Direct cloning and sequence analysis of enzymatically amplified genomic sequences

A method is described for directly cloning enzymatically amplified segments of genomic DNA into an M13 vector for sequence analysis. A 110-base pair fragment of the human beta-globin gene and a 242-base pair fragment of the human leukocyte antigen DQ alpha locus were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction method, a procedure based on repeated cycles of denaturation, primer annealing, and extension by DNA polymerase I. Oligonucleotide primers with restriction endonuclease sites added to their 5' ends were used to facilitate the cloning of the amplified DNA. The analysis of cloned products allowed the quantitative evaluation of the amplification method's specificity and fidelity. Given the low frequency of sequence errors observed, this approach promises to be a rapid method for obtaining reliable genomic sequences from nanogram amounts of DNA.     

Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome

We have synthesized a 582,970-base pair Mycoplasma genitalium genome. This synthetic genome, named M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, contains all the genes of wild-type M. genitalium G37 except MG408, which was disrupted by an antibiotic marker to block pathogenicity and to allow for selection. To identify the genome as synthetic, we inserted "watermarks" at intergenic sites known to tolerate transposon insertions. Overlapping "cassettes" of 5 to 7 kilobases (kb), assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, were joined by in vitro recombination to produce intermediate assemblies of approximately 24 kb, 72 kb ("1/8 genome"), and 144 kb ("1/4 genome"), which were all cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli. Most of these intermediate clones were sequenced, and clones of all four 1/4 genomes with the correct sequence were identified. The complete synthetic genome was assembled by transformation-associated recombination cloning in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then isolated and sequenced. A clone with the correct sequence was identified. The methods described here will be generally useful for constructing large DNA molecules from chemically synthesized pieces and also from combinations of natural and synthetic DNA segments.     

Comment on "Reconstructing the origin of Andaman islanders"

On the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses, Thangaraj et al. (Brevia, 13 May 2005, p. 996) proposed that Andaman islanders descended from the first humans to migrate out of Africa. We identified mitochondrial DNA from two northeast Indian Rajbanshi individuals that shares three specific mutations with the M31a lineage observed in the Great Andamanese, which suggests that the predecessor of haplogroup M31 originated on the Indian subcontinent.     

Establishment of Ecotilling for Discovery of DNA Polymorphisms in Brassica rapa Natural Population

Ecotilling is a new approach based on enzyme-mediated heteroduplex cleavage to discover DNA polymorphisms in natural population. We used mung bean nuclease（MBN） instead of routinely used CELI to cleave single base pair mismatches in heteroduplex DNA templates. Nested set of primers were designed to amplify targeted region to avoid the influence of the variation in quality and quantity of the genomic DNA. To reduce the costs in fluorescently labeled primers, we added M13 adapter to 5＇end of gene specific primers to make IRD dye labeled M13 forward and reverse primers possibly universal for different genes. A Brassica rapa ZIP gene homologue was subjected to the analysis to practise the feasibility of the method in polymorphisms detection. Our experiment showed this method is efficient in discovering DNA polymorphisms in Brassica rapa natural population.     

牛促卵泡激素基因克隆筛选和序列分析

从牛垂体中分离出总mRNA,经逆转录酶及大肠杆菌DNA聚合酶合成双链cDNA,经T4DNA聚合酶切成平末端后与Sma I酶切的pUC19连接,转化JM83,构建了脑垂体mRNA的cDNA文库.用标记的牛促卵泡激素基因的寡核苷酸片段进行杂交,从文库中筛选到几个阳性克隆,其中一个含有全长的牛促卵泡激素基因编码序列.利用PCR扩增技术从cDNA中扩增出了387bp的牛促卵泡激素基因,序列分析表明,10号克隆中的牛促卵泡激素基因含有起始密码ATG及终止密码TAA,所编码的氨基酸序列与天然牛促卵泡激寡素的氨基酸序列相同.     

用M13小卫星探针发现猪DNA指纹

用Ｍ１３ｍｐ１８含基因Ⅲ区的ＣｌａⅠ限制性酶切片段为探针，与猪基因组ＤＮＡ的ＨｉｎｆⅠ限制性酶切产物进行杂交，发现了ＤＮＡ指纹，平均图带数为１７．３１条。说明Ｍ１３ｍｐ１８小卫星序列可作为猪ＤＮＡ指纹图谱分析的探针。     

A sequence in M13 phage detects hypervariable minisatellites in human and animal DNA

The term "DNA fingerprint" has been used to describe the extensive restriction fragment length polymorphism associated with hypervariable minisatellites present in the human genome. Until now, it was necessary to hybridize Southern blots to specific probes cloned from human genomic DNA in order to obtain individual-specific restriction patterns. The present study describes the surprising finding that the insert-free, wild-type M13 bacteriophage detects hypervariable minisatellites in human and in animal DNA, provided no competitor DNA is used during hybridization. The effective sequence in M13 was traced to two clusters of 15-base pair repeats within the protein III gene of the bacteriophage. This unexpected use of M13 renders the DNA fingerprinting technology more readily available to molecular biology laboratories.     

甘蓝SRK底物蛋白基因的克隆与序列分析

采用PCR、3’RACE以及其他分子生物学方法,以甘蓝基因组DNA和柱头cDNA为模板对SSP基因进行扩增克隆,得到长度分别为778 bp和825 bp的基因片段。序列分析表明,甘蓝SSP基因不包含内含子,SSP核苷酸序列与拟南芥肽酶M28家族蛋白有同源性,序列相似性达到67.4%,两者的氨基酸序列相似性达到62.7%,而且都含有一个TFR_dimer结构域,推测SSP蛋白极有可能与在自交不亲和过程中受ARC1作用而泛素化了的某一未知蛋白的降解相关。     

Single-molecule kinetics of lambda exonuclease reveal base dependence and dynamic disorder

We used a multiplexed approach based on flow-stretched DNA to monitor the enzymatic digestion of lambda-phage DNA by individual bacteriophage lambda exonuclease molecules. Statistical analyses of multiple single-molecule trajectories observed simultaneously reveal that the catalytic rate is dependent on the local base content of the substrate DNA. By relating single-molecule kinetics to the free energies of hydrogen bonding and base stacking, we establish that the melting of a base from the DNA is the rate-limiting step in the catalytic cycle. The catalytic rate also exhibits large fluctuations independent of the sequence, which we attribute to conformational changes of the enzyme-DNA complex.     

农杆菌携带柞蚕抗菌肽基因转入烟草的研究

柞蚕抗菌肽具有广谱杀菌功能,对烟草等茄科作物的青枯病假单胞菌(Pseudomonassolanacearum)具有较强的杀菌效果。人工合成抗菌肽基因(122 bp)转入根癌农杆菌(Agrobnctcrium tumefaciena),感染烟草叶盘,诱导成苗。通过对卡那霉素敏感筛选,胭脂碱脱氢酶检定及抗菌肽片段探针杂交,确认抗菌肽基因已转入烟草。现正研究其在烟草中表达及抗青枯病的可能性。     

3个群体小家鼠Sry基因序列分析

[目的]研究小家鼠3个群体间Sry基因序列。[方法]对来自临沂、漠河、云梦的33只雄性小家鼠个体进行基因组DNA提取,设计引物,对其Sry基因进行扩增和序列测定,并使用分子处理软件定义单倍型,分析碱基组成,构建系统发育树。[结果]33个样品全部测序成功,经过数据分析后得到以下结果:33个样品的Sry基因片段大小均在856 bp左右。对33个序列对比分析,共定义了7个单倍型,Sry基因碱基的平均含量分别为A 27.5%、T 30.7%、G 22.5%、C 19.3%,不同个体之间碱基无明显差异,遗传距离小。以大家鼠(KC215142)为外群,小家鼠(AF068054)为参照序列构建系统发育树,7个单倍型与小家鼠共处同一分支。[结论]南北群体的小家鼠Sry基因无明显差异,基因突变率极低,具有极强的保守性。     

Genome-wide detection of polymorphisms at nucleotide resolution with a single DNA microarray

A central challenge of genomics is to detect, simply and inexpensively, all differences in sequence among the genomes of individual members of a species. We devised a system to detect all single-nucleotide differences between genomes with the use of data from a single hybridization to a whole-genome DNA microarray. This allowed us to detect a variety of spontaneous single-base pair substitutions, insertions, and deletions, and most (>90%) of the approximately 30,000 known single-nucleotide polymorphisms between two Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. We applied this approach to elucidate the genetic basis of phenotypic variants and to identify the small number of single-base pair changes accumulated during experimental evolution of yeast.     

《中国学术期刊影响因子年报》系列数据库首发式的北京召开沙雅县胡杨林土壤可培养细菌的多样性分析

[目的]了解新疆沙雅县胡杨林土壤可培养细菌的多样性.[方法]沙雅县胡杨林采集土壤样品,采用两种不同的培养基(LB,TSA)分离纯化细菌,并对它们进行16S rDNA测定和系统进化分析.[结果]分离纯化不同表型的57株细菌.对它们16S rDNA序列分析表明,57株菌分别属于3个大类群厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),放线菌门(Actinobacteria),γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria),13个属,33个种;芽孢杆菌属是优势细菌种群,它占已测种群的67.2;.其中6株菌M28,M13,CT3,YS30-1,CM5,CL19初步被认为是潜在的新种(16S rDNA相似率为96.780;～97.961;).[结论]沙雅县胡杨林可培养细菌不仅具有比较高的多样性,并存在一些潜在的新的细菌菌种资源,极具进一步发掘的潜力.     

龙眼胚性愈伤组织ACC氧化酶基因的克隆及其在龙眼体胚发生过程中的表达分析

【目的】分离克隆龙眼(Dimocarpus longan Lour.)胚性愈伤组织乙烯合成关键酶ACO(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase)基因,并分析该基因在龙眼体细胞胚胎(以下简称龙眼体胚)发生过程中的表达情况。【方法】采用RT-PCR结合RACE法,获得龙眼胚性愈伤组织ACO基因的cDNA全长序列和DNA序列,运用生物信息学方法对序列进行分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(q-PCR)法研究该基因在龙眼体胚发生过程中的表达【。结果】克隆得到龙眼胚性愈伤组织ACO基因1315bp的cDNA全长序列(GenBank登录号为FJ534854),该cDNA的开放阅读框推定的氨基酸序列(含315个氨基酸)与其它植物ACO具有86%-47%同源性,包含了5'非编码区为86bp,3'非编码区为281bp,3'poly(A)尾长13bp;该基因的DNA序列(GenBank登录号为GU123929)长为1660bp,包含3个内含子,内含子的剪切位点均符合真核生物"GT-AG"规则;该基因在龙眼体胚各阶段均有表达,整个变化趋势呈字母"M"状。【结论】确定所获得的序列是龙眼胚性愈伤组织ACO基因的cDNA序列和DNA全长序列;该基因在不完全胚性紧实结构和心形胚的表达量为两个峰值。     

Cleaving DNA at any predetermined site with adapter-primers and class-IIS restriction enzymes

A four-component system has been designed that makes it possible to prepare a double-stranded (ds) DNA fragment; one fragment end is predesigned (by the use of a class-IIS restriction enzyme and adapter-primer), and the other end corresponds to any normal restriction cut. The system is composed of the phage M13mp7 single-stranded (ss) target DNA; the Fok I restriction enzyme; an oligodeoxynucleotide adapter-primer, which permits one to introduce Fok I cuts at any specified site in the target DNA; and DNA polymerase, which converts the ss target into a ds form ready for cloning. In this system, the oligodeoxynucleotide adapter-primer serves several purposes. The 5' hairpin ds domain of the adapter-primer contains the Fok I recognition site. Its 3' ss domain selects a complementary site on the target ss DNA, hybridizes with it to form the ds cleavage site, and serves as a primer to convert the ss M13mp7 target to ds DNA.     

Unwinding of duplex DNA from the SV40 origin of replication by T antigen

The T antigen specified by SV40 virus is the only viral-encoded protein required for replication of SV40 DNA. T antigen has two activities that appear to be essential for viral DNA replication: specific binding to duplex DNA at the origin of replication and helicase activity that unwinds the two DNA strands. As judged by electron microscopy, DNA unwinding is initiated at the origin of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Either linear or circular DNA molecules containing the origin of replication are effective substrates; with closed circular DNA, a topoisomerase capable of removing positive superhelical turns is required for an efficient reaction. Presence of an origin sequence on duplex DNA and a single-strand DNA-binding protein appear to be the only requirements for T antigen to catalyze unwinding. This reaction mediated by T antigen defines a likely pathway to precise initiation of DNA replication: (i) the sequence-specific binding activity locates the origin sequence, (ii) the duplex DNA is unwound at this site, and (iii) the DNA polymerase and primase begin DNA replication. A similar pathway has been inferred for the localized initiation of DNA replication by bacteriophage lambda and by Escherichia coli in which a sequence-specific binding protein locates the origin and directs the DnaB helicase to this site. Observations with the SV40 system indicate that localized initiation of duplex DNA replication may be similar for prokaryotes and eukaryotes.     

线粒体基因高变区应用于香蕉种属亲缘关系的鉴定研究(英文)

[目的]建立一种较为简单且有效的香蕉种属关系鉴定的手段和方法。[方法]根据不同香蕉品种线粒体基因内含子序列间的差异性,通过PCR扩增线粒体基因组中细胞色素氧化酶亚基II基因中的一个内含子,并进行测序和聚类分析,对分属5个基因型(AAA、AA、AAB、ABB和BB)的16个香蕉品种进行了分类。[结果]16个香蕉品种可分为三大类:第一类包括1个品种,基因型为BB;第二类包括7个品种,基因型为ABB;第三类包括8个品种,基因型包括AA、AAA、AAB和BB。其中,抗病新品种逸仙1、2、3号与粉杂有最近的亲缘关系。[结论]该方法对香蕉品种的分类结果与基因型的组成类型基本一致,说明它在鉴定香蕉种属亲缘关系中是可行和有效的。     

线粒体基因高变区应用于香蕉种属亲缘关系的鉴定研究

[目的]建立一种较为简单有效的香蕉种属关系鉴定的手段和方法。[方法]根据不同香蕉品种线粒体基因内含子序列间的差异性,通过PCR扩增线粒体基因组中细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅱ基因中的1个内含子,并进行测序和聚类分析,对分属5个基因型（AAA、AA、AAB、ABB和BB）的16个香蕉品种进行了分类。[结果]16个香蕉品种可分为3大类：第1类包括1个品种,基因型为BB;第2类包括7个品种,基因型为ABB;第3类包括8个品种,基因型包括AA、AAA、AAB和BB。其中,抗病新株系逸仙1、2、3号与粉杂有最近的亲缘关系。[结论]该方法对香蕉品种的分类结果与基因型的组成类型基本一致,说明它在鉴定香蕉种属亲缘关系方面是可行的。