利用双向电泳技术分析山羊精子冷冻前后蛋白组的差异

建立稳定的山羊精子蛋白质双向电泳的技术平台，对精子上样量、蛋白质提取方法、二维电泳程序等相关技术都进行了优化，得到了相对清晰的冻精和鲜精的二维电泳图谱，并运用ImageMaster TM 2D Platinum软件进行了分析。结果表明：通过改进的热Trizol法提取山羊精子蛋白，当取精子3×10^7、上样量为150μL时能取得较好的电泳图谱，鲜精的蛋白位点重复性较高的有650个±10个，冻精的蛋白位点重复性较高的有600个±10个。冷冻导致精子蛋白丢失约50个，而且冻精多表现为大分子量蛋白的丢失，大部分分布于60～100kb之间，其中60～80kb之间蛋白丢失约18个，80～100kb之间蛋白丢失近20个，12～60kb之间蛋白丢失近12个。实验初步探明了山羊精子融冻前后精子的蛋白变化规律，为进一步了解精子冷冻损伤的确切机理奠定了基础。     

雏鸡法氏囊蛋白质组学双向电泳技术的建立及其初步分析

为了建立并优化鸡法氏囊蛋白质组学的双向电泳技术体系,以不同日龄雏鸡的法氏囊组织为研究对象,用固相pH梯度胶条进行等电聚焦、SDS-PAGE垂直电泳,采用不同的样品制备方法,对上样量、水化、等电聚焦、胶条平衡和凝胶染色方法等进行一系列优化,并应用PDQuest8.0.1软件对图谱进行初步分析.结果显示法氏囊组织在pH 5～8范围、17 cm的2-DE胶上可以得到很好的分离,胶体考染后经PDQuest软件分析,在正常法氏囊组织可检测到800个以上蛋白点,不同2-DE图谱间蛋白点平均匹配率为83.5%,不同日龄雏鸡法氏囊存在有明显表达差异的蛋白质点37个,其中表达上调蛋白点17个,表达下调蛋白点11个,新增蛋白点5个,消失蛋白点4个,试验建立的鸡法氏囊组织蛋白质组双向电泳技术为法氏囊发育进化及其免疫功能的研究提供了新技术和方法.     

双向电泳指纹图谱分析法鉴别鲜乳和复原乳

为选择鲜乳和复原乳鉴别方法,采用双向电泳指纹图谱分析技术分析鲜乳和复原乳总蛋白.通过不同胶条比对分析发现,pH4.7～5.9的17 cm胶条等电聚焦后能够有效区分蛋白点,最适合牛乳蛋白电泳;选用pH4.7～5.9的17 cm胶条,对市场上购买的巴氏乳以及巴氏处理的复原乳进行电泳分析,发现电泳图谱与自制参照乳图谱基本一致...     

高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒蛋白质组双向电泳方法的建立及优化

为建立高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(HP-PRRSV)蛋白质组双向电泳方法,本研究通过对HP-PRRSV蛋白样品提取、裂解、一向等电聚程序、上样量、染色试剂、显色时间等条件优化,建立了有效的HP-PRRSV蛋白质组学双向电泳方法。优化结果表明采用冻融-超声-裂解提取样品,结合2-D clean-up试剂盒纯化蛋白,按上样量为200μg,采用硝酸银染色,显色6 min,选择适宜的一向等电聚焦参数,能获得分辨率高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱。HP-PRRSV蛋白质组双向电泳方法的建立,为开展该病毒蛋白质组和免疫蛋白质组研究奠定了基础。     

牛冻、鲜精子差异蛋白的双向电泳和质谱鉴定的初步研究

采用适合于精子裂解的热Trizol法制备牛精子全蛋白质,应用线性固相IPG胶条（pH 3～7、24 cm）进行精子全蛋白2-DE电泳,在冻精和鲜精蛋白图谱中分别检测到839±34个蛋白点和564±16个蛋白点,经差异比较和显著性检验,在冻、鲜精子中共得到19个具有显著差异的蛋白点,在冻精中表达上调的蛋白点有9个,表达下调的蛋白点有1个,只在冻精中表达的蛋白点有9个。经过酶解和质谱鉴定,获得了3个差异蛋白点的质谱信息,生物信息学分析结果发现,这3个差异点分别为中性鞘磷脂酶激活结合因子（FAN）、谷胱甘肽S转移酶（GST-Mu5）及锌离子结合细胞色素氧化酶,分别与细胞应激和凋亡有关。推测认为,这3种与细胞应激反应及凋亡相关的蛋白在冻精中显著增高可能与精子冷冻损伤有关。     

不同温度对牛精子相关抗原11D基因的影响

为探讨高温对精子膜蛋白牛精子相关抗原11D （sperm associated antigen 11,SPAG11D）表达水平的影响,试验采用了实时荧光定量PCR和Western boltting方法检测了牛睾丸原代细胞和娟姗牛、槟榔江牛、西门塔尔牛的正常精子及低活力精子中SPAG11D的表达。结果显示,牛睾丸原代细胞在不同温度（32、34、36、38和40℃）下培养24 h,SPAG11D的mRNA及蛋白在36℃时表达水平最高,且高温时表达水平比低温时要高;培养48 h时,SPAG11D的mRNA表达基本和24 h相一致,但蛋白表达水平在高温时明显下降。此外,槟榔江牛和娟姗牛低活力精子中SPAG11D的蛋白表达量比正常精子明显降低,而在西门塔尔牛的精液中变化不明显。     

不同条件对鸭瘟病毒感染细胞蛋白质组二维电泳分析结果的影响

本研究以鸭瘟病毒感染鸭胚成纤维细胞为材料,围绕影响二维电泳因素进行全面探讨,以建立和优化鸭瘟病毒感染细胞蛋白质组二维电泳模型.结果表明,样品经过冷丙酮处理,水化液DTT浓度为30 mmol/L都有利于等电聚焦;采用PH5～8 IPG窄胶条和混合两性裁体电解质pH3～10/pH5～8为2/1比pH3～10 IPG宽胶条和单一两性载体电解质PH3～10分离蛋白时,各蛋白点间距较大,分辨率高,更有利于显示低丰度蛋白点;1.5 mg的蛋白上样量偏大,2～DE图像出现拖尾和水平条纹,部分相邻高丰度的蛋白重叠,且还掩盖了低丰度蛋白点.PDQuest7.40软件分析显示:17 cm PH5～8 IPG胶条电泳鸭瘟病毒感染细胞蛋白质组,银染可获得1 253个蛋白点,而考染却检测到388个蛋白点;重复试验仍获得清晰、稳定的2-DE图像,同一样本不同时期,考染可获得约348、331个蛋白点,蛋白点匹配率达88%,表明了鸭瘟病毒感染细胞蛋白质组二维电泳模型稳定、分辨率高、重复性好,为鸭瘟病毒蛋白组的进一步研究和新蛋白的发现提供了重要的研究方法.     

公牛冻精品质检测方法比较

精液品质检测中，精液的存活率、精子畸形率、顶体完整率是判定精液品质优劣的常用指标。在以往检测过程中，通常采用常规染色法，即每测一个指标时进行一种染色操作，这样操作过程繁琐、耗时、耗力、耗材。本试验旨在对不同染色方法进行比较，从中寻找出一种操作简便、染色效果较佳的染色方法，这样即可省去许多步骤，也可减少多次实验操作造成误差。１材料与方法１．１精液样本：中国荷斯坦牛颗粒冻精（山西省种牛站）。１．２染色原理：利用活精子对特定染料不着色而死精子着色的特点来区分死精子和活精子，从而得出存活率指标。通过油镜…     

绵羊精浆蛋白质组2-DE图谱的构建及初步分析

本研究比较了丙酮沉淀法制备蛋白质不同上样量对绵羊精浆蛋白质二维电泳图谱的影响。结果显示,精浆总蛋白经SDS-PAGE电泳,得到分子质量在14.4~116 ku的28条蛋白质条带。二维电泳图经PDQuest 8.0分析,上样量为0.8、1.0、1.2 mg时检测出的蛋白质点分别为207±10、281±13和374±16个,分子质量基本分布在20~80 ku、等电点为4~9的区域内,随着上样量的增加,分子质量在20~80 ku的蛋白质点明显增多,但每个分子质量区间的蛋白质点所占的比率较为恒定。研究结果表明,采丙酮沉淀制备精浆蛋白结合合适的上样量能够建立绵羊精浆全蛋白质图谱,为进一步研究绵羊精浆蛋白质组学奠定基础。     

支气管败血波氏杆菌外膜蛋白双向电泳图谱的建立

为建立支气管败血波氏杆菌(Bb)外膜蛋白(OMPs)双向电泳(2-DE)图谱,本研究利用碳酸钠法提取OMPs,并分别对裂解液、pH值、上样量、聚焦条件、染色方法等进行优化。2-DE结果表明,用裂解液5 MUrea、2 M Thiourea、2%CHAPS、2%SB3～10溶解蛋白,pH4～7的13 cm线性胶条考染上样量为750μg、银染上样量为75μg,聚焦条件为500 V,2 h,1 000 V,1 h,8 000 V,2∶30 h,8 000 V,4 h时,能获得聚焦良好、分离清晰的Bb OMPs图谱。本研究首次建立了Bb OMPs的2-DE图谱,为其蛋白质组学研究奠定了基础。     

Comparison of 4 fixation and staining methods for the cytologic evaluation of ear canals with clinical evidence of ceruminous otitis externa

BACKGROUND: Swab cytology of ear canals is one of the most useful and rapid methods to assess the presence of external ear infections. Smears are generally stained with rapid Romanowsky-type stains, with or without prior heat fixation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare 4 different methods of fixation and staining of ear swab cytology samples from dogs. METHODS: Eight dogs with otitis externa were selected from a dermatology referral population. A cotton swab was used to obtain ceruminous material from 12 ear canals. Four smears of each swab were prepared on glass slides (randomly identified as A, B, C, or D) and air-dried for cytologic examination. Samples marked A were stained with Dip Quick (Jorgensen Laboratories Inc, Loveland, CO, USA) after heat fixation; samples marked B were stained without heat fixation; samples marked C were heat-fixed and dipped only in the counterstain (the blue reagent) of Dip Quick; and samples marked D were dipped only in the counterstain, without heat fixation. Ten high-power fields (hpf; X100 oil immersion objective) in each slide were evaluated by 2 observers, and total numbers of keratinocytes, yeast, bacteria, and neutrophils were counted. Statistical comparison was performed using an ANOVA model applied after verifying the normal distribution of the data, and using nonparametric sign tests and Wilcoxon signed rank tests. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in the numbers of keratinocytes, yeast, bacteria, or neutrophils among the 4 staining methods (P > .05), although significant interobserver differences were found. CONCLUSION: We conclude that heat fixation does not improve the quality of ceruminous ear swab samples for cytologic evaluation, and propose a 1-step dip in the blue reagent alone as a rapid method of staining samples from canine ear canals.     

Comparison of the acid-phosphatase staining and polymerase chain reaction for detection of Dirofilaria repens infection in dogs in Korea

This study was performed to compare acid-phosphatase staining with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis for the diagnosis of Dirofilaria repens infection. The infection of D. repens was confirmed in Korean reared German shepherd dogs. Knott's tests were carried out for the detection of microfilaria in 543 Korean reared German shepherd dogs (255 females and 288 males). Eighty four of the 543 dogs (15.5%) showed microfilaria-positive reactions with the modified Knott's test, and the test-positive microfilariae were then examined by both acid phosphatase staining and PCR analysis. Six (7.1%) and 17 (20.2%) of the 84 microfilaria-positive samples, by the Knott's tests were positive to D. repens by acid-phosphatase staining and in D. repens-specific PCR analysis, respectively. All samples found to be positive by the acid-phosphatase staining were also found to be positive by PCR analysis. Therefore, we conclude that PCR analysis (20.2%) is more valuable for the diagnosis of D. repens infection than acid-phosphatase staining (7.1%) (p<0.001).     

Quantitation of histochemical staining of salivary gland mucin using image analysis in cats and dogs

Two different, computer-based, image analysis methods were employed to complement subjective assessment of patterns of mucin staining (by periodic acid Schiff/alcian blue, aldehyde fuchsin/alcian blue and potassium hydroxide-alcian blue/phenylhydrazine hydrocholoride) in digitised images of sections of major and minor salivary glands from cats and dogs. Image analysis based on red, green and blue (RGB) staining was not suitable for quantitation of histochemical staining of mucin in salivary glands. Image analysis based on hue, saturation and lightness (HSL) allowed quantitative assessment of staining by different stain components and of mixed staining, and enabled comparison of staining of different glands in dogs and cats. Quantitative analysis based on HSL allowed differentiation of differences in staining patterns of major and minor cat and dog salivary glands, and between the species; such differences would have been impossible to distinguish on subjective grounds alone. Quantitative assessment of normal salivary gland histochemistry allows comparison with staining patterns in disease.     

A comparison of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for the detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in pigs

The aim of this study was to develop and to optimize an immunohistochemistry (IHC) method for PCV2 identification and to compare it with an in situ hybridization (ISH) technique. The results demonstrated that both ISH and IHC successfully detected PCV2 viral antigens or nucleic acid in the examined tissues. Most of the slides identified previously in ISH as PCV2-positive were also positive in IHC. In the case of nearly half of the slides the results of IHC examination revealed an increase in the intensity of staining. IHC presented higher sensitivity and specificity than ISH. No negative impact of the time of paraffin block storage on ISH detection results was observed. In addition, IHC results were easier to interpret due to better image quality after staining. Overall results confirmed IHC was a reliable and useful technique for PMWS diagnosis.     

Detection of Ehrlichia risticii using an avidin-biotin-immunoperoxidase staining system

An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure using a specific anti-Ehrlichia risticii monoclonal antibody and an avidin-biotin-peroxidase staining method was used to detect E. risticii antigen in infected P388D1 murine monocytes. Several different methods of cytological fixation were used, including acetone (15 min), 95% ethanol (15 min), Bouin's fixative (5 hr), and 10% buffered neutral formalin (24 hr). The E. risticii organisms were labeled effectively and identified in cells fixed with acetone and ethanol. However, infected P388D1 cells fixed in 10% formalin or Bouin's fixative required enzymatic digestion with 1.0% trypsin for 15 min at 37 C before positive results were evident. This indirect immunoperoxidase avidin-biotin staining procedure proved to be a sensitive assay for the detection of intracellular E. risticii and may be an effective diagnostic procedure for formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue.     

Histochemical demonstration of copper and copper-associated protein in the canine liver

Three different histochemical methods for copper detection were compared. Atomic absorption analysis was used to substantiate the tissue stains. There was good correlation between rhodanine staining and rubeanic acid-stained tissue sections. The orcein reaction for copper-associated protein did not consistently correlate with the methods demonstrating copper. Prolonged staining (72 hours) with rubeanic acid more consistently and clearly detected increased copper in canine livers than did staining with rhodanine. Seventy-two hour staining with rubeanic acid is the method of choice for histochemical detection of copper in canine liver.     

Evaluation of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound in the assessment of thyroid volume of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)

The assessment of thyroid volume plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis and management of different thyroid diseases. The present study evaluates the accuracy of dolphin thyroid volume measurement as determined by four two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound methods (A-D), with a standard of reference using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound. The measurement accuracy for different recognized thyroid configuration is also evaluated. Inter- and intraoperator variability of the measurement methods was determined. Thyroid ultrasound examinations were conducted in 16 apparently healthy Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) with 2D and 3D ultrasound under identical scanning conditions. All 2D ultrasound measurement methods yielded high accuracies (79.9-81.3%) when compared with the 3D ultrasound measurement, and had high measurement reproducibility (77.6-86.2%) and repeatability (78.1-99.7%). For 2D ultrasound measurements, Methods A and B were more accurate and reliable than Methods C and D, regardless of thyroid configuration. Ultrasound is useful in the measurement of thyroid volume in bottlenose dolphins. For the first time, a reliable ultrasound scanning protocol for measuring dolphin thyroid volume was developed, which provides a means to establish a normative reference for the diagnosis of thyroid pathologies and to monitor the thyroid volume during the course of treatment in living dolphins. Key words: 3D ultrasound, Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin, thyroid volume measurement, Tursiops aduncus.     

Use of a monoclonal antibody in the diagnosis of infection by Dermatophilus congolensis

A monoclonal antibody (McAb) to Dermatophilus congolensis was produced from murine hybridoma cultures and purified by affinity chromatography. Species specificity was demonstrated using indirect immunofluorescent staining; the McAb was shown to react with 10 D congolensis isolates but not with 10 Nocardia species isolates, a Rhodococcus and a Streptomyces species isolate. The McAb was used to demonstrate D congolensis in clinical material from confirmed bovine and ovine cases and presumptive equine cases of dermatophilosis by indirect immunofluorescent staining.