Development of an antigen-ELISA and a colloidal gold–based immunochromatographic strip based on monoclonal antibodies for detection of avian influenza A(H5) viruses

Avian influenza A(H5) viruses (avian IAVs) pose a major threat to the economy and public health. We developed an antigen-ELISA (ag-ELISA) and a colloidal gold–based immunochromatographic strip for the rapid detection of avian A(H5) viruses. Both detection methods displayed no cross-reactivity with other viruses (e.g., other avian IAVs, infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian paramyxovirus). The ag-ELISA was sensitive down to 0.5 hemagglutinin (HA) units/100 µL of avian A(H5) viruses and 7.5 ng/mL of purified H5 HA proteins. The immunochromatographic strip was sensitive down to 1 HA unit/100 µL of avian A(H5) viruses. Both detection methods exhibited good reproducibility with CVs < 10%. For 200 random poultry samples, the sensitivity and specificity of the ag-ELISA were 92.6% and 98.8%, respectively, and for test strips were 88.9% and 98.3%, respectively. Both detection methods displayed high specificity, sensitivity, and stability, making them suitable for rapid detection and field investigation of avian A(H5) viruses.     

弓形虫抗体免疫胶体金快速检测试纸条的研制

将样品垫（加样区）、包被了弓形虫排泄分泌抗原和胶体金结合物的结合垫、包被了弓形虫排泄分泌抗原和抗弓形虫抗体的硝酸纤维素膜、吸水垫依次首尾互相衔接粘贴在白色塑料板上，组装成检测弓形虫抗体的免疫胶体金快速试纸条。然后用其进行动物弓形虫病血清抗体检测，并用弓形虫IHA诊断试剂进行对照试验。经对已知弓形虫阴、阳性血清检测，与弓形虫IHA检测结果的符合率为82．5％，金标试纸条较弓形虫IHA诊断试剂能提前2d检测到抗体。结果表明，检测弓形虫抗体免疫胶体金试剂（金标试纸条）的敏感度高于IHA。     

甲硝唑胶体金试纸条的研制

为方便药物残留的现场快速检测,利用胶体金免疫层析技术研制出了一种快速检测蜂蜜样本中甲硝唑残留的试纸条。将人工抗原与二抗包被到硝酸纤维素膜上依次作为检测线和控制线,样本中的甲硝唑与检测线上的人工抗原竞争性结合胶体金结合垫上的抗体-胶体金结合物,根据检测线和控制线的显色情况判断样本的阴阳性。实验结果显示：试纸条上人工抗原MNZ-BSA的包被量为0.5mg/mL,二抗羊抗鼠IgG的包被量为0.54 mg/mL;试纸条对于甲硝唑的检出限为1μg/kg,与4种硝基咪唑类药物有交叉反应,但甲硝唑的检出限最低;样本中添加溶液A处理并用乙酸乙酯作为提取剂,单个样本检测时间为20min。适用于甲硝唑残留的大规模现场快速检测。     

检测莱克多巴胺胶体金免疫层析试验的建立

采用混合酸酐法制备莱克多巴胺-OVA偶联抗原,胶体金标记莱克多巴胺单克隆抗体,建立了检测莱克多巴胺的胶体金免疫层析试验。该试验具有较好的敏感性和特异性,最低可检测10ng/mL的莱克多巴胺,而与克伦特罗和沙丁醇胺无交叉反应。胶体金免疫层析试验对尿液和饲料样品中莱克多巴胺的最低检测量分别为10ng/mL和0.01mg/kg。     

原料乳和临床乳房炎金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因检测及药敏分析

对临床乳房炎（57株）和原料乳（44株）金黄色葡萄球菌菌株,用PCR方法检测mecA基因、PVL基因、ETs基因、SEs基因和TSST-1基因;采用CLSI指导说明执行琼脂稀释法药敏性试验。结果显示原料乳菌株中,84.09%携带有毒素基因,其中PVL的检出率为84.09%,肠毒素的检出率为52.27%,主要流行的肠毒素基因为sea（56.82%）,均未检测到携带mecA、ETs、TSST-1、sei和sej基因的菌株;同时得到10种毒素基因型,其主要流行的毒素基因型为PVL＋sea（29.55%）和PVL（27.27%）。临床菌株中,78.95%携带有毒素基因,其中PVL的检出率为28.07%,肠毒素的检出率为77.19%,主要流行的肠毒素基因为sea（47.37%）,没有检测到携带ETs、TSST-1和seh基因菌株;同时得到25种毒素基因型,其主要流行的毒素基因型为sea（19.30%）,其次是seb（7.02%）,sea＋sed＋sej（3.51%）和PVL＋sea＋seb＋sec＋seg＋sei（3.51%）。6株（10.53%）携带有mecA基因菌株均含有较多毒素基因。原料乳分离株对甲氧苄啶和头孢西丁的耐药率较高,分别为100%和86.36%,其次对氯霉素、红霉素、苯唑西林、头孢哌酮和庆大霉素的耐药率分别为11.36%、4.55%、2.27%、2.27%和6.82%,所有原料乳菌株均对环丙沙星敏感,同时得到8种耐药谱,多重耐药率达22%;临床乳房炎菌株对红霉素和甲氧苄啶的耐药率较高,分别为100%和71.93%,其次对氯霉素、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、头孢西丁和苯唑西林的耐药率分别为28.07%、26.07%、24.56%、19.30%和7.02%,临床乳房炎菌株对头孢哌酮和四环素的敏感率为100%,同时得到13种耐药谱,多重耐药率达77.19%。所有原料乳和临床乳房炎菌株均对万古霉素和阿米卡星敏感。临床乳房炎菌株携带的毒素基因和多重耐药率比原料奶菌株高,同时在临床乳房炎乳中检测到MRSA菌株,提示我们应加强乳及其乳制品的管理,并对奶牛乳房炎加以重视。     

牛白血病病毒GP51蛋白在大肠杆菌中表达及胶体金免疫层析试纸条检测方法的建立

为了建立一种快速诊断牛白血病(BLV)的检测方法,本研究从BLV中扩增出其囊膜糖蛋白gp51基因,经测序后克隆于表达载体pET32a(+)中,构建了重组表达质粒pET32a-gp51。将其转化受体菌BL21,用IPTG诱导后表达出约42ku的目的蛋白,经western blot检测表明目的蛋白具良好的反应原性。以胶体金标记的羊抗牛IgG(Fc)抗体作为标记抗体,将纯化的His-gp51重组蛋白和羊抗牛IgG分别标记于硝酸纤维素膜上作为检测线和质控线,各部件按序装配形成快速诊断试纸条。对22份样本分别用试纸条和ELISA试验进行检测,2种方法的阳性符合率为88.9%(8/9),表明本研究建立的胶体金免疫层析方法简便、快捷,具有较好的特异性和一定的敏感性,适宜基层初筛诊断和现场应用。     

Improved rapid and efficient method for Staphylococcus aureus DNA extraction from milk for identification of mastitis pathogens

A rapid and efficient DNA extraction method was developed for detecting mastitis pathogens in milk. The first critical step involved cell wall disruption by bead-beating, as physical disruption using beads was more effective for DNA extraction from Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, than enzymatic disruption using proteinase K. The second critical step involves the use of acetic acid and ammonium sulfate in the purification process, as these reagents effectively and efficiently remove the lipids and proteins in milk. Using these methods, DNA suitable for loop-mediated isothermal amplification was obtained within 30 min. Also, the rapid and sensitive detection of S. aureus in milk was possible at levels as low as 200 cfu/ml.     

快速检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒胶体金免疫层析方法的建立

为建立一种快速、简便、灵敏的检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的胶体金免疫层析方法(GICA),本研究采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备了胶体金颗粒,标记抗PRRSVN蛋白的单克隆抗体(MAb) 2D7制备免疫检测探针,将抗PRRSVN蛋白的MAb 1G7和羊抗鼠IgG抗体印迹在硝酸纤维素膜上,分别作为检测线和质控线,经条件优化,组装成胶体金免疫层析试纸条.本研究制备的PRRSV胶体金试纸条的最低检测限度为103.0 TCID50/mL;在特异性试验中,试纸条检测PRRSV呈阳性,其它主要猪病病原均为阴性;不同批次试纸条重复检测,结果无差异;对现地猪场送检的150份病料进行PRRSV病原检测,与RT-PCR相比较,试纸条的特异性和敏感性分别为98.13％和88.37％.两种方法的一致性Kappa值为0.882.建立的PRRSV抗原胶体金免疫层析检测方法具有良好的的敏感性、特异性、重复性及现地应用性.该试纸条的研制为PRRS的快速诊断及免疫预防提供了技术手段.     

Research on the preparation,uniformity and stability of mixed standard substance for rapid detection of goat milk composition

Taking fresh goat milk as raw material after filtering, centrifuging, hollow fiber ultrafiltration, allocating formula, value detection and preparation processing, a set of 10 goat milk mixed standard substances was prepared on the basis of one‐factor‐at‐a‐time using a uniform design method, and its accuracy, uniformity and stability were evaluated by paired t‐test and F‐test of one‐way analysis of variance. The results showed that three milk composition contents of these standard products were independent of each other, and the preparation using the quasi‐level design method, and without emulsifier was the best program. Compared with detection value by cow milk standards for calibration fast analyzer, the calibration by goat milk mixed standard was more applicable to rapid detection of goat milk composition, detection value was more accurate and the deviation showed less error. Single factor analysis of variance showed that the uniformity and stability of the mixed standard substance were better; it could be stored for 15 days at 4°C. The uniformity and stability of the in‐units and inter‐units could meet the requirements of the preparation of national standard products.     

An automated in-line clinical mastitis detection system using measurement of conductivity from foremilk of individual udder quarters

AIM: To assess a novel method for automatic in-line detection of clinical mastitis.

METHODS: For a brief period at the start of milking for each cow, electrical conductivity of foremilk was measured for each quarter in turn, using a single sensor installed in the long milk tube (LMT) about 1.5 m downstream from the milking-machine claw. Sequential separation of flow between udder quarters was achieved by control of pulsation to individual teatcups within a conventional cluster. The ratio of conductivity values between quarters was used as an indicator of mastitis status. The concept was evaluated initially in a pilot trial in a 200-cow herd milked in a 23-stall swing-over herringbone milking parlour. It was then tested rigorously in a field trial in a 640-cow herd milked in a 50-stall rotary milking parlour. Both trials were conducted in the Waikato region of New Zealand. In the latter trial, sensor results were compared with visual inspection of a commercial in-line mastitis filter fitted to each milking unit. These filters were inspected for clots immediately after every cow's milking, for 3 weeks. The dataset of approximately 27,000 individual milkings was tested against several published or potential alter- native ‘gold standards’ for diagnosing clinical mastitis.

RESULTS: In the pilot trial, 12–14 clinical events were detected out of 19 true clinical quarters, with a false-alert rate of between three and five false electrical-conductivity alerts per 1,000 individual milkings. In the more rigorous field trial, sensitivity ranged from 68 to 88%, and the false-alert rate (false-alert episodes per 1,000 individual milkings) ranged from 2.3 to 7.0.

CONCLUSION: The novel clinical mastitis detection system, based on separation of the flow and measurement of electrical conductivity from foremilk of individual udder quarters, has the potential to provide a new tool for helping farmers to monitor clinical mastitis in herds milked with conventional clusters.