Laboratory and field cage studies on female‐targeted attract‐and‐kill bait stations for Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BACKGROUND: Development of attract‐and‐kill bait stations for pest fruit flies has been limited by the water solubility of sugar needed as a feeding stimulant and by the volatility of chemical attractants. A wax‐based matrix was developed that provides the longevity needed for field use and is biodegradable. RESULTS: Laboratory bioassays with the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), confirmed the efficacy of bait stations containing avermectin, methomyl, spinosad and phloxine B. Field cage studies demonstrated that significant mortality occurred with either 1% (w/v) spinosad or 1% (w/v) methomyl bait stations versus pesticide‐free bait stations. Bait stations were exposed to environmental conditions by placing them in trees at the ARS station in Miami, Florida, between tests. There was no loss in efficacy, in spite of exposure to over 360 mm of rainfall over the 56 days of the study, indicating that the bait stations could provide population suppression for at least 1–2 months when used in subtropical environments. CONCLUSION: A long‐lasting, female‐targeted fruit fly bait station, such as the one developed herein, could provide a cost‐effective option for fruit fly population suppression that would be an important tool in tephritid pest management and control. Additional studies are needed to demonstrate efficacy against wild fruit fly populations and determine deployment strategies. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

杨桃园桔小实蝇综合防治初报

近年来，随着种植结构的改革，对外交往频繁，广东地区桔小实蝇发生严重，发生量是过去的数倍至数十倍。部分杨桃、番石榴等果树因为害严重而失收。为此我们开展了桔小实蝇发生规律调查、监测和综合防治措施的研究。结果表明：桔小实蝇在广州地区有二个高峰期6月和8月份。通过诱杀去雄，适时喷药，养鸡除虫，套袋、拾烂果等综合防治措施，二年来使三个试验地的虫口密度大幅下降，在2002年7月桔小实蝇为害高峰期，马来西亚大果杨桃为害率为1．7—5．5％，对照区为94％，本地种的小果杨桃为害率为23—35．2％，对照为74．5％，取得了较好的防治效果，初步扭转了杨桃近年来基本失收的局面。     

Feeding and attraction of non-target flies to spinosad-based fruit fly bait

A spinosad-based fruit fly bait, GF-120, has recently become a primary tool for area-wide suppression or eradication of pest tephritid fruit flies. The present study assessed the attraction and feeding of five non-target fly species to GF-120 in Hawaii. These non-target flies include three beneficial tephritid species [Eutreta xanthochaeta (Aldrich), Tetreuaresta obscuriventris (Loew), Ensina sonchi (L.)] introduced for weed biological control, an endemic Hawaiian tephritid [Trupanea dubautiae (Bryan)] (all Diptera: Tephritidae) and the cosmopolitan Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae). All five non-target fly species were susceptible to GF-120, as was the target pest Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Feeding on, or even brief tasting of, GF-120 killed all fly species within 2 h. When individual flies were provided with a choice of GF-120 or honey solution, there was no difference in the frequency of first food encounter by E. xanthochaeta, D. melanogaster or C. capitata. The other three non-target species approached honey more often than GF-120 in their first food encounter. Feeding times on GF-120 and honey were not significantly different for D. melanogaster and C. capitata, while the other four non-target species fed longer on honey than on GF-120. There was no significant difference in feeding time on honey versus GF-120 between males and females of each species. These results suggest that area-wide treatment using GF-120 for the purpose of eradication of pest fruit flies has potential negative impacts on these and other non-target fly species in Hawaii.     

高度和地点对性引诱剂诱集桔小实蝇雄虫效果的影响

观察研究了番石榴园桔小实蝇性引诱剂诱捕器悬挂高度和生态环境类型对诱集效果的影响。结果表明,诱捕器的悬挂高度一般应在1m以上,如果树较高,则应悬挂到不低于果树平均高度的0.5～1m;诱捕器的设置位置明显影响诱集结果,若要进行种群动态监测,诱捕器应设置在当地有代表性的果园区,且最好在果园内、果园外都设点进行诱捕。     

Efficacy and residues of phloxine B and uranine for the suppression of Mediterranean fruit fly in coffee fields

The field efficacy of a bait containing phloxine B, uranine and Provesta 621 protein was tested against Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata; Medfly) by aerial and ground spraying in about 84 ha of coffee fields in Kauai, Hawaii, USA. Concurrently, soil and crop samples were collected from the aerially sprayed field and its unsprayed control field for residue studies. Efficacy of the sprays was assessed through trapping with both protein-baited and trimedlure-baited traps and through the infestation level of coffee cherries collected at least three-quarters ripe. The C capitata population was low at the start of the aerial and ground spray studies, but dramatically increased in the control fields. This increase coincided with initial ripening of coffee cherries. During times of peak population levels, C capitata populations were reduced by more than 91% in the ground-sprayed field and 99% in the aerial-sprayed field, relative to the populations in their respective control fields and based on protein-baited trap catches. Results of residue analyses indicated that uranine dissipated quickly compared with phloxine B on coffee and soil. Coffee samples collected at pre-spray periods had phloxine B residues of 7.2-25.5 ng g-1 on berries. Phloxine B concentrations were much higher on coffee leaves (163-1120 ng g-1). Lower concentrations of the dye were found from coffee samples collected during rainy days. Average phloxine B concentrations immediately after spraying were 56 and 2840 ng g-1 in coffee berries and leaves, respectively. Dissipation of phloxine B on berries was fast, with a half-life (t1/2) of 3 days. Dissipation of phloxine B on leaves was fitted to two linear phases: the initial (0-4 days) with a shorter t1/2 of 3 days and the later phase (4-28 days) with a longer t1/2 of 15 days. Average concentrations of phloxine B in the top soil ranged from 50 to 590 ng g-1 at pre-spray. Phloxine B initial concentration (770 ng g-1) reached a plateau immediately after the last spraying, but showed a steady decline over time with t1/2 of 16 days. Fast dissipation of the dyes in the field indicates that these chemicals may be environmentally compatible and therefore a promising alternative for fruit fly control.     

瓜实蝇、桔小实蝇、南瓜实蝇在广州地区的种群动态

利用Ｓｔｅｉｎｅｒ诱捕器和灯笼式诱捕器，内放有诱捕剂ｃｕｅ－ｌｕｒｅ或ｍｅｔｈｙｌ ｅｕｇｅｎｏｌ和化学农工马拉硫磷混合物的棉芯，在广州地区６个不同生境，从１９８９－１９９２年，连续诱捕结果表明，３种果实蝇的自然种群密度依交为瓜实蝇、南瓜实蝇和村小实蝇，它们每年有两个密度高峰，瓜实蝇和桔小实蝇的第１个高峰出现的１－３月；第２个高峰出现在７－１１月上旬，第２个高峰比第１个高峰的密度大。南瓜实蝇的第１     

寡毛实蝇的监测、鉴定和检疫处理研究

实蝇是水果和蔬菜的大害虫，在世界果蔬贸易中占有重要的地位。本研究采用国际通用的监测技术，利用Ｔｒｉｍｅｄｌｕｒｅ，Ｃｕｅｌｕｒｅ和Ｍｅｔｈｙｌｅｕｇｅｎｏｌ三种实蝇引诱剂于１９８０年开始至今，连续十多年对寡毛实蝇和地中海实蝇进行监测，同时也收集实蝇的寄主果实，开展周年季节性调查。经对收集的标本的鉴定，共发现寡毛实蝇２０种，其中有国内新记录６种。其详细描述收集在“实蝇及其防除”和“亚太地区寡毛实蝇”两本书中     

橘小实蝇不能在荔枝健果上成功产卵

根据在果园和室内测定，证实橘小蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）]不能在健康荔枝果实上成功产卵，但可在受损伤的果实上成功产卵。     

Report on Olive Fly Control with Ultra-low Volume Concentrate Bait Air Sprays

In the 1968 olive fly control season the effectiveness of an ultra-low volume concentrate bait consisting of 87% protein hydrolysate and 13% insecticide Malathion ULV 96% and of a standard type bait, consisting of 12% protein hydrolysate Atropaz, 1,57% malathion 57% (0.9% active ingredient) and 86.43% water, applied by air against the Dacus fly were compared. Both baits resulted in very good olive fly control and the olive fruit at the end of the season was completely free of any infestation. No differences in the effectiveness of the two baits tried could be established, however.     

橘小实蝇对不同寄主果实的产卵偏好及其与寄主果实理化性质的相关性

为明确橘小实蝇寄主偏好性机理,2018年于广西番石榴主产区测定橘小实蝇对14种不同寄主果实的产卵选择性、对嗜好寄主不同生育期果实的产卵选择性及嗜好寄主不同生育期的果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量,并对果实硬度、可溶性糖含量和可溶性蛋白含量与橘小实蝇产卵率的相关性进行分析。结果表明,广西番石榴主产区不同月份均有多种不同种类的橘小实蝇潜在寄主果实成熟,但橘小实蝇偏好在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴上产卵,产卵率分别为43.98%和39.43%,且对两者产卵无显著偏好性;橘小实蝇偏好在这2个番石榴品种的成熟期果实上产卵,产卵率分别为48.01%和44.84%,膨大期次之,产卵率分别为40.75%和41.75%。台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量均最低,分别为3.18 kg/cm2和0.10 mg/g,均显著低于其他2个生育期;台湾珍珠番石榴成熟期果实可溶性糖含量为32.72%,显著高于其他2个生育期。西瓜红番石榴3个生育期果实硬度、可溶性蛋白含量和可溶性糖含量的变化规律与台湾珍珠番石榴一致。橘小实蝇在台湾珍珠番石榴和西瓜红番石榴果实上的产卵率与果实硬度和可溶性蛋白含量呈负相关,...     

橘小实蝇在上海局部暴发成因分析

橘小实蝇是近年来传入上海并局部暴发危害的检疫性有害生物。本文根据上海地区实蝇监测及现场调查的结果,从入侵生物的一般特点着手分析橘小实蝇传入上海并暴发的成因。结果表明:橘小实蝇通过水果贸易传入到上海,废弃水果的无效管理是造成橘小实蝇疫情传入的重要原因;上海自然气候适合橘小实蝇的生存与繁殖,桃、梨、李等大量的寄主植物为其生存和种群扩张提供了充足的食物源。     

杨桃园桔小实蝇的防治适期研究

杨桃园桔小实蝇种群数量动态具有明显的规律,且与杨桃果实的成熟期密切相关。通常3月实蝇种群数量开始上升,4月～10月为发生盛期,其间出现3～4个发生高峰,11月次至年2月虫量较低。桔小实蝇对杨桃果实的成熟度具明显选择性,偏好硬度(成熟度)在89度以下的果实。单个果实中约有6个产卵孔、30头幼虫,杨桃从被害到落果时间长度一般为9d。经分析,发现产卵孔数和落果中的幼虫数量、产卵孔数与落果时间长度之间显著相关,建立了两者间关系方程。在以上研究基础上,确定了杨桃园桔小实蝇防治的一些关键时期。     

Spinosad bait sprays against the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)): effect on the canopy non-target arthropod fauna

Abundance and diversity of arthropods were compared in olive trees treated against the olive fruit fly with spinosad bait sprays and an untreated control, paying special attention to predators and parasitoids. Spinosad bait sprays did not reduce the abundance and diversity of arthropods as a whole in the canopy. However, principal response curve analysis revealed a significant deleterious effect of the treatments on natural enemies in the last of the three years of study. The most affected taxa were Anthocoridae (especially Orius spp.) and Aphelinidae.     

The Use of ULV Malathion Bait Sprays for the Control of Olive Fly (Dacus oleae Gmel.) by Aerial Applications in Cyprus

Bait spraying at a rate of 1 lit./ha. (0,2 lit. of ULV Malathion at 96%+ 0,8 lit. protein hydrolysate Atropaz) gave positive results in the control of the olive fly and olive moth but was insufficient against the olive weevil. Applications at low and ultra-low volume were clearly more economical and permitted larger areas to be treated. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of malathion concentrate aerial bait spraying be expanded in Cyprus in the control of olive fly.     

薇甘菊对桔小实蝇的驱避试验初报

为了探索一种低毒、低残留的环保型驱避剂，分别在广州市番禺区杨桃园和广东省昆虫研究所大院内，以薇甘菊Mikania micrantha H．B．K对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis（Hendel）成虫进行驱避试验。结果表明，薇甘菊对桔小实蝇具有明显的驱避效果，在薇甘菊环境内诱杀桔小实蝇虫数明显低于正常环境诱杀虫数，全年1，12月薇甘菊环境内对桔小实蝇的驱避率为13．33-92．78％，全年平均驱避率为50．65％；杨桃园内，以薇甘菊甲醇提取物喷施的杨桃，可以把本地种杨桃的桔小实蝇为害率控制在50％以下，而对照的为害率超过80％。     

利用概率模型定量评估橘小实蝇传入我国的可能性

定量评估有害生物的传入可能性是有害生物风险分析的重要组成。本研究以橘小实蝇为对象,结合口岸入境检疫记录及文献报道,利用概率分布拟合构成传入可能性的相关风险因子,通过随机模拟方法(MonteCarlo)来定量评估有害生物的传入可能性。研究表明,在目前进口规模及入境口岸实施2%抽样检疫的前提下,橘小实蝇随进口水果传入我国的可能性的概率为0.147。统计检验表明,进口规模(批次与数量)及产地果实的感染情况是影响到达口岸时每批水果中橘小实蝇数量的重要因素;入境后流向橘小实蝇适生地的比率、适生期间进口的数量及进入果园的水果数量是决定传入风险大小的主要因素。加强入境后水果的管理,可以有效降低传入风险。     

Organophosphate resistance in olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, populations in Greece and Cyprus

The olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important pest of olives in countries around the Mediterranean basin. Its control has been based mostly on bait sprays with organophosphate insecticides (usually dimethoate or fenthion) for about 40 years. In the present study, the resistance status of olive fruit fly populations to dimethoate was examined in Greece and Cyprus over 2 years. Thirty-one populations from various regions of Greece, nine from Cyprus and one laboratory susceptible strain, which served as a control, were assayed by topical application of dimethoate. Considerable variation in the resistance levels to dimethoate was recorded in the populations of B. oleae, with resistance ratios ranging from 6.3 to 64.4 (ED(50) values 12.5-128.7 ng dimethoate per insect). The highest resistance ratios were found in populations from Crete, and the lowest in those from Cyprus. This variation could be attributed to different selection pressures from insecticidal applications among populations from the various regions. Migration of resistant genotypes, either autonomous or via commerce, may also be involved.     

不同果园中主要食心虫种群监测与防控技术

利用性信息素和黑光灯系统调查了枣园、桃园中食心虫的种类构成及其种群发生动态,并比较了3种土壤防控措施对桃小食心虫的效果。结果显示：枣园中食心虫的数量由多到少依次为：桃小食心虫、梨小食心虫和桃蛀螟,其中桃小食心虫1年发生2代,发生期为6月上旬至9月下旬,其成虫累积诱捕量随日期的变化符合Sigmoid方程;梨小食心虫1年发生4代,发生期为5月下旬至9月下旬;桃蛀螟1年发生2代,发生期为5月下旬至9月下旬。桃园中以梨小食心虫为主,1年发生4～5代,发生期为5月上旬至9月底,年均性信息素累积诱捕量为8829头/诱捕器,而桃小食心虫和桃蛀螟数量均极少。3种土壤防控措施中,灌水覆膜对桃小食心虫防控效果最好,幼虫出土抑制率为67%,其次为盖草覆膜和盖土拍实。     

Preference and infestation level of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) on fruits of some Psidium guajava L. cultivars and relation to their physicochemical parameters

This study aimed to verify the preference and infestation level of Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) [South American fruit fly] in fruits of guava cultivars and to correlate them to variables such as peel coloration, soluble solids and pH of fruit cultivars. The following cultivars were used: Pedro Sato, Paluma, Cascão and Século XXI. The infestation was evaluated in cages, considering two scenarios: no-choice and multiple choice. In both tests, evaluations of the fruit attraction to insects were conducted for a period of 1′, 3′, 5′, 10′, 20′, 30′, 1 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. The visit of A. fraterculus on the assayed cultivars in relation to the time was studied by logistic regression. After 10 days, the number of larvae in each fruit was recorded. In the multiple choice test, the visit proportions were significantly higher in the fruits of cvs. Século XXI and Pedro Sato than in those of cvs. Paluma and Cascão. In the no-choice test, the visit proportions were significantly lower in the Paluma fruits. In both tests, the rate of fruit infestation by A. fraterculus did not differ among cvs. Pedro Sato, Paluma and Cascão, whereas the fruits of cv. Século XXI were more infested. The indexes of pH did not interfere with the infestation of A. fraterculus, whereas a high rate of soluble solids and low color angle appear to be crucial for discriminating the fruits of the most susceptible cultivars. Infestation rate of Século XXI fruits displayed significant correlations with: °Brix (r= 0.7078) and color angle (h) (r= –0.9499) of guava fruits under the multiple choice conditions.     

Analysis of exotic fruit fly trapping networks*

This paper reviews the main networks of fruit fly trapping worldwide. The general result highlights the global effectiveness of large and structured fruit fly surveillance networks established according to current international standards. However, there is a considerable contrast among national approaches, depending mainly on the frequency of fruit fly detections. The cost of surveillance networks is high and frequently constitutes a limiting factor for their correct implementation according to the recommended standards. This highlights the importance of research to improve the effectiveness of trapping systems (which refers to the combination of an attractant, a dispenser and a type of trap). A cost‐benefit analysis to compare the actual cost of surveillance with a no‐surveillance strategy and the cost of expected damage would be a promising tool. Ideally, such analysis should take into account the complex of tephritid species already present in a given country and the estimated cost of increased damage on fruit production or increased control costs.