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量2 400 m3 hm^-2有利于燕麦籽粒产量和大多数品质性状的提高。大多数品质性状存在显著的品种×灌水互作效应。不同营养品质性状随灌水量变化规律不一致,并存在基因型差异。     

施硒对小麦籽粒硒富集、转化及蛋白质与矿质元素含量的影响

为研究小麦对外源硒的吸收、转化规律及施硒效应,于2012-2013和2013-2014年冬小麦生长季,通过叶面喷施亚硒酸钠溶液,分析了田间施用硒肥后小麦产量变化、籽粒中硒的富集和转化特征,不同施硒量与施硒时期对硒利用率、籽粒粗蛋白和矿质元素含量的影响。结果表明,施硒对小麦籽粒产量和千粒重无显著影响;籽粒中总硒和有机硒含量随施硒量增加而增大,且有机硒占总硒的比例稳定在78.5%~82.1%之间,相同施硒量条件下,灌浆前期的施用效果好于孕穗期;灌浆前期喷施150 g hm^–2纯硒,籽粒中总硒含量可达3101 μg kg^-1。小麦对硒的利用率在3.3%~19.0%之间,随施硒量的增加而降低,相同施硒量下,硒利用率以灌浆前期喷施最大,孕穗期喷施最小。施硒提高了籽粒中粗蛋白含量,促进了磷、铁、锰、锌4种元素及降低了钠在籽粒中的累积,对钾、镁、铜的含量影响不显著。     

硼锰钼配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和矿物质元素吸收的影响

采用叶面喷施的方法,研究了硼锰钼配施对紫花苜蓿草产量和矿质元素含量及产量的影响。结果表明：硼锰钼配施可以提高紫花苜蓿干草产量,其中以单施钼产量最高,硼钼配施次之,与CK处理相比分别增产约54.75%、40.34%。硼锰钼不同配施对紫花苜蓿矿质元素含量及产量的影响不同,硼锰钼配施降低了苜蓿铁、锰、锌含量,其中以硼钼配施降低效果最显著;施微肥可以提高苜蓿铜含量,其中以硼锰钼配施效果最好;而硼锰、硼钼配施可分别显著提高硼、钼含量。硼锰钼配施提高了紫花苜蓿矿质元素产量,其中单施硼显著提高了苜蓿铁、锰、锌产量,单施钼、硼锰、硼钼配施分别显著提高了苜蓿铜、硼、钼产量。     

梨树叶片营养状况的诊断与评价

研究湖北省利川市‘长十郎’梨树叶片营养状况,为科学施肥提供依据。采用叶片营养诊断和主成分分析的方法,2017—2018年对利川市‘长十郎’梨9个梨园的叶片营养状况进行营养诊断和评价。结果表明,‘长十郎’梨树叶片的Ca、K、Cu、Zn含量基本适宜,Mg、B、P含量偏低,Mn含量高;部分梨园叶片Fe含量缺乏,2017年梨园叶片整体N含量偏低。土壤酸化是造成利川市梨园叶片营养失衡的主要原因。在生产中应通过施用酸性土壤调理剂如生石灰、硼泥类等碱性肥料提高土壤pH,增施有机肥提高土壤有机质含量,并重视补充Mg、B、Fe等中微量元素,实现‘长十郎’梨的提质增效。主成分分析可将10个叶片营养指标简化为4个主成分,代表了82.512%的原始信息量。基于主成分分析建立了‘长十郎’梨叶片营养综合评价模型Z=0.278N+0.030P+0.250K-0.042Ca-0.133Mg+0.193Fe+0.193Mn+0.174Cu+0.177Zn-0.106B,可较好地应用于梨树叶片营养的综合评价。     

不同粒色小麦籽粒铁锌含量和生物有效性及其对氮磷肥的响应

明确不同粒色小麦籽粒铁锌含量和生物有效性及其对氮磷肥配施的响应, 对小麦高产优质高效生产具有重要意义。本文以6个不同粒色(白粒、红粒和黑粒)小麦品种为材料, 在大田条件下研究了不同氮磷肥配比(N1: 90 kg N hm ^-2; N2: 240 kg N hm ^-2; P1: 60 kg P₂O₅ hm ^-2; P2: 209 kg P₂O₅ hm ^-2)对小麦产量、籽粒铁锌含量及其生物有效性的影响。结果表明, 不同品种籽粒铁锌含量和积累量存在年际间差异, 黑粒小麦具有较高的铁锌生物有效性。小麦籽粒产量、铁锌含量及积累量在N2P1处理下最高; 铁锌生物有效性在N2P2或N2P1处理下最高, 两处理之间没有显著差异。红粒小麦扬麦15和扬麦22在N2P1水平下籽粒铁锌含量及其积累量最高, N2P2次之; 黑粒小麦周黑麦1号和紫麦1号在N2P2水平下铁含量及其积累量最高, N2P1次之; 不同品种的铁锌生物有效性多数在N2P1或N2P2水平下最高, 表明适量增施氮肥, 有利于提高籽粒产量、铁锌含量及其生物有效性。在本试验条件下综合考虑产量和效率, N2P1 (240 kg N hm ^-2、60 kg P₂O₅ hm ^-2)处理对提高产量、增加籽粒铁锌含量及其生物有效性效果最佳。     

Effect of tire rubber ash and zinc sulfate on yield and grain zinc and cadmium concentrations of different zinc-deficiency tolerance wheat cultivars under field conditions

The aims of these field experiments were to investigate the effectiveness of soil application of rubber tire ash in comparison with soil and foliar applications of zinc (Zn) sulfate to increase Zn and decrease cadmium (Cd) concentrations in wheat grain. A two-year field experiment was conducted during the 2007–2008 and 2007–2008 growing seasons at Isfahan research field, Iran. Ten different Zn-efficiency bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) commonly cultivated in different parts of Iran were subjected to no Zn fertilizer addition (control), soil application of 40 kg ha⁻¹ ZnSO₄, soil application of 100 (for the first year) and 250 (for the second year) kg ha⁻¹ waste rubber tire ash, foliar application of Zn at the mid tillering stage, and foliar application of Zn at the early anthesis stage. In the foliar application, ZnSO₄ was sprayed at a rate of 0.66 kg Zn/ha. Foliar spray of zinc sulfate at early anthesis, in general, had no significant effect on the yield and grain Cd while significantly increased grain Zn concentrations of most cultivars. On average, the foliar Zn treatment at the mid tillering stage (0.66 kg Zn/ha), decreased the mean grain Cd concentration from 0.032 mg kg⁻¹ in the control treatment to 0.024 mg kg⁻¹. While the grain Zn concentrations of some cultivars increased with soil application of Zn sulfate, they were not affected or even decreased in other cultivars. For most studied wheat cultivars, pre-planting application of rubber tire ash in soil resulted in a significant decrease of grain Cd concentrations. The results show that the effectiveness of soil and foliar application of Zn on yield and grain Zn and Cd concentrations greatly depends on the cultivar. The currently recommended rates of soil applications of Zn to ameliorate Zn deficiency are sufficient to increase grain Zn and decrease grain Cd concentrations in some wheat cultivars, while they do not in the others. In this study, soil application of 250 kg rubber tire ash/ha and foliar spray of 0.66 kg Zn/ha at tillering stage were the most effective treatments to ameliorate Zn deficiency and to increase Zn and decrease Cd concentration in grains of most wheat cultivars.     

施肥量对柠檬幼树矿质养分、产量及品质的影响

连续3年开展不同施肥水平对柠檬幼树养分含量及果实产量、品质影响的研究,以期筛选出柠檬幼树适宜的经济施肥量。每株每月分别施用柠檬幼树专用肥0(CK)、10、20、40、80、160 g,测定各处理叶片、果实、果皮、果肉的矿质养分含量,每年统计单株产量及果实品质,探讨施肥量对矿质养分吸收和果实产量、品质的影响。结果表明,施肥能显著增加叶片和果实N、Mg、Zn、Mn、Cu、Fe含量。随着施肥量的增加,P、K含量先降低后增加,Ca、Mg、Fe含量则呈相反趋势,为先增加后减少。不同施肥处理3年总产量表现为40 g>20 g>10 g>80 g>0 g>160 g;肥料用量为40 g时的产量和品质最佳,其产量是对照的9.62倍,可食率、出汁率、可溶性固形物、维生素C、可滴定酸分别增加26.97%、7.37%、38.21%、21.57%、39.38%。综合考虑植株的养分、产量和果实品质情况,推荐柠檬幼树生长中每株每月施用柠檬专用肥40 g。     

Effects of Soil Treatment with Iron, Manganese and Zinc on Growth and Micronutrient Uptake of Sunflower Plants Grown in High-pH Soil

The purpose of this work was to study the effects of adding different concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in irrigation water to high-pH sandy soil on the growth and micronutrient uptake of sunflower plants ( Helianthus annus L., cv. Giza 1). The experiment was carried out in Mitscherlish pots under greenhouse conditions. Low Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations were found to have a positive effect on the micronutrient contents of the plant organs. The number of leaves and the leaf area were increased by addition of Fe, Mn and Zn. Root size was increased by addition of Fe and Mn. Stem and root lengths were increased by Mn only. It could be concluded that continuous addition of Fe, Mn and Zn in irrigation water to high-pH sandy soil deficient in these nutrients, where root growth was contained within a limited volume (in pots), led to increases in growth and micronutrient uptake (Fe, Mn and Zn). Further studies are needed to determine whether similar effects will be found under field conditions.     

磁化水对黄瓜叶片微量元素含量的影响

以当地冬春茬保护地品种寒秀、鲁圣顶峰1号为试材,研究了磁化水对黄瓜叶片叶绿素、微量元素含量的影响,结果表明:叶片生长发育期间,黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量呈单峰曲线变化,微量元素变化趋势不同。磁化水处理后,寒秀叶片内叶绿素含量、Zn含量极显著高于对照,Cu、Fe含量显著高于对照,Mn含量差异不显著;鲁圣顶峰1号Zn含量极显著高于对照,叶绿素含量显著高于对照,Cu、Fe、Mn含量差异不显著。     

磷肥对甜玉米籽粒植酸和锌有效性的影响

为明确磷肥对甜玉米籽粒营养特性的影响,利用不同品种的磷肥定位试验以及磷肥梯度水平试验,探讨甜玉米籽粒植酸、磷(P)、锌(Zn)含量及Zn有效性的时间(不同灌浆期)和空间(果穗上、中、下部;籽粒果皮、胚乳和胚)变化及其对外源磷肥的响应特性。试验结果表明,甜玉米籽粒的P和植酸含量随磷肥用量的增加而增加,Zn含量及其有效性则呈现下降趋势。磷肥投入对吐丝后16～24 d籽粒的植酸、P和Zn的积累(mg plant^–1)的影响最为显著,而对不同灌浆时期Zn有效性均表现出抑制效应。在中磷水平下,果穗不同穗位籽粒植酸(g kg^–1)和Zn有效性的差异并不显著。高磷水平显著提高了中、下部果穗植酸的含量,但对不同穗位籽粒Zn含量和Zn有效性均存在抑制效应。对籽粒内不同部位(果皮、胚乳和胚)进行比较,植酸、P以及Zn含量均以胚中含量最高,积累量占比则以胚乳中最高;而Zn有效性以胚中最高。高磷处理可显著提高籽粒内不同部位植酸和磷含量,降低Zn含量及其有效性。综上,合理磷肥施用可促进籽粒Zn积累,而过量磷肥投入会显著增加不同灌浆时期,以及胚乳和胚中的植酸含量和积累量...     

Genetic effects on Fe, Zn, Mn and P contents in Indica black pericarp rice and their genetic correlations with grain characteristics

Complete diallel crosses with 6 varieties of black pericarp rice and 1 variety of aromatic white rice were conducted to analyze the seed, maternal and cytoplasmic genetic effects on Fe, Zn, Mn and P contents in kernels by using a genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds in parents and their F₁s and F₂s. Seed, maternal as well as cytoplasmic genetic effects controlled the contents of all the mineral elements studied. The seed genetic effects were found to be more influential than the maternal genetic effects on Fe, Zn, Mn contents. Seed additive effects constituted a major component of the genetic effects whereas the seed additive along with maternal additive and dominant effects formed the main part in the inheritance of P content. The heritabilities of seed effects on all the mineral contents were highly significant (p< 0.01). The estimated values of narrow-sense heritabilites of seed genetic effects on Fe, Zn and Mn contents were high, while those of seed and maternal effects on P content were intermediate. Single plant selection and single grain selection based on the seed mineral element contents were advocated to improve the hybrid progeny. Genetic correlations showed that there existed significant genetic correlations of seed additive, seed dominance, cytoplasm, maternal additive and maternal dominance between grain characteristics such as 100-grain weight,grain length, grain width, grain shape and mineral elements Fe, Zn, Mn and P contents. Indirect selection of grain characteristics may be one of the breeding methods to select for higher contents of Fe, Zn, Mn and P in black pericarp indica rice. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

钙增效剂对稻米中钙等矿质元素积累及稻米品质的影响

利用粳稻品种探讨了钙增效剂对稻米中钙及铜、锰、镁、铁、锌积累和品质的影响。试验结果表明,五种钙增效剂对稻米的钙含量都有增加效果,其中活性钙-S钙增效剂的处理稻米中Ca的含量最高,比对照增加54.5%,而且360mg/kg施用浓度效果最好;稻米中的微量元素含量测定表明,不同种类钙增效剂的叶面喷施对稻米中微量元素积累的效果不尽相同,五种钙增剂叶面喷施对稻米中Fe、Mg和 Zn含量有明显增加,而稻米中Mn和Cu的含量反而降低的趋势;经多元回归分析表明,Ca积累与Fe和Mn积累最为密切,呈正相关;Ca含量与稻米中直链淀粉（AC）呈显著正相关、与CPV、SBV、CVS、PAT呈显著负相,其他微量元素与部分品质性状的参数有着密切相关。     

锌对茶树体内无机元素含量及分布的影响

测定了不同浓度处理的水培茶苗根、茎、叶中及土施和喷施Zn的茶树叶中P、K、S、Ca、Mg、Mz、Al、Zn、Mo、Na、B、Cu、Fe的含量。结果表明，茶苗对Zn有较强的吸收能力，Zn处理＜0.50ppm时，茶苗体内Zn大多运往叶中；当叶中达生理需要量后，Zn也在根、茎中积累；当生长介质中Zn达一定量后，Zn在叶中积累。茶树Zn-P间有明显的拮     

‘翠冠’梨树苗不同部位矿质元素的分布与变化

以2年生‘翠冠’梨幼树为试材,分析年生长周期内植株根、干、枝、稍、叶的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn 9种矿质营养含量变化特点。结果表明：（1）N、P、K、Mg 4种矿质营养元素在植物生长季节前期含量降低,中期先增后减,后期增加;（2）植株生长季节前期Ca、Mn、Zn在各器官中先降后升;中期在根、干、枝中变化很小,叶片中Ca、Mn先增后减,Zn先减后增;后期含量增加;（3）Fe和Cu含量在植株根、干中呈现出先增加至峰值而后降低的类似正态分布的变化。生长前期,枝中Fe、Cu先增后减;新梢和叶片中Fe含量升高,Cu含量降低。中期枝中Cu先增后减,Fe含量变化小;新梢和叶片中2种元素含量变化小。后期根系中Fe含量下降,其他各器官中2种元素的含量均增加。在果园年周期管理上,应该关注梨树春季营养生长开始之前树体的营养贮存,同时应该注意中期适量追肥。