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天敌昆虫和生防菌的联合应用对害虫防控具有潜在的增效作用。东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri是目前常用的捕食性天敌之一, 被广泛用于温室蓟马、粉虱等害虫的防治。金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae寄主广泛, 可有效防治多种温室害虫, 且相对安全。为探索东亚小花蝽与金龟子绿僵菌联用的控害效果, 本文在室内和田间条件下研究了二者对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis的协同控害作用。室内测定结果表明, 绿僵菌孢子悬浮液浓度不大于5×107孢子/mL时, 不会对东亚小花蝽5龄若虫的存活和羽化造成负面影响。室内与温室笼罩条件下, 东亚小花蝽携带绿僵菌的处理能够降低辣椒上的西花蓟马和烟粉虱发生量, 表明东亚小花蝽携带绿僵菌可提高对西花蓟马和烟粉虱的防治效果, 证明了天敌昆虫和生防菌联合应用的可行性, 为生物防治方式多元化应用与推广提供了实践指导。 相似文献
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为明确采用植保无人飞机施药方式防治烟草病虫害的可行性,对比分析了采用多旋翼植保无人飞机与背负式电动喷雾器喷施5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐水分散粒剂(WG)防治烟草棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的田间效果和添加助剂倍达通对多旋翼植保无人飞机喷施药剂对棉铃虫的田间防治效果的影响。结果表明:采用植保无人飞机喷施5%甲基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐WG对棉铃虫的防治效果随着施药后时间的延长逐渐增加。施药后7 d,制剂用量为60、75和90 g/hm2的防治效果分别为71.31%、64.00%和93.93%。在制剂用量为75 g/hm2下,添加10 mL/L的助剂倍达通可使植保无人飞机作业对棉铃虫的防效从64.00%提高到92.59%,背负式电动喷雾器施药后7 d的防效为94.30%。研究结果表明,在相同施药剂量(75 g/hm2)下,采用背负式喷雾器喷施药剂对棉铃虫的防治效果好于采用多旋翼植保无人飞机。然而,通过添加10 mL/L的助剂倍达通或提高20%用药量,采用植保无人飞机施药可达到与采用背负式喷雾器施药相同的防治效果。该研究结果可为进一步提升植保无人飞机防治烟草病虫害的施药技术和加快植保无人飞机在烟草植保中的推广应用提供支撑和参考。 相似文献
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为明确不同氮肥施用量对杀菌剂防治小麦白粉病效果的影响, 于2016年-2017年?2017年-2018年和2018年-2019年3年度在河北廊坊研究了正常氮肥施用水平和减施氮肥水平下25%乙嘧酚悬浮剂(7个梯度)对田间小麦白粉病的防效?结果表明, 不同的氮肥施用量对药剂防治病害的效果有一定影响, 在相同药剂用量下减施氮肥处理(N2)药剂的防效大多要显著高于正常施氮处理(N1)?对3年度不同氮肥施用水平下药剂用量与病情指数或防效的关系模型以及随机系数回归模型比较分析发现, 其模型的斜率无显著性差异, 截距大部分有显著性差异?通过防效混合效应模型构建的不同分位数模型(10%?30%?50%?70%?90%), 获得了2种氮肥施用水平下不同用量的25%乙嘧酚悬浮剂防治田间小麦白粉病的效果?同时, 利用防效的关系模型计算了2种氮肥施用水平下25%乙嘧酚悬浮剂对小麦白粉病防效和药剂用量对照表, 为氮肥减施情况下药剂用量的合理选用提供了科学依据? 相似文献
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为探明在小麦不同生育期施用新型杀菌剂丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素总量[包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)?3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-ADON)?15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-ADON)]的控制效果, 2020年-2021年通过田间自然发病和人工接种发病试验的方法, 研究了小麦不同生育期施用丙硫菌唑及施用次数对小麦赤霉病的防效, 并通过液相色谱-串联质谱法测定了不同处理小麦籽粒中对DON毒素总含量?结果表明, 30%丙硫菌唑可分散油悬浮剂(OD)防治2次对小麦赤霉病的防效和对DON毒素的控制效果均显著高于防治1次; 防治2次时, 其首次最佳防治时期为小麦齐穗期至扬花20%, 防效为90.25%~95.13%, 毒素控制效果为77.35%~79.97%?30%丙硫菌唑OD作为防控小麦赤霉病的新型药剂具有良好的应用前景, 本研究为该药剂推广应用于小麦赤霉病及籽粒DON毒素的防控提供了科学依据? 相似文献
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智能机械减量施用苯磺隆对播娘蒿防治效果及对小麦安全性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
通过在田间条件下进行两因素裂区试验,研究了3种不同施药机——智能防飘、智能普通和常规施药机在推荐剂量和减量20%条件下施用苯磺隆对冬小麦田间杂草播娘蒿的防治效果和对小麦的安全性。结果表明:施药机种类和施药剂量及其二者的交互作用均未对播娘蒿的防治效果和对小麦的营养生长产生显著影响;施药机种类因素对小麦产量产生了显著影响,智能机械施药处理小麦产量显著高于常规施药机处理;而除草剂剂量因素对小麦产量的影响并不显著。可见,智能施药机在降低20%的除草剂使用量条件下可以达到与常规施药机相当的除草效果,而且对小麦的增产效果更优。该研究结果有助于推动我国农田杂草化学防治中智能机械在除草剂减量使用中的大规模应用。 相似文献
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Quinclorac (3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid) is a new herbicide in United States rice production. Field studies were conducted in 1990 and 1991 in Mississippi to determine the influence of application timings and rates on weed control efficacy and rice yield. Control of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyard-grass), Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hill (hemp sesbania) and Ipomoea wrightii Gray (palmleaf morning glory) were greatest with early post-emergence application. Efficacy of pre-emergence application depends strongly on soil moisture, with significantly reduced weed control resulting when applied to dry soil. Weed control with pre-emergence application to moist soil was comparable with early post-emergence application at higher rates of quinclorac. Pre-plant and incorporated quinclorac controlled weeds effectively. Control of E. crus-galli, S. exaltata and I. wrightii ranged from 73 to 99%, 75 to 99%, and 92 to 99% at 28 days after treatment, respectively. Rice yield generally reflected weed control. No rice injury was observed for any treatment. Results indicate that early post-emergence application of quinclorac is the best time for using reduced rates and field conditions at application should be considered with these rates pre-emergence. 相似文献
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Evaluation of chemical and integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in Greece 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Current environmental awareness has led to a greater demand for alternative nematode control strategies. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Cucumber rootstocks which have shown resistance to soil-borne diseases were tested to reveal any resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes, and integration of these rootstocks with nematicides was investigated. Metham-sodium and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) provided good control of nematode populations when their application was followed by the application of a non-fumigant nematicide such as cadusafos or oxamyl. Neither fumigant could provide season-long control of nematode populations, and a further application of cadusafos was required for satisfactory control. The efficacy of metham-sodium was significantly increased when injected into soil in comparison with its application through the drip irrigation system. The use of rootstocks resistant to soil-borne fungal pathogens used together with chemical means of nematode control provided promising results for their further use in integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide. However, the latter was the superior treatment for the control of root-knot nematodes in soil infested with residues of galled roots. Dazomet, metham-sodium nor the non-fumigant nematicides oxamyl and fenamiphos could reduce nematode population as efficiently as methyl bromide. None of the chemicals tested except methyl bromide could enter galled roots and kill surviving nematodes. 相似文献
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3种除草剂对水稻旱直播阔叶杂草防效及安全性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
为明确不同除草剂茎叶处理对旱直播水稻田旱生阔叶杂草防除及安全性的影响,采用随机区组试验设计,选用30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS、84%氯酯磺草胺WG、480 g/L灭草松AS 3种除草剂在水稻4叶期、5叶期施用,施药后每间隔7 d测定杂草株防效、鲜重防效和水稻目测药害,同步测定水稻生长指标和抗逆酶活性。结果表明:30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2在水稻4叶期的杂草防效最佳,第28天杂草株防效及鲜重防效仍可达93.55%和96.42%,且对大龄鸭跖草防效显著,施药后水稻生长与人工除草相比无显著差异。叶片SOD、POD活性和MDA含量均先升后降,至施药后28 d恢复正常。30% 2,4-滴丁酸钠盐AS 900.0 g/hm2可高效防除阔叶杂草,该药剂在水稻4叶期和5叶期施用对旱直播水稻安全。 相似文献
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采用10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂(OD),按有效成分75 g/hm2的剂量,于香蕉抽蕾初期施药1次,比较了喷雾、灌根和埋药3种施药方式下溴氰虫酰胺对黄胸蓟马的防效,并通过超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS),分析了溴氰虫酰胺在香蕉果实、花瓣及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留。药效试验表明:喷雾法与灌根法对黄胸蓟马均具有良好的防治效果,防效分别为78%和74%,而埋药处理的防效较差,仅18%。残留检测结果表明:喷雾和灌根处理组,溴氰虫酰胺在果实、花瓣和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为6.5、14.0、8.5 d和16.0、5.7、8.0 d;在香蕉收获前7 d采样,果实中未检测到溴氰虫酰胺残留,其在土壤中残留量为0.028 mg/kg。研究表明,采用喷雾与灌根法施用溴氰虫酰胺可有效防治香蕉田黄胸蓟马,且其在香蕉上使用较安全,属于易降解性农药。 相似文献
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三种粉锈宁络合物,即保丰宁、植保宁和粉锈铜对小麦锈病防病保产效果显著,用药量低、持效期长,使用安全,而且在田间试验与粉锈宁用药量相同的情况下,其效果接近。据室内测定,植保宁具有较强的内吸传导性能,但基本上是向上传导;具有较强的治疗和铲除作用,但对夏孢子萌发的影响很弱。据田间试验,用药量与品种感病性关系密切,随着小麦品种感病性提高,用药量应适当增加,才能控制锈病为害;施药次数主要取决于施药时小麦所处的生育期,施药1次的适期在病叶率5%—10%时、小麦处于旗叶伸长至抽穗期。 相似文献
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The efficacy of cyazofamid was tested against pearl millet downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola Schroet. Significant inhibition of sporangial sporulation, zoospore release and motility was observed at 0.3 mg mL(-1), and this concentration also provided good fungicidal activity under in vitro conditions. Under glasshouse conditions, none of the concentrations tested, either 0.01-2 mg mL(-1) as seed treatment or 1-10 mg mL(-1) by foliar application, was found to be phytotoxic. The effect of cyazofamid was tested by seed treatment alone, seed treatment followed by foliar application and foliar application alone. Seed treatment with cyazofamid offered only 19.7% disease control, but seed treatment followed by a single foliar application to diseased plants provided good control over disease, seed treatment with two foliar applications was significantly superior and foliar application alone showed a high level of activity, with 10 mg mL(-1) giving 97.9% disease control. Lack of systemic activity of cyazofamid was evident, root treatment giving disease levels on a par with the untreated control. The fungicide exhibited strong curative activity, but only moderate translaminar activity, with only marginal (34.8%) disease control after treatment of the adaxial leaf surface at 10 mg mL(-1). Loss of cyazofamid activity over time was very low, indicating stable residual and rainfastness activity. These results indicate that cyazofamid has a high potential to be an effective fungicide for the control of downy mildew disease of pearl millet. 相似文献
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RNAi (RNA干扰) 是指由诱导分子siRNA (小干扰 RNA)、miRNA (微小RNA)或piRNA (P 转座子诱导互作 RNA) 特异性降解或者抑制同源mRNA,引起靶标基因沉默的现象。RNAi技术具有操作简便、特异性和选择性强等显著特点,是目前农业生命科学领域最有可能应用于病虫害防控的新技术之一。本文通过综述近年来RNAi在农业病虫害防控领域应用的最新研究成果,并对RNAi技术在新靶标基因筛选、高效dsRNA载体开发、与传统农药相结合以及拓宽应用范围等诸多方面的发展前景进行了展望,同时还针对RNAi干扰效率、稳定性、成本控制、抗性发展及抗性治理等方面所面临的挑战进行了深入探讨,提出了合理建议。基于RNAi技术的病虫害防控策略将继续焕发新的活力,为综合防控提供新理念。 相似文献
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草莓叶螨是影响北京地区草莓生产的重要害螨,本文对其进行了两种新型生物源农药(藜芦碱、多杀霉素)及化学农药(高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯)的防效对比研究。室内毒力测定结果表明:2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和0.5%藜芦碱SL对朱砂叶螨毒力最高,其LC_(50)分别为2.54mg/L和4.18mg/L;其次是10%联苯菊酯EC和2.5%多杀霉素SC,其LC_(50)分别为13.16mg/L和84.51mg/L。田间试验结果表明:2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC和0.5%藜芦碱SL对草莓叶螨防控效果最好,施药7d后防治效果达80%以上,施药14d后防治效果达82%左右,施药28d后防治效果达84%左右,持效期较长。10%联苯菊酯EC和2.5%多杀霉SC素防控效果欠佳,施药7d后的防治效果为50%左右,具有一定的防治效果;但施药14、21及28d后害虫总数有增长趋势,未表现出持续的抑制效果。与对照区相比,各药剂均表现出对草莓叶螨具有一定的防控作用。高浓度2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯EC对草莓叶片有轻微药害,在生产中要严格控制其使用剂量;0.5%藜芦碱SL试验处理未对草莓及非靶标生物产生不良影响,安全无药害且防治效果好,在实际生产中具有良好的推广应用价值。 相似文献
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Dose and number of applications that maximize fungicide effective life exemplified by Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat – a model analysis
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Two key decisions that need to be taken about a fungicide treatment programme are (i) the number of applications that should be used per crop growing season, and (ii) the dosage that should be used in each application. There are two opposing considerations, with control efficacy improved by a higher number of applications and higher dose, and resistance management improved by a lower number of applications and lower dose. Resistance management aims to prolong the effective life of the fungicide, defined as the time between its introduction onto the market for use on the target pathogen, and the moment when effective control is lost due to a build‐up of fungicide resistance. Thus, the question is whether there are optimal combinations of dose rate and number of applications that both provide effective control and lead to a longer effective life. In this paper, it is shown how a range of spray programmes can be compared and optimal programmes selected. This is explored with Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat and a quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide. For this pathogen–fungicide combination, a single treatment provided effective control under the simulated disease pressure, but only if the application timing was optimal and the dose was close to the maximum permitted. Programmes with three applications were generally not optimal as they exerted too much selection for resistance. Two‐application fungicide programmes balanced effective control with reasonable flexibility of dose and application timing, and low resistance selection, leading to long effective lives of the fungicide. 相似文献
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为评价土壤添加生物质炭控制褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的应用潜力是否受到施肥的影响,在室内按析因设计进行添加生物质炭和施肥的盆栽试验,观察在生物质炭(0、10、50 g/kg)×施肥(不施肥、尿素、复合肥)处理后的水稻上取食的褐飞虱生长发育和生殖表现。结果表明,添加生物质炭对褐飞虱若虫发育历期的影响不因施肥而变化,少量(10 g/kg)和足量(50 g/kg)生物质炭处理下的若虫发育历期分别为13.7 d和13.9 d,但均比不添加生物质炭对照(12.9 d)显著延长。添加生物质炭对若虫存活率的影响与施肥有关,在施复合肥条件下生物质炭处理不影响存活率,而在施氮肥条件下足量生物质炭处理使若虫存活率(69.9%)比少量生物质炭处理(88.8%)显著降低。添加生物质炭对成虫长翅型比例的影响取决于施肥,虽然不施肥条件下添加足量生物质炭可使长翅型比例从少量处理的10.9%增至足量处理的40.2%,但在施复合肥或氮肥条件下,生物质炭不影响长翅型比例。添加生物质炭对褐飞虱生殖力的影响与施肥有关,在施复合肥条件下生物质炭对其生殖力影响不显著,在施氮肥条件下足量生物质炭处理的产卵量平均为170.6粒,较不添加生物质炭对照(290.3粒)和少量生物质炭处理(309.3粒)显著减少。研究结果表明,土壤添加生物质炭对褐飞虱存活和生殖的不利影响因施肥种类不同而有一定的变化。 相似文献