树皮的阻燃性

在对滇中地区云南油杉、旱冬瓜、云南松、直杆蓝桉、华山松5个主要造林树种树皮进行结构特征分析、工业分析和热辐射作用下树皮质量变化、内表面温度变化测定的基础上,提出树皮的阻燃性参数FRP;按照FRP值大小对5种树皮的阻燃性由强到弱的排序为:旱冬瓜、云南油杉、云南松、直杆蓝桉、华山松.根据5种树皮的阻燃性和林木耐火性差异提出相应的森林消防措施.     

树皮结构特征与树木耐火性的关系研究

调查了云南油杉、旱冬瓜、云南松、直杆蓝桉、华山松5个滇中地区主要造林树种的树皮结构特征,分析了树皮结构与树木耐火性的关系,结果表明：云南油杉、旱冬瓜和直杆蓝桉树木的树皮耐火性较强,华山松树皮的耐火性最差．在此基础上提出了相应的森林防火对策．     

四川主要针叶树种含碳率测定分析

应用湿烧法对四川13个主要针叶树种不同器官的有机含碳率进行了测定,同时利用生物量资料对林分平均含碳率进行了分析。实验结果表明:各树种林分平均含碳率分别为落叶松0.5259、火炬松0.5262、华山松0.5437、马尾松0.5144、湿地松0.5216,云南松0.5281、油松0.5314、柏木0.5211、杉木0.5365、柳杉0.5479、水杉0.5489、冷杉0.5050、云杉0.5160;种内各器官的含碳率变动系数在1.90%~5.96%之间;器官含碳率的种间变动系数在2.28%~5.37%。针叶树种器官碳的平均含碳率普遍高于阔叶树种0.18%~7.45%;相应的针叶林分的平均含碳率也高于阔叶林。     

云南省主要针叶树种树高曲线模型研建

树高曲线在森林经营和收获调整中有着重要的作用,建立适用于云南省主要针叶树种的树高曲线模型,为其森林经营提供参考。基于云南省两期森林资源连续清查数据,以冷杉、思茅松、云南松、华山松和杉木作为研究对象,选用Richards等15种树高曲线模型作为备选模型,以决定系数(R~2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、总体相对误差(TRE)和平均预估误差(MPE)作为模型拟合效果的评价指标。结果表明:Hossfeld方程能较好地描述冷杉和杉木的树高曲线,双曲线方程能较好地描述云南松和华山松的树高曲线,Wykoff方程能较好地描述思茅松的树高曲线;云南松最优树高曲线模型决定系数为0.676,其它针叶树种决定系数均大于0.710。独立样本数据检验表明,各树种最优树高曲线模型均有较好的适用性,对云南省主要针叶树种树高有较好的预测效果。     

滇产9种针叶材物理力学性质的研究

报道了云南产的川滇冷杉、长苞冷杉、黄果冷杉、丽江铁杉、云南铁杉、华山松、云南松、思茅松、云南柏9种针叶树种木材物理力学性质进行系统试验研究所取得的大量可靠数据;并依其作了相关分析,供有关方面应用和参考.     

新发现的珍稀濒危树种

新发现的珍稀濒危树种幸代发西南林学院和云南省林业调查规划院的有关专家，在巧家县新华镇杨家湾办事处樟木箐村发现了一种珍稀濒危新树种。该树种树干笔直挺拔，树皮呈灰白色，且较为光滑，叶子为五针一束，稍似于华山松，材质较华山松和云南松优良。此树种经我国裸子植...     

纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌--云南半帚孢毒素作用机理的初步研究

用纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌——云南半帚孢Laeptographium yunnanense的毒素处理后，云南松和华山松体内与抗病性密切相关的过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶的活性都明显地下降，表明该毒素可以通过抑制寄主体内与抗性有关的酶的活性来削弱寄主的抗性，从而有利于菌在寄主体内侵染生长。云南松的酶活性下降的程度较大，而华山松的酶活性较高，毒素处理后活性受抑制的程度相对较小，这表明华山松对云南半帚孢的抗御能力较云南松的强，这也是云南境内云南松受害严重而华山松受害轻微的重要原因之一。     

云南松与华山松人工混交林针叶光合速率对光及CO2浓度的响应特征

采用Licor-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了人工混交林中云南松、华山松光合作用对光、CO2浓度的响应曲线,阐述了云南松、华山松光合作用对光和CO2浓度的响应特征.结果表明:云南松、华山松光合速率随光强或CO2浓度的提高而增大,均可用非直角双曲线拟合,并得出一些光合响应特征参数,两树种间差异显著(P＜0.05);云南松、华山松具有较高的光饱和点(LSP)和补偿点(LCP),表现为典型的喜阳性特点,具有较强的光能利用能力.在CO2饱和下,云南松、华山松最大净光合速率(Pmax)分别可达14.768、10.289 μmol·m-2·s-1,与光饱和下相比,最大净光合速率(Pmax)分别提高了56.9%和62.0%.与华山松及几个北方针叶树相比,云南松具有较高的光饱和点、最大净光合速率、RuBP羧化效率(CE)、光呼吸速率(却)、CO2饱和点(CSP),以及较低的暗呼吸速率(Rd)、光补偿点、CO2补偿点(CCP),云南松具有高光效和高CO2利用率等光合特性,属于高光能生产潜力的针叶树种.     

云南林机概况及发展预测

去夏,借赴云南中甸林业局办林拖培训班的机会,对云南林区的一些基本情况作了调查,以此对云南林业机械的发展方向做个概略分析。云南省是个山多林密的省区,全省地处亚热带地区,气温较高,湿润多雨,很适宜树木生长,乔木树种约89科2700余种,用材树种主要以云南松、思茅松、华山松、冷     

云南松天然菌根土育苗技术

云南松是云贵高原的主要针叶树种。它生长迅速，耐干旱瘠薄，是荒山造林的先锋树种。笔者通过对多种育苗营养土的取土配制和反复实验推广比较后认为，用作云南松、华山松、思茅松等树种的营养土，以云南松中龄林分下5-20cm，林分郁闭度在0.4-0.7、土壤pH值为5-6且分布均匀的云南松林地内的天然菌根土层较好。用这样的土壤配制成的营养土装袋后，通过菌丝体在袋中繁殖使其具有增强云南松幼苗的抗病力，     

云南松和华山松针叶耐火性初步研究

在森林防火期内,用自行设计的耐火试验装置对云南松和华山松的带叶小枝进行耐火性试验,并实时电脑采集针叶的受热温度,试验结束,立刻取出样品,冷却后用4%红四氮唑溶液染色判别针叶的死活,试验结果表明,云南松针叶的耐火性强于华山松针叶,并且枝径越大的针叶耐火性越强.     

YFNC8种乡土树种的抗火生态适应方略

从植物的生物学、生态学、繁殖特性和外力辅助4个方面论述了植物对火的各种生态适应特性,分析了YFNC云南松、华山松、滇油杉、地盘松等8种乡土树种抗火生态适应方略,提出了选择抗火树种,营造针阔混交林的森林消防措施。     

Fire resistance of European pines

Pine resistance to low- to moderate-intensity fire arises from traits (namely related to tissue insulation from heat) that enable tree survival. Predictive models of the likelihood of tree mortality after fire are quite valuable to assist decision-making after wildfire and to plan prescribed burning. Data and models pertaining to the survival of European pines following fire are reviewed. The type and quality of the current information on fire resistance of the various European species is quite variable. Data from low-intensity fire experiments or regimes is comparatively abundant for Pinus pinaster and Pinus sylvestris, while tree survival after wildfire has been modelled for Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis. P. pinaster and P. pinea, and Pinus canariensis in special, are better equipped to survive fire, but low-intensity fire is tolerated even by species often referred to as fire-sensitive (P. halepensis and Pinus radiata). The relative fire resistance of European pine species is assessed on the basis of (i) morphological and experimental data, and (ii) mortality modelling that considers fire behaviour. Limitations of these approaches to rate fire resistance are discussed, and the current knowledge gaps are indicated.     

Prescribed fire effects on bark beetle activity and tree mortality in southwestern ponderosa pine forests

Prescribed fire is an important tool in the management of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) forests, yet effects on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) activity and tree mortality are poorly understood in the southwestern U.S. We compared bark beetle attacks and tree mortality between paired prescribed-burned and unburned stands at each of four sites in Arizona and New Mexico for three growing seasons after burning (2004–2006). Prescribed burns increased bark beetle attacks on ponderosa pine over the first three post-fire years from 1.5 to 13% of all trees, increased successful, lethal attacks on ponderosa pine from 0.4 to 7.6%, increased mortality of ponderosa pine from all causes from 0.6 to 8.4%, and increased mortality of all tree species with diameter at breast height >13 cm from 0.6 to 9.6%. On a per year basis, prescribed burns increased ponderosa pine mortality from 0.2% per year in unburned stands to 2.8% per year in burned stands. Mortality of ponderosa pine 3 years after burning was best described by a logistic regression model with total crown damage (crown scorch + crown consumption) and bark beetle attack rating (no, partial, or mass attack by bark beetles) as independent variables. Attacks by Dendroctonus spp. did not differ significantly over bole heights, whereas attacks by Ips spp. were greater on the upper bole compared with the lower bole. Three previously published logistic regression models of tree mortality, developed from fires in 1995–1996 in northern Arizona, were moderately successful in predicting broad patterns of tree mortality in our data. The influence of bark beetle attack rating on tree mortality was stronger for our data than for data from the 1995–1996 fires. Our results highlight canopy damage from fire as a strong and consistent predictor of post-fire mortality of ponderosa pine, and bark beetle attacks and bole char rating as less consistent predictors because of temporal variability in their relationship to mortality. The small increase in tree mortality and bark beetle attacks caused by prescribed burning should be acceptable to many forest managers and the public given the resulting reduction in surface fuel and risk of severe wildfire.     

滇中高原华山松人工林生物量及营养元素分配格局

对云南玉溪磨盘山华山松人工林（16年中龄林、26年近成熟林、43年成熟林）生物量及N、 P、 K、 Ca和Mg等5种营养元素的分配格局和积累规律进行了研究。结果显示,3种林龄华山松人工林的生物量分别为181.515 t/hm2、284.679 t/hm2、295.311 t/hm2,乔木层生物量分别占林分的91.594％、94.760％、93.838％,乔木层的净生产力分别为10.391 t/（ hm2· a）、10.375 t/（ hm2· a）和6.444 t/（ hm2· a）;3种林龄群落各层生物量均为乔木层＞枯落物层＞灌木层＞草本层;乔木各营养器官营养元素含量大小是树叶＞树枝＞树根＞树皮（或树皮＞树根）＞树干;3种林龄华山松各器官营养元素含量均以N含量最高,其他元素含量依次为K＞Mg＞Ca＞P,其中树叶中的N含量最高,达到16.733 g/kg～21.368 g/kg;3种林龄群落营养物质总积累量分别为1497.993 kg/hm2、2257.161 kg/hm2和2810.246 kg/hm2,乔木层营养物质年积累量分别为77.532 kg/（ hm2· a ）、76.679 kg/（ hm2· a）、58.759 kg/（ hm2· a）。     

Insect Herbivore Responses to Management Practices in Conifer Forests in North America

ABSTRACT

Pine-dominated forests in southeastern North America and at low-to-mid elevations in western North America historically were characterized by frequent, low-intensity fire that maintained wide spacing of site-adapted tree species, conditions that optimized biochemical defenses of trees and dispersal distances of herbivorous insects. Mixed conifer forests at higher elevations were wetter, denser, and characterized by infrequent stand-replacing fire and relatively isolated insect outbreaks. Increased density and altered tree species composition in managed forests have increased forest vulnerability to extensive outbreaks of bark beetles and defoliators. Herbivore-generated tree mortality and litter accumulation increase the likelihood of catastrophic fire. Management practices that produce an appropriate mixture of site-adapted tree species and wide host spacing are recommended to minimize the negative effects of herbivorous insects and fire. However, the creation of stumps, as a result of mechanical thinning, can favor lower-bole and root-colonizing insects that also may vector root diseases.     

Bark beetles,fuels, fires and implications for forest management in the Intermountain West

Bark beetle-caused tree mortality in conifer forests affects the quantity and quality of forest fuels and has long been assumed to increase fire hazard and potential fire behavior. In reality, bark beetles, and their effects on fuel accumulation, and subsequent fire hazard, are poorly understood. We extensively sampled fuels in three bark beetle-affected Intermountain conifer forests and compared these data to existing research on bark beetle/fuels/fire interactions within the context of the disturbance regime. Data were collected in endemic, epidemic and post-epidemic stands of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. From these data, we evaluated the influence of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on various fuels characteristics over the course of a bark beetle rotation. The data showed that changes in fuels over time create periods where the potential for high intensity and/or severe fires increases or decreases. The net result of bark beetle epidemics was a substantial change in species composition and a highly altered fuels complex. Early in epidemics there is a net increase in the amount of fine surface fuels when compared to endemic stands. In post-epidemic stands large, dead, woody fuels, and live surface fuels dominate. We then discuss potential fire behavior in bark beetle-affected conifer fuels based on actual and simulated fuels data. Results indicated that for surface fires both rates of fire spread and fireline intensities were higher in the current epidemic stands than in the endemic stands. Rates of spread and fireline intensities were higher in epidemic stands due, however, to decreased vegetative sheltering and its effect on mid-flame wind speed, rather than changes in fuels. Passive crown fires were more likely in post-epidemic stands, but active crown fires were less likely due to decreased aerial fuel continuity. We also discuss the ecological effects of extreme fire behavior. Information is presented on managing forests to reduce the impact of bark beetle outbreaks and the interplay between management, bark beetle populations, fuels and fire hazard and behavior.     

黄柏、杉木混交林林分生物量及黄檗碱含量

为了给黄柏、杉木混交林的营造和经营利用提供理论依据和实践指导,对湘西低山区的黄柏、杉木混交林的生物量和黄檗碱含量进行了研究。结果表明:黄柏、杉木的生物量与胸径、树高均呈正相关,且黄柏、杉木生物量与胸径的相关系数大于与树高的相关系数,因此在经营管理时,应适时间伐以增大其胸径,进而提高林分生物量和生产力;黄柏地上部分干皮和枝皮生物量占68%,根皮生物量占32%,且根皮中黄檗碱含量比干皮高50.7%,在经营时应考虑根皮的利用,以获取最大经济效益。     

Association of wildfire with tree health and numbers of pine bark beetles, reproduction weevils and their associates in Florida

Wildfires burned over 200,000 ha of forest lands in Florida from April to July 1998. This unique disturbance event provided a valuable opportunity to study the interactions of summer wildfires with the activity of pine feeding insects and their associates in the southeastern United States. We compared tree mortality with abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles, reproduction weevils and wood borers relative to fire severity. Over 27% of residual live trees in stands that experienced high fire severity died between October 1998 and May 1999. An additional 2–3% of trees that initially survived the fire died during the second year compared to <1% mortality in unburned stands. One year after the fire, more than 75% of the trees surviving in high fire severity stands had roots infected with one or more species of Leptographium and/or Graphium spp. and nearly 60% of the sampled roots were infected. No such fungi were recovered from roots of trees in unburned stands. Significantly, more root weevils, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picovorus, were captured in unbaited pitfalls in the moderate and high fire severity stands than in the controls. Mean trap catches of Ips grandicollis, Dendroctonus terebrans and Hylastes salebrosus, three common bark beetles that feed on phloem tissue of pines, were lower in Lindgren traps in the fire-damaged areas than in the control stands. In contrast, catches of the ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus spp. and Monarthrum mali, were higher in burned stands than in control stands. The generalist predator, Temnochila virescens (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), showed a strong positive relationship between abundance and fire severity, while the flat bark beetle, Silvanus sp. (Coleoptera: Sylvanidae), exhibited the reverse trend. Our results show that most tree mortality occurred within 1 year of the fire. Ips or Dendroctonus bark beetle populations did not build up in dead and weakened trees and attack healthy trees in nearby areas. The prevalence of Leptographium spp. in roots may be a symptom of, or result in, weakened trees that may affect the trees’ susceptibility to bark beetles in the future.     

Pinus pinaster Ait. tree mortality following wildfire in Spain

Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) is the tree species most affected by wildfire in the Iberian Peninsula. Prediction of the probability of fire-injured tree mortality is critical for management of burned areas, evaluation of the ecological and economic impact of wildfire and prescribed fire planning and application. Pine bark beetles (Scolytidae) frequently attack burned maritime pine stands and cause extensive post-fire mortality throughout the Iberian Peninsula. In the present study, maritime pine trees were monitored for three years following 14 wildfires in four ecotypes in Spain (11 fires in Galicia (Galician ecotype - NW Spain), one fire in Portillo (Meseta-Castellana ecotype - Central Spain), one fire in Rodenal (Rodenal ecotype - Central Spain), and one fire in Genalguacil (Sierra Bermeja ecotype - SW Spain)). Data on tree attributes, crown and bole injury, ground fire severity, Ips sp. presence and tree survival were obtained by examining 3085 trees. Logistic regression models for predicting the probability of delayed maritime pine mortality were developed by use of generalized estimated equations (GEE). An ample range of response to fire damage in mortality was evident among the four ecotypes and different models were fitted for each. The most important variables for predicting tree mortality were total crown volume damaged, presence of Ips sp. attack and cambium kill rating. The results highlight the extensive presence of Ips sp. in burned maritime pine forests and its importance in tree mortality process, the ample range of response of P. pinaster, in terms of post-fire mortality, as well as the need to develop site specific mortality models for the different ecotypes of this species following fire.