Seed yield, oil and phytate concentration in the seeds of two oilseed rape cultivars as affected by different phosphorus supply

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted for studying seed and oil yield, P uptake and phytate concentration in the seed of two oilseed rape cultivars (Brassica napus L. var. Oleifera, cv. Bristol and cv. Lirajet), grown on a soil substrate at different levels of plant available phosphorus (6, 19, 31 and 106 mg P-CAL kg⁻¹ soil, resp.). All other nutrients were maintained at a high level. At maturity, seed yield and seed quality were investigated. An increase in the phosphorus soil supply resulted in a significant (P<0.05) increase in seed and oil yield, oil and P concentration of the seeds, and P transported to the seeds. The phytate-phosphorus concentration ranged from 0.5 to 6.9 g kg⁻¹ in the seeds and from 0.9 to 12.8 g kg⁻¹ in rapeseed meal. Insufficient P supply resulted in a reduced concentration of phosphorus and phytate in the seeds. Significant interactions between the factors cultivar and P supply were found for the traits seed yield, oil yield, and P-harvest index.     

甘蓝型黄籽油菜产量性状的遗传分析

利用加性－显性－母体的遗传模型，分析了7个不同遗传来源甘蓝型黄籽油菜品系所配制的完全双列杂交资料。结果表明，产量性状主要受加性和显性效应共同控制，环境对产量性状有一定的影响而母体效应影响很小。基因效应分析发现y4单株粒重有极显著的加性效应，y3×y4单株粒重有极显著的显性效应。     

Marker-assisted increase of genetic diversity in a double-low seed quality winter oilseed rape genetic background

Generation of novel genetic diversity for maximization of heterosis in hybrid production is a significant goal in winter oilseed rape breeding. Here, we demonstrate that doubled haploid (DH) production using microspore cultivation can simultaneously introgress favourable alleles for double‐low seed quality (low erucic acid and low‐glucosinolate content) into a genetically diverse Brassica napus genetic background. The DH lines were derived from a cross between a double‐low quality winter rapeseed variety and a genetically diverse semisynthetic B. napus line with high erucic acid and high glucosinolates (++ quality). Twenty‐three low‐glucosinolate lines were identified with a genome component of 50–67% derived from the ++ parent. Four of these lines, with a genome component of 50–55% derived from the ++ parent, also contained low erucic acid. Heterosis for seed yield was confirmed in test‐crosses using these genetically diverse lines as pollinator. The results demonstrate the potential of marker‐assisted identification of novel genetic pools for breeding of double‐low quality winter oilseed rape hybrids.     

Indentification of strong and weak yield determining components of winter oilseed rape compared with winter wheat

Yield formation of winter oilseed rape was compared with that of winter wheat in terms of absorption of PAR, radiation use efficiency and harvest index by means of crop growth simulation. Cumulative incoming PAR from April 15 until maturity, cumulative absorption of PAR, radiation use efficiency and harvest index were lower for winter oilseed rape compared with winter wheat. To improve potential seed yield of winter oilseed rape, a crop type with increased cumulative absorption of PAR, radiation use efficiency and harvest index is desirable.     

苗后除草剂喷施时期对杂草防治及冬油菜产量和品质的影响

为了探究苗后除草剂不同施用时期对北方冬油菜田间杂草的防控效果及其对冬油菜生长、产量和品质的影响,以当地主栽甘蓝型冬油菜天油2266和白菜型冬油菜天油H614为试验材料,选用对冬油菜安全的苗后除草剂高效氟吡甲禾灵,设置4个喷施时期处理,于2018-2019年开展大田试验。结果表明,越冬后不同时期喷施苗后除草剂,甘蓝型冬油菜田间杂草总数较对照减少57.54%~92.56%,杂草总鲜重较对照降低75.40%~97.48%,第2时期（3月25日）处理产量较对照增加354.50kg/hm²;白菜型冬油菜田间杂草株防效和鲜重防效分别为55.91%~92.02%和37.17%~97.46%,产量较对照增加2.29%~16.77%。因此,在冬油菜大量返青但未封行前施用苗后除草剂,可显著防控田间杂草并增加冬油菜籽粒产量。     

干湿交替条件下磷镉交互作用在油菜上的生物学效应研究

采用温室土培盆栽方法，研究了干湿交替条件下磷镉交互作用对油菜的生物学效应。结果表明，Cd处理间和P处理间以及磷镉交互处理之间油菜地上部生物量差异都是显著的，油菜根部生物量P处理间差异显著，而Cd处理间和磷镉交互之间无显著性差异。P促进了油菜地上部生物量的积累，而Cd却阻碍了油菜地上部生物量的积累。油菜地上部和根部生物量最大值出现在Cd0P100处理，最小值出现在Cd30P0处理。Cd处理间油菜地上部和根部Cd浓度差异是显著的，而P处理间和磷镉交互之间差异不明显。随着施Cd量的增加油菜吸收Cd的总量增加，高P处理的油菜吸收Cd的总量也随着施P量的增加而增加。P处理间油菜地上部和根部P浓度有显著性差异， Cd处理间和磷镉交互处理之间油菜地上部P浓度差异都不显著，而油菜根部P浓度在Cd处理间和磷镉交互之间差异都显著，各处理地上部P浓度总是小于对应处理的根部P浓度。     

包膜复混肥对油菜养分积累与土壤养分形态的影响

为了探讨包膜复混肥的应用效果。采用多点试验,研究了包膜肥对油菜产量、养分积累以及土壤养分形态的影响。结果表明,与普通复混肥相比含量,全量包膜复混肥能够极显著提高油菜籽粒产量,平均产量可达2 501.00kg/hm2,增产率平均达到13.72%;可以显著提高油菜茎秆产量,对根产量有一定程度的提高,角果皮产量基本不受影响;包膜复混肥能够促进油菜养分在后期快速积累,主要表现在氮和钾的积累方面,磷的积累量没有表现出较好的效果;包膜复混肥养分释放在衡阳表现较好,湘潭次之,宁乡最差;氮肥效果在衡阳地区与油菜生长相协调,钾肥效果在湘潭地区得到体现,磷肥没有表现出缓控释肥的效果;土壤养分浓度与土壤温度是造成包膜复混肥养分释放差异的重要原因。此外,N-P2O5-K2O(12-6-7)的油菜专用肥进行包膜后,能够提高油菜的产量,但在不同的地方使用效果不同,其中磷的养分释放不能与油菜生长相协调,必须通过大配方小调整或改变包膜技术来实现缓控释肥的目的。     

在铀尾渣污染土中壤添加磷对植物生长及积累重金属的影响

在重金属污染土壤中添加化学稳定剂,可降低重金属的生物有效性,阻控重金属进入食物链。设计盆栽试验,在铀尾渣污染土壤中添加不同浓度的磷肥(0、30、60、120、240和480 mg kg^-1),调查磷对芥菜型油菜(Brassica juncea)和甘蓝型油菜(B. napus)的生长及植株积累重金属铀、镉、锌和铅含量的状况,分析添加磷肥前后植株内磷含量和土壤重金属DTPA提取态含量的变化。结果表明,添加磷肥前,铀尾渣污染土壤总氮、总磷、总钾和有机质的含量低,铀、镉、锌和铅的含量高,对两种油菜的生长有抑制作用;添加磷肥后,两种油菜体内磷含量增加,污染土壤中的铀、镉、锌和铅的DTPA提取态含量显著降低,其降幅分别为17.1%~70.5%、24.0%~57.6%、8.9%~32.4%和8.6%~55.8%;大幅度降低两种油菜体内的铀、镉、锌和铅含量,其含量与土壤中这些重金属DTPA提取态含量显著正相关;显著增加两种油菜的干重、株高、根长和叶绿素含量,显著降低其体内的SOD活性和MDA含量。因此在铀尾渣污染土壤中添加磷可有效减少重金属在油菜体内积累,降低重金属沿食物链传递的风险。     

Comparison of heritabilities derived from single F2 seed populations and bulk seed from F2 plant populations for oleic,linoleic and linolenic acids in oilseed rape

Summary The heritabilities for oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids in oilseed rape (Brassica napus) were determined using single F₂ seeds on F₁ plants and bulk seed samples of F₂ plants. The heritabilities by the use of single F₂ seeds were found to increase, remain constant, or decrease relative to those obtained from F₂ plant populations, depending on the fatty acid and the cross. However, the change in heritabilities was not great in most cases. Therefore the half-seed technique could be used for early generation selection for these fatty acids.     

Influence of plant density on yield of homozygous and heterozygous winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Summary Plot yields and both environmental correlations and variances of various morphological and yield characters were compared at different plant densities of lines and F1 hybrids in rapeseed over a two-year period. These variances and correlations were measured on single plant basis and are independent of the genotype: they may partly reflect physiological relations between characters.At intermediate or low density, results indicate no significant heterogeneity for behaviour of both homozygotes and heterozygotes, with some lower correlations at very low densities. At high density hybrid vigour is significantly higher than at low or intermediate density. In heterozygotes, it is associated with reinforced correlations between morphological and yield criteria. The results are discussed with regard to seed yield elaboration, to heterosis and possible homeostasis of hybrids.     

油菜小孢子培养影响因素及黄籽油菜双单倍体群体的构建

针对我国油菜小孢子培养供体材料一般种植在大田,受外界环境影响较大,出胚率较低的现状,对大田环境条件下小孢子培养的主要影响因素进行了研究。同时,为了构建黄籽油菜双单倍体群体,研究了黄籽油菜的出胚情况。结果表明,不同取样时间对小孢子胚状体再生频率的影响很大;秋水仙素处理游离小孢子对胚状体的诱导有一定的负面影响,浓度越高,影响越大;黄籽油菜的出胚率较低(0.56枚/皿),同样条件下,不到黑籽油菜的1/8。不同黄籽单株间出胚率差异较大,变异幅度在0.04~1.97枚/皿。采用小孢子苗直接移栽大田技术,移栽成活率达89.0%,经染色体加倍后,最终构建了含有127个株系的黄籽油菜双单倍体群体。     

油菜野芥NSa细胞质雄性不育系的特异性分子鉴定

常规细胞质类型鉴定方法花费时间长、工作量大、鉴定效率低、应用性较差。基于基因组重复序列的PCR技术(rep-PCR)在重复序列丰富的线粒体和原核生物的基因组鉴定中效果较好, 本研究对8份油菜资源的细胞质进行分子鉴定,结果表明rep-PCR可以明确区分甘蓝型油菜中常见的6种雄性不育细胞质。同时对甘蓝型油菜和野芥(Sinapis arvensis)体细胞杂交创建的、育性较为稳定的NSa野芥雄性不育胞质进行了分子特异性鉴定,获得了两条NSa不育胞质的特征DNA条带。但波里马和萝卜质不育细胞质的特异性引物在NSa中不能扩增出特异性片段,说明NSa不属于这两种细胞质类型。本研究结果为该不育胞质系统的利用和知识产权保护提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

油菜生育期氮肥素的吸收、分配及转运特性

在Hoagland完全营养液的砂培条件下,采用¹⁵N示踪方法,研究了两个冬油菜品种不同生育期吸收的氮素在体内的分配、转运及损失情况。结果表明(两个品种平均值),83.5%苗期吸收的氮素和67.3%蕾薹期吸收的氮素分布在叶片中;79.1%开花期吸收的氮素分布在叶片和茎中,其中叶片中分布的氮占42.8%;而角果发育期吸收的氮素有42.4%直接分配到角果中,此时角果已成为氮素直接分配的比例最大的器官。苗期、蕾薹期、开花期和角果发育期吸收的氮素从营养器官向生殖器官的转运比例分别为34.4%、44.3%、41.2%和31.7%,单株转运量分别为203.2、325.8、218.0和82.0 mg。在籽粒全氮中转运氮占65.1%,其中蕾薹期吸收后转运的氮素所占比例最大,为25.8%,其次是开花期和苗期,分别为16.9%和15.9%,角果发育期比例最小,为6.4%。以上4个生育期吸收的氮素损失比例分别为24.0%、10.5%、11.7%和7.3%,单株损失量分别为141.6、79.2、43.2和16.2 mg。     

Application of pig slurry—First year and residual effects on yield and N balance

Crops generally utilize nitrogen (N) from slurries less efficiently than from mineral fertilizers. In order to compare the effects of slurry and mineral N application on yield and residual fertilization effects, a long-term field trial was established in autumn 1994, where pig slurry was applied to oilseed rape (OSR), winter wheat and winter barley at the same application dates as mineral N fertilizer. N amounts ranged from 0 to 240 kg total N ha⁻¹. The same treatment regimes were applied to the same plots in each year. Starting in 2010 (2011), wheat (barley) received no N fertilization in order to allow for testing residual fertilizer effects. Every year seed yield and N offtake by the seeds were determined.Accounting only for ammonia N of pig slurry, similar seed yields in OSR and slightly higher grain yields in wheat and barley compared to mineral N fertilizer were achieved. This indicates that mineralization of organically bounded slurry N compensated gaseous ammonia losses. In plots without N fertilization, OSR showed no yield trends during the experimental period, whereas wheat (barley) yield started to decrease after 10 (13) years without N fertilization. In the highly fertilized treatments, no significant trend in seed yield or N amount required for maximum yield could be detected. In the subsequent unfertilized wheat crop, accumulated slurry effects increased grain yield more than those of mineral N fertilizer. Barley grown in the second year without N supply remained unaffected by the previous slurry N application.     

安徽油菜生产现状及发展对策分析

系统阐述了安徽省油菜生产的面积与产量、优质化程度、生产收益等现状,找出了安徽省油菜生产存在的主要问题,对比分析了安徽省油菜生产与加拿大、澳大利亚等发达国家在生产成本、产品品质、政府补贴、食品安全与综合利用开发等方面的差距,提出了提高安徽省油菜生产竞争力的途径：必须首先从提高农业机械化水平、提高肥料利用率和减免农业税等方面来降低油菜生产成本;同时针对油菜籽芥酸与硫甙含量偏高、含油量偏低、含水量较大以及插花种植现象普遍等问题,促进育种单位和种子生产企业加快优质油菜新品种的良种繁育速度和推广步伐,实行统一供种,区域化种植,提高油菜品质;并且要加大对油菜生产的补贴力度,发挥食品安全优势和加速优质油菜产业化开发。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养影响因素研究及再生苗早期倍性鉴定

对不同年份、不同地点种植的油菜育种材料进行小孢子产胚率鉴定,并以11种不同基因型的甘蓝型油菜品系为供体材料,在武汉田间,分别于初花期和盛花期分离培养小孢子,研究基因型、生态条件、开花时间对小孢子产胚率的影响及秋水仙碱处理的加倍效果,通过采用流式细胞仪测定小孢子再生苗的DNA含量鉴定其倍性,并种植验证.结果表明:相同基因...     

玉米大豆间作体系沼液浸种的产量效应分析

利用玉米大豆间作体系与主作物玉米沼液浸种相结合,采用三因素二次回归正交旋转组合设计,进行玉米大豆间作玉米密度、带型配置指数、沼液浸种时间与间作总产量关系的研究.结果表明:玉米密度、带型配置、玉米浸种时间三因子对间作总产量的影响达到极显著水平.沼液浸种时间与玉米密度、沼液浸种时间与带型配置指数;以及玉米密度与带型配置指数间都有一定的互作效应.当玉米密度、带型配置适当,沼液浸种能增加产量,即在玉米大豆间作体系中利用沼液浸种能有效地提高间作总产量.其最佳的实验方案为:玉米密度50 040～52 950株/hm2、带型配置2:4～3:3,玉米沼液浸种时间17.5～25 h时,可更好地发挥玉米大豆间作复合群体的增产效应.     

甘蓝型油菜的抗裂角性鉴定及品种筛选

油菜生产效益的提高有赖于机械化进程的推进,而机械化收获要求油菜品种具有较强的抗裂角性.为明确我国最新育成的油菜杂交种(或品系)对机械化收获的适应性,以改进后的随机碰撞法对2008年参加湖北省和全国长江中游区油菜品种区试的50份甘蓝型油菜进行了抗裂角性鉴定.结果表明,抗裂角指数为0.020～0.470,对照品种中油杂2号的抗裂角指数为0.218,大致处于中间值.将抗裂角指数范围分为:>0.4,0.3～0.4,0.2～0.3,0.1～0.2及<0.1五个区域,被鉴定的50份甘蓝型油菜在这5个区域的分布频数分别为5,5,10,17和13个,表明我国最近育成的油菜杂交种(或新品系)的抗裂角性存在较大的差异,有望通过筛选获得适合机械化收获的品种.对抗裂角指数较高的10份材料的产量和品质性状进一步分析,筛选出了三北98、中油112等2个通过了区试并获得审定、具有适合机械化收获性状的油菜新品种,可以直接推广利用.     

Genetic analysis of tocopherol content and composition in winter rapeseed

The improvement of the nutritional value and the stability properties of rapeseed oil is partly hindered by the lack of information on the genetic control of tocopherols. The objectives of this investigation were to characterize the inheritance of tocopherols by using two factorial mating designs (North Carolina Design II, NC_II). The first (NC_II‐A) was produced with two sets of nine parents each, one selected for high and the other for low total tocopherol contents. In the second (NC_II‐B), each set consisted of six parents, which were either high or low for the α/γ‐tocopherol ratio. Parents and F₁ hybrids from both experiments were tested under field conditions in 1998 and 1999 using a completely randomized design with two replications. Only small differences were detected between mean values of parents and F₁ hybrids. General combining ability (GCA) variation in both experiments was highly significant (P < 0.01) for all tocopherol traits. Significant specific combining ability (SCA) effects were only detected for a‐tocopherol in NC_IIA and therefore for the α‐/γ‐tocopherol ratio. These results indicate that tocopherol contents and composition are controlled mainly by genes with additive effects. Interactions of F₁ hybrids and GCA effects with the environment were significant for only tocopherol contents and not for tocopherol composition.