基于多时相影像的棉花种植信息提取方法研究

为实现区域棉花种植面积信息的快速监测,利用2014年新疆奎屯市农七7师125团棉花不同生育期内2期关键期HJ-CCD数据影像,分别运用支持向量机(SVM)的分层监督分类法和专家知识决策树(CART)分类法,基于研究区棉花与其他作物物候和光谱差异提取棉花种植面积和位置,并对两种方法的分类结果进行分析。结果发现:1监督分类法与专家决策树分类法都能有效的提取棉花的面积,棉花总面积精度达96%以上,位置精度达82%以上,专家决策树分类更优一些。2相对而言,基于专家决策树法相对简单,分类精度高,分类位置精度较好。采用环境小卫星影像结合野外调查,在提取棉花种植面积方面有着覆盖面积大、观测周期短的综合优势,而决策树分类法提取棉花面积简单有效。由此可建立一种适用于棉花信息监测系统平台,方便快捷的提取作物种植面积,为棉花长势的研究和病虫害发生区域的确定提供了技术支持。     

内蒙古引黄灌区种植面积与种植结构的时空演变

基于遥感技术,对内蒙古4个大型引黄灌区（河套灌区、黄河南岸灌区、镫口灌区、麻地壕灌区）近30 a的种植面积及种植结构的时空演变进行分析,并利用河套灌区7 a实测调查样本,对解译结果进行检验,确定遥感方法的可行性及精度。通过遥感解译得出,灌区的控制面积为17 845.55 km²,对比官方统计数据相差-1.73%。灌区种植面积及土地利用率近30 a来变化不明显,整体呈微增加趋势。近30 a灌区的种植结构发生了明显变化,由单一小麦种植结构演变成现今小麦、玉米、葵花的多元化种植结构。     

基于3S技术的棉花面积估测方法研究

基于3S(遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统)技术的支持,以SPOT影像为信息源,结合GPS地面样方调查、地面定位数据分析以及其他资料进行试验区作物种植面积估测的综合研究。简述了样方的采集,影像的选取、合成和预处理,以及用GPS数据进行影像几何纠正的基本原理及其优点,重点研究了遥感分类中的非监督分类、监督分类中的最小距离法、最大似然法和马氏距离法4种方法及其在作物种植面积估测上的应用和精度。在样点调查与分类的基础上,通过对不同样区、不同时相遥感数据的解译、野外地面调查样方数据的统计,计算样区内作物种植面积,并以泽普县为例,利用抽样内推外延的方法,计算该县的棉花种植面积,作为研究成果推广的实践基础。     

棉花生长期的气候变化对棉花生产的影响——以新疆昌吉回族自治州为例

利用新疆昌吉回族自治州主要棉区4个代表站1961-2005年4-10月的气象资料及昌吉市近10年棉花发育期观测资料,分析气候变化对当地棉花生产的影响.主要表现在:气候变化导致45年来终霜期提早、初霜期推迟;而近10年平均初、终霜出现日期均较稳定,对棉苗生长影响不大,对部分年份的棉花品质可能造成一些影响.其次,10℃界限温度初日自20世纪90年代以后逐渐提早;10℃终日自20世纪70年代以来变化不大.45年来,10℃界限温度持续天数呈逐年延长的趋势,约2d(L/10 a,尤其近10年最长.≥10℃积温也呈增高趋势,为57.4℃·d/10 a,且近10年为热量条件最好的时期,不仅对当地棉花的生长发育有利,而且使昌吉州棉花种植界限发生了明显变化,棉花种植区域向东扩展了100 km,适宜种植海拔高度也提高了200 m左右.但是近10年降水分布极不均匀以及日照时数减少的事实对棉花生产有不利影响.     

基于随机前沿生产函数的新疆棉花生产技术效率分析——以棉农问卷调查数据为例

以新疆棉花分布为依据,抽取310户棉农为样本获取调查数据,基于随机前沿生产函数分析法分析了新疆棉农的生产技术效率。结果表明:化肥、地膜和灌溉等投入因素对棉花生产函数影响显著,棉农的家庭总收入水平、棉农培训的季节、种植规模等对棉花效率损失函数影响显著;新疆最大技术效率(0.9721)的棉农与最小技术效率(0.1571)的棉农棉花生产技术效率差异很大,通过提高低水平棉农的生产技术效率,新疆棉花产量存在43.54%的提升空间;研究还发现,棉花种植规模对棉花生产技术效率有影响,棉花生产的适度规模种植能提升其技术效率。     

气候变暖对新疆乌昌地区棉花产量的影响——以玛纳斯、呼图壁县为例

以新疆乌昌地区棉花主产区的玛纳斯、呼图壁县为例,利用1981-2009年两县的棉花产量数据和同期气温资料,在对近29年年平均气温、棉花生长季平均气温、≥10℃积温和无霜期等热量条件变化趋势和变化特征研究分析的基础上,就不同生长发育时段热量条件对棉花产量形成的满足程度进行了分析,结果显示,29年来大部分时段的温度变化对棉花生长发育和产量形成并无促进作用,从气候变暖对棉花产量形成机理方面,提出了趋利避害的对策建议。     

气候变化对县域棉花物候期影响——以陕西大荔为例

利用陕西主要棉区大荔县1960—2009年气温、降水、日照等气候资料和陕西经济作物气象服务台2001—2009年棉花物候期观测资料,运用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall趋势检验等方法分析大荔县气候变化和棉花物候变化趋势,并分析了气候变化对棉花物候期产生的影响。结果表明:近50年来陕西大荔平均气温以0.16℃/10a的速率呈显著上升,年平均降水量略呈减少趋势,日照时数呈增加趋势,年极低气温和极高气温变化趋势不同步,年极高气温呈下降趋势,而年极低气温略呈上升趋势。气候变化趋势有利于大荔县开展棉花种植。气温和日照时数是影响棉花物候期的主要气候因子,近10年气候向暖干化、日照时数增加的方向发展,使得棉花物候期从出苗期到收获期均有所提前,但各发育期提前程度不同,出苗期和收获期提前最为显著,同时生长期延长,利于提高棉花品质。     

基于分类组合评价方法的地下水质量综合评价——以泰安市城区为例

地下水质量评价是地下水环境保护、治理及地下水资源合理开发利用的前提。泰安城区地下水资源较丰富,是泰安市重要的供水水源地,为准确反映地下水环境质量现状,系统采集并分析了地下水样品119组,采用改进的内梅罗综合指数评价法和最差指标判别法相结合的分类组合评价方法对地下水质量进行评价,评价指标包括一般化学指标15项、无机毒理指标6项、毒性重金属5项、有机指标26项。结果表明：研究区地下水质量相对较差,可直接作为生活饮用水源或经适当处理后可做生活饮用水源的样品占样品总数的68.07%,不宜作为生活饮用水水源的样品占31.93%,地下水的综合质量为基岩裂隙水>岩溶水>孔隙水;地下水综合质量受到天然地质环境背景和人类活动的共同影响,人类活动贡献率为54.36%,其中影响最大的指标为一般化学指标总硬度和无机毒理指标硝酸盐,超Ⅲ类指标影响率分别为74.39%、59.76%。分类组合评价方法考虑了一般化学指标与毒理学指标之间的差异性,解决了传统内梅罗指数法评价结果过于集中且Ⅲ类水出现概率低、最差指标判别法评价结果过于悲观的问题,是一种有效的区域地下水质量综合评价方法。     

农牧交错地带土地利用分层分类方法研究——以靖边县为例

为更准确提取农牧交错地带的土地利用信息,本文以靖边县为例,利用分层分类法对该区土地利用类型进行分类。在TM图像光谱特征分析的基础上,提出分层分类的分类步骤,并利用ERDAS建模,逐层提取土地类型,将该区的土地利用类型分为9类。结果表明,与传统的监督分类法比较,分层分类法的分类精度有了显著的提高,对农牧交错地带的土地利用分类结果较为理想,总分类精度达到87.41%,Kappa系数也达到了85.53%。为今后该地区的土地利用信息的提取提供了有效的方法。     

Studies on the apple fruit moth,Argyresthia conjugella Zeller (Yponomeutidae: Lepidoptera): Identification,distribution and extent of damage in India

Abstract

A fruit‐damaging insect on apple in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh has been identified as the apple fruit moth/miner, Argyresthia conjugella Zeller, a common pest of apple in Asian, European and American countries. It seems to be native to India, where its primary host, the sorb tree, Sorbus aucuparis Linn. is present. Studies on the distribution and extent of damage during 1983 and 1984 revealed that the pest was distributed in the Kinnaur district at altitude between 2445 to 2900 m and in yearly isotherms of 0 to 10° C. The damage varied from zero to above 50%. Its spread to other apple growing areas of the state is unlikely due to unsuitable agroclimatic conditions.     

3种寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育、繁殖和寿命的影响

白刺夜蛾Leiometopon simyrides是荒漠植物白刺的重要害虫, 为明确寄主植物对白刺夜蛾生长发育的影响, 以便对其进行科学监测和防控，本研究在27℃下, 利用3种寄主植物(大果白刺、泡泡刺、唐古特白刺)饲养白刺夜蛾, 观察记录白刺夜蛾幼虫的取食量、各阶段的发育历期、存活率、羽化率、雌雄性比和成虫寿命等生物学特性, 同时测定各寄主植物叶片的营养和次生代谢物质含量。结果表明, 白刺夜蛾幼虫取食大果白刺叶片的总量最少, 取食唐古特白刺的量最多。取食唐古特白刺的白刺夜蛾幼虫发育历期最短, 其次为取食泡泡刺, 取食大果白刺时历期最长。取食泡泡刺和唐古特白刺后, 白刺夜蛾幼虫的存活率和羽化率较高, 取食大果白刺存活率最低, 且无成虫羽化。在唐古特白刺上, 白刺夜蛾雌虫占比较高, 成虫寿命较长。大果白刺的叶片总酚含量和简单酚含量最高, 各营养物质含量最低, 不利于白刺夜蛾的生长发育;唐古特白刺和泡泡刺酚类物质含量较低, 营养物质含量较高, 较适宜白刺夜蛾的生长发育和繁殖。唐古特白刺为白刺夜蛾的最适宜寄主植物, 其次为泡泡刺。     

基于干旱区煤矿废弃物利用的土壤配置及其对苏丹草生长的影响

新疆干旱区煤矿开采利用过程中产生大量废弃物,如粉煤灰、火烧石等,且原生态环境恶劣,不利于植物生长。本文以粉煤灰、火烧石为试验材料,结合当地荒漠土设置土壤配方,并通过小区试验种植苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense(Piper)Stapf.)来验证其效果。结果表明:在荒漠土中添加10%粉煤灰其土壤硬度降低5.94 kg·cm~(-2),土壤速效磷含量增加5.19 mg·kg~(-1);土壤表面覆盖火烧石可降低土壤水分的蒸发,覆石处理组总失水率仅为未覆石处理组的43.8%～58.8%。2019年4—8月通过小区试验种植苏丹草,在夏季高温干旱期,"荒漠土+10%粉煤灰+覆石"处理于灌溉后1～3 d, 15∶30 TM时,石缝中地表温度显著低于荒漠土(CK)裸地温度,降低了2.07℃～12.57℃,昼夜温差减少4.54℃～14.17℃,含水率高于荒漠土(CK)裸地5.93%～10.84%。在"荒漠土+10%粉煤灰+覆石"的配土方式下,苏丹草长势显著好于荒漠土(CK)(p0.05),其株高是CK的1.9倍,地上生物量是CK的5.9倍,地下生物量是CK的2.7倍。"荒漠土+10%粉煤灰+覆石"是一种有效的保水、促苗配土方式。     

Effects of natural pyrethrum and synthetic pyrethroids on the tiger mosquito,Aedes albopictus (skuse) and non-target flower-visiting insects in urban green areas of Padua,Italy

Abstract

The tiger mosquito is a key vector of several human diseases and is considered a public health concern worldwide. The implementation of strategies aimed at maximizing mosquito control without affecting non-target insect groups is of major importance. In a field trial, we tested the efficiency of a natural pyrethrum-based vs. a synthetic pyrethroid-based insecticide in reducing tiger mosquito population and how they affect the diversity of non-target flower-visiting insects in green urban areas. Only the pyrethroid insecticide was effective in reducing mosquito abundance, although its effects disappeared nine days after application. The two adulticides did not significantly affect the diversity of flower-visiting insects, probably because of their large body size and the difference in flying and foraging activity. To effectively control mosquito populations while preventing intoxication of non-target flower-visiting insects, adulticide applications should be applied early in the morning and only on bushes and trees. Results from our small-scale applications cannot be extrapolate when larger areas are treated.     

干旱区耕作土壤中重金属镉铅镍剖面分布及行为研究--以白银市区灰钙土为例

通过对干旱区长期污灌农田土壤中重金属的剖面分布及行为进行研究,结果表明:在长期灌溉与降水下渗水流作用下,重金属物质可发生不同程度的淋溶迁移;迁移程度依次为Cd>Ni>Pb;元素Cd具有显著的负指数迁移规律,而元素Pb、Ni规律性不明显.     

Behavioral, morphological deformities and biomarkers of oxidative damage as indicators of sublethal cypermethrin intoxication on the tadpoles of D. melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)

Concerns have been raised that the amphibian larval stages are particularly at risk and may be vulnerable to adverse effects of pesticides. The present study reports acute toxicity of cypermethrin at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h through static renewal bioassay test for Duttaphrynus melanostictus. The LC₅₀ values were 5.15, 4.55, 3.95, and 3.34 μg/L for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h respectively. At sublethal concentration (0.33 μg/L) behavioral, morphological and biochemical changes were studied. The behavioral and morphological anomalies observed in the present study are typical signs of cyano pyrethroid poisoning. Significant changes were observed in total, soluble, and structural proteins. The depletion of all the protein fractions observed in this investigation led to progressive protein oxidation and catabolism of proteins. Decreased protein level has resulted in a marked elevation of free amino acid levels at all time intervals. The induction of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase activities and elevation in the levels of hydrogen peroxide, reduced glutathione, and malondialdehyde eventually lead to oxidative damage of biomolecules, showing that the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are involved in the toxicity induced by cypermethrin. Indicating increased susceptibility of tadpoles. Thus, an exposure to cypermethrin at sublethal concentration had catastrophic effect on tadpoles of D. melanostictus.     

Impact of defoliation by the pine processionary moth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</Emphasis>) on radial,height and volume growth of calabrian pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus brutia</Emphasis>) trees in Turkey

An outbreak of the pine processionary moth (PPM),Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae), began in spring 1998 and lasted 5 years in aPinus brutia Ten. (Calabrian pine) stand. Tree volume and volume elements increments were examined throughout a PPM outbreak cycle from 1981 to 2003, for an even aged, pure, undisturbed, young Calabrian pine stand. Tree ring chronologies of ‘control’ Calabrian pine, which was not defoliated by PPM during the period of 1998–2003, were used to estimate potential growth characteristics in the ‘host’ Calabrian pine (moderate and high defoliation groups) for current and past outbreaks. Increment cores were collected from 70 host and 78 control dominant or co-dominant trees and annual radial growth indices from 1981–2003 were calculated for each defoliation group in a 41 point sampling. Growth functions were defined as the cumulative sum of radial, height, and volume increment, and graphically compared between host Calabrian pine (3 moderate and one high), four control Calabrian pine and one host Crimean pine (Pinus nigra Arnold) sample trees. At least three severe outbreak periods were identified (from 1981–86; 1992–97; and 1998–2003), much of the study area being severely affected by PPM. Tree ring evidence suggests that large scale (in 1981, 1992, 1998) and partial (in 1988) outbreaks occurred in the study area. Negative inflections of host radial growth curves relative to control height and volume indicated PPM activity. The periodic average diameter growth reductions (in %) in 1981, 1988, 1992 and 1998, respectively, were 0, 13, 5 and 0 for control, 12, 8, 7 and 2 for moderate, and 18, 5, 0 and 7 for high defoliation groups. Outbreaks appear to be associated with dry winter and spring weather prior to the autumn and winter in which feeding occurs. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.