Effectiveness of cyfluthrin dust treatment for control and protection of shelled maize against infestation by the larger grain borer,Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Tanzania

Abstract

Knockdown, mortality and residual activity of pyrethrins and cyfluthrin were studied on the larger grain borer (LGB), Prostephanus truncatus (Horn). Pyrethrum marc with 0.4% pyrethrins and cyfluthrin dust (0.1% a.i.) when applied on filter paper at 0.72 mg/cm² gave 98.6% and 100% knockdown (KD) respectively after 6 h. Cyfluthrin dust had a faster KD effect with 100% KD compared to 93.1% for pyrethrum marc, ½1/2>h after treatment. After 24 h there was no recovery from KD in both treatments. After 72 h, 23.2% of the LGB had recovered from KD while mortality was 76.8% in the pyrethrum marc treatment. After the same period, cyfluthrin resulted in 100% mortality. Mortality of P. truncatus exposed to different dosages of cyfluthrin dust in shelled maize was less than 100% at dosages lower than 1 part per million (ppm) but was 100% at 1 ppm and higher dosages 3 days after treatment. Progeny emergence was suppressed at all dosage levels above 0.25 ppm compared to a mean progeny of 68.8 in the check after 45 days. Cyfluthrin dust was more residually toxic at 0.5 ppm and higher dosages, with mortality of >90% at 5 months after treatment. This suggests that cyfluthrin dust at 0.1% a.i. mixed with shelled maize at 1 ppm will give protection and control of LGB infestation.     

Biological Control of the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Biological control was first considered shortly after the accidental introduction of Prostephanus truncatus in Africa in the early 1980's. This article reviews first the history of the biological control efforts with a focus on the results and recommendations of the initial international meetings and foreign exploration projects, followed by a discussion of the more important biocontrol agents, in particular the histerid Teretrius nigrescens. Since the release of T. nigrescens in Africa a number of techniques have been employed by different research groups to measure the effect of the natural enemy on P. truncatus, including pheromone trapping, field experiments, gut analysis grain store surveys, simulation modelling, and statistical and economic analysis the conclusions of these various studies have been largely equivocal, and the results of studies with recent data suggest that uncertainty is growing. Further resources and time are needed both for a proper evaluation and for the further development of control strategies compatible with biological control.     

球孢白僵菌对西花蓟马成虫的毒力及体表侵染的扫描电镜观察

本文在室内测定球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana CYT4菌株对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis成虫的致死作用,并电镜观察分生孢子在西花蓟马成虫体表的侵染过程。结果表明：白僵菌的致死率随孢子浓度的增加而增加,1×109、1×108、1×107和1×106孢子.mL-1的孢悬液接种试虫第6d的致死率分别为83.57%、66.08%、49.78%和20.22%;0.04μL.mL-1和0.06μL.mL-1的多杀菌素与1×108孢子.mL-1白僵菌孢悬液混合后对试虫接种第5d的致死率分别为89.42%和95.76%,而单独施用菌液为58.19%,单独施用多杀菌素仅为45.55%和61.33%,表明二者混合能提高对西花蓟马成虫的致死率。扫描电镜观察发现,经白僵菌孢悬液处理的西花蓟马成虫虫体,在触角基节、复眼、足部褶皱区、刚毛窝、翅、产卵器和各体节连接处均有大量孢子附着和萌发,但腹部孢子量很少,尤其在节间膜处几乎无孢子;孢子在1h时即附着在体表,12h时已萌发,36h时有穿透体壁现象,48h后整个虫体被菌丝包被。     

The Biology of the Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

After about 25 years of intensive research a substantial moment of information has accumulated on the basic biology of Prostephanus truncatus in stored products. This article reviews the literature on the geographical distribution, biotypes, symbiotic associations, mating and flight behaviour, oviposition, and development on both agricultural and non-agricultural hosts. The current knowledge about the nutritional biology (including the role of symbionts) and host finding behaviour (including the inter-linked roles of plant chemicals and the insect's own pheronones) are highlighted as research areas which deserve future attention. In addition, few studies have been conducted to determine the extent to which the biology of P. truncatus permits it to survive and reproduce in non-agricultural environments. These areas of study should be pursued as possible routes to providing more effective integrated pest managements strategies for the larger grain borer.     

球孢白僵菌对斜纹夜蛾高毒菌株筛选与制剂的研发

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura是一种危害极大的农业害虫,为了探索1条可持续、无污染的新型防治方法,我们通过标准喷塔法从12株球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana中筛选出1株对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫高毒力的菌株--球孢白僵菌Bb2860菌株.在喷雾浓度为(2592±275)孢子·mm-2的高浓度下,菌株Bb2860对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫在第7d的校正死亡率达82.43%±6.03%.不同制剂的室内生测试验表明,孢子水悬液和2种油剂(分别为不含稳定剂和含有稳定剂)在中浓度319～529孢子·mm-2的喷雾浓度下,7d后对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫的累计死亡率分别为54.8%、70.0%和76.7%;菌药协同作用为86.8%.另外,于2009年9月在安徽马鞍山进行自然条件下对花椰菜叶上斜纹夜蛾幼虫的田间小区药效试验.处理9d后,纯菌剂的相对防效为77.64%;低剂量和常规用量5%氟啶脲(抑太保)的相对防效分别为49.02%和89.70%;菌药混用的相对防效为91.13%.本研究显示出利用球孢白僵菌制剂及其与低剂量抑太保混用防治斜纹夜蛾的良好应用前景.     

球孢白僵菌对葱地种蝇成虫的毒力及繁殖力的影响

本文采用浸虫法测定了4株球孢白僵菌对1日龄葱地种蝇（本文称葱蝇）成虫的毒力,筛选出高致病力的菌株,描述了感染症状,测定了其亚致死剂量LC₂₀和LC₅₀对存活1日龄葱蝇成虫生物学参数和繁殖力的影响,并比较了5.8×10³和5.7×10⁵孢子/mL对1日龄和10日龄葱蝇成虫死亡率和单雌产卵量的差异。结果表明菌株Bb01对葱蝇成虫的致病力最强,其LC₅₀为1.76×10⁶孢子/mL,其次为菌株Bb03和Bb02,其LC₅₀分别为4.05×10⁶和1.86×10⁷孢子/mL。与对照相比,菌株Bb01亚致死剂量处理1日龄成虫后,明显延迟了葱蝇成虫的产卵前期,降低了单雌产卵量,LC₂₀浓度处理时单雌产卵量比对照下降了51.9%,LC₅₀处理下降92.2%,明显缩短了雌成虫寿命,但卵孵化率没有明显影响。虽然菌株Bb01对1日龄成虫造成的死亡率较高,但在5.7×10⁵孢子/mL下,10日龄成虫单雌产卵量比对照下降了82.5%,对种群控制效果仍较强。     

球孢白僵菌与5种农药的相容性及其对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的联合毒力

本文室内评价了5种防治韭菜迟眼蕈蚊常用化学农药(辛硫磷、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯)与高毒力球孢白僵菌YB8的相容性,并测定了菌药联合使用对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的毒力效果。结果表明不同浓度的5种农药对菌株YB8生长均有一定的影响。其中噻虫嗪和噻虫胺在供试浓度下对孢子萌发无显著影响,5 d时能促进菌株YB8菌落生长,且随着浓度降低促进作用加强(抑制率为-2.26%~-15.69%),10 d时对菌株YB8生长略有抑制作用(抑制率为0.29%~8.33%);高效氯氟氰菊酯(16.7 mg/L)和高效氯氰菊酯高浓度(30 mg/L)均对孢子萌发有抑制作用(孢子萌发率分别为86.87%、86.82%),而低浓度(1.67、3 mg/L)则促进孢子萌发(孢子萌发率分别为124.96%、104.10%);二者不同浓度对菌落生长均有一定的影响,其中高效氯氰菊酯在低浓度3 mg/L时,5和10 d的菌落生长抑制率分别为-32.64%和-13.11%;辛硫磷与菌株YB8相容性差,随着浓度增加,孢子萌发率明显降低,菌落生长明显受到抑制。5种农药与菌株YB8联合使用的生物测定结果表明,联合作用时农药的LC50值降低,菌株YB8对韭蛆的LT50缩短。因此,生产上推荐菌株YB8与噻虫嗪和噻虫胺联合使用,而避免与高浓度辛硫磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯联合使用。     

Potential of a strain of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) for the control of the potato tuberworm,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)

The potato tuberworm, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller), is one of the most important pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., worldwide. We evaluated six Beauveria bassiana strains with potential for control of larvae. Strain SD was the most virulent, causing up to 98% mortality 10 days after inoculation of first instars. The other tested strains (HL, XJ, SC, JL and GZ) were only marginally virulent compared to the controls. In cage trials, SD strain applied to potato plants significantly reduced the survival of tuberworm larvae. Our results suggest that strain SD may be recommended for effective biological control of P. operculella.     

常用杀虫剂与球孢白僵菌的相容性及对温室白粉虱的协同防效

本试验测定6种常用杀虫剂对球孢白僵菌孢子萌发、菌丝生长和产孢量的影响,并选取相容性高的杀虫剂在10倍稀释浓度下与球孢白僵菌复配对温室白粉虱进行防治。结果表明,球孢白僵菌与10%吡虫啉WP的相容性最高,而与2.5%联苯菊酯EC和20%高氯·噻嗪酮EC相容性较差,在10倍稀释浓度下10%吡虫啉WP对孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制率分别为12%和3.38%,产孢量为1.94×106个/mL。对白粉虱协同防效试验中,3个处理间存在显著差异,复配药剂的防效最高能达到85.19%,在防治3d后一直维持在80%以上,高于单独使用球孢白僵菌制剂和10%吡虫啉WP的防效。因此,在温室白粉虱的防治过程中,可利用生防真菌制剂与低浓度的化学杀虫剂复配,从而达到增效作用。     

桃小食心虫高致病力白僵菌菌株筛选

对来源于不同地点或寄主的14株球孢白僵菌进行僵虫率、在虫体上菌丝生长时间、产孢时间及单虫产孢量测定,综合评价各菌株对桃小食心虫幼虫的致病力,选择较好的菌株进行毒力测定。结果表明：基于僵虫率、菌丝生长时间、产孢时间及单虫产孢量4个指标,筛选出 3 株具有较强致病力的优良菌株Bb7、Bb9和Bb14;在孢子浓度为1.0×107 孢子/mL时,对桃小食心虫幼虫的致死率分别为73.33%、77.78%和80.00%, LT50分别为8.45、7.49、8.42 d;LC50分别为1.76×105、3.03×106、2.10×105孢子/mL。     

Detection and Monitoring of Larger Grain Borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)

Methods for detecting and for monitoring Prostephanus truncatus(Horn) are crucial components in phyto- sanitary control, research programmes and pest management against this beetle. P. truncatus is unusual in that its populations are distributed widely between natural habitats and stores holding maize grain and dried cassava roots, which necessitates a similarly wide range of sampling methodologies. This review considers successful and unsuccessful approaches to sampling the pest populations in both stores and the natural environment and concludes with a consideration of how monitoring could contribute to integrated pest management for P. truncatus.     

环境因子对球孢白僵菌侵染桔小实蝇致病力的影响

本文测定了温湿度、紫外线及常见杀虫剂等环境因子对球孢白僵菌B6菌株侵染桔小实蝇致病力的影响。结果表明,在19℃~31℃的温度范围内,B6菌株对桔小实蝇成虫、蛹与老熟幼虫均有致病力。在19℃~25℃条件下,桔小实蝇上述三种虫态的死亡率均随着温度的升高而增加,但在28℃和31℃温度条件下,桔小实蝇的死亡率则随着温度升高而降低。在1.8×108孢子/ml浓度条件下,成虫在25℃温度条件下的致死中时LT50为6.6d,在31℃的LT50为30.2d。在不同温度条件下,B6菌株对桔小实蝇成虫的致死中时差异较大。湿度越大,球孢白僵菌致病力越强,桔小实蝇的死亡速率越快。球孢白僵菌孢子萌发率随着紫外线照射时间增加而逐步降低。测定了7种常见的杀虫剂对球孢白僵菌菌落的生长影响,其中25%高效氯氟氰菊酯、2.0%阿维菌素、40%辛硫磷和10%除尽对菌落生长有促进作用。     

球孢白僵菌对马铃薯块茎蛾的毒力及其与常用农药的生物相容性测定

室内测定了从云南分离的7株球孢白僵菌对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的毒力,结果表明,在接菌孢子浓度为10⁵个/mL和10⁷个/mL下,接种后7d马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫累积死亡率分别为23.3%～70.0%和33.3%～86.7%,添加吐温80的清水对照死亡率仅为3.3%。筛选出毒力较高的Bb7001、Bb7004、Bb8001 3个菌株,其中菌株Bb8001对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的毒力最高,在孢子浓度1×10⁵、1×10⁷个/mL下,第7天的累计死亡率分别为70.0%和86.7%,其毒力回归方程Y=0.366X+3.409(R=0.956),剂量效应LC₅₀=2.24×10⁴个/mL,孢子浓度10⁷个/mL下的LT₅₀为4.3d。测定了毒力较高的菌株与12种农药的生物相容性,结果表明在供试农药推荐用量及其101、00倍稀释液下,球孢白僵菌Bb7001、Bb7004、Bb8001的3个菌株孢子在含所选农药的营养液中生物相容性良好的农药有:苏云金芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(Bt)、10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、2.5%菜喜悬浮剂及松毛虫病毒可湿粉剂,可配伍使用;而阿维菌素、农安、卡死克、抑太保对球孢白僵菌有很强的抑制作用,应避免配伍使用。     

Time-concentration-mortality modeling of the synergistic interaction of Beauveria bassiana and imidacloprid against Nilaparvata lugens

Interactions between the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana SG8702, and imidacloprid on Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) were studied in laboratory bioassays by spraying suspensions of unformulated conidia (assay 1) and aqueous dilutions of emulsifiable conidia formulation alone (assay 2) or together with imidacloprid at the sub-lethal rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 microg ml(-1) (assays 3-5). Each assay consisted of five conidia concentrations plus an appropriate control and three replicates, each including 30-40 third-instar nymphs, so as to generate time-concentration-mortality data for modeling analysis. A mineral oil-based emulsion used to formulate B bassiana slightly enhanced fungal activity but had no significant impact on the background mortality of N lugens. On the basis of LC50 estimates and associated variances on days 4-12 after spraying, synergistic interactions of both agents or formulations were determined by estimating relative potencies of assay 2 over assay 1 (1.2-9.0), assay 3 over assay 2 (1.3-1.7), assay 4 over assay 2 (7.5-9.6), assay 5 over assay 2 (22.7-101), assay 4 over assay 3 (3.8-5.8), assay 5 over assay 3 (16.1-61.0), and assay 5 over assay 4 (3.0-10.5). The time-concentration-mortality modeling method was not only mathematically but also biologically robust to evaluate the interactions of B bassiana and imidacloprid on N lugens. Compared with their counterparts, enhanced fungal formulations displayed consistently earlier or greater activities against the pest species based on LC50 and LT50 estimates determined from their time-concentration-mortality relationships. The results highlight a potential for pest control by combined formulation or application of B bassiana and imidacloprid.     

2株感染蠼螋的球孢白僵菌的分离鉴定及对草地贪夜蛾的毒力

对采自玉米田自然罹病蠼螋成虫上的病原菌进行分离培养,结合形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析,对分离纯化获得的2株病原菌进行生物学特性测定及种类鉴定,并采用浸渍法测定了2株病原菌对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的毒力。结果表明,从自然罹病的2头蠼螋分离获得的病原菌均为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,编号为YY-1和HNC-1。在25℃下,YY-1和HNC-1菌株在SDAY培养基上菌落直径日增长速率分别为(3.06±0.20)mm/d和(4.57±0.23)mm/d,培养第15天时产孢量分别为(5.20±1.06)×10~7个/cm~2和(1.83±0.47)×10~8个/cm~2。球孢白僵菌YY-1和HNC-1对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫均具有致病力,其中在1.0×10~8个/mL浓度下第8天草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫累计校正死亡率分别达到83.3%和63.3%,对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的LC₅₀为1.56×10~5个/mL和2.11×10~5个/mL,LT₅₀分别为4.23 d和6.12 d。综合以上结果,2株球孢白僵菌对草地贪夜蛾幼虫具有较强的毒力,其中YY...     

球孢白僵菌对二斑叶螨的致病性和对天敌智利小植绥螨的间接影响

二斑叶螨是世界性害螨,为害多种经济作物和蔬菜.为明确球孢白僵菌和捕食螨联合应用防控二斑叶螨的可行性,本文测定了不同浓度球孢白僵菌GZGY-1-3孢子悬浮液对二斑叶螨的致病力,并用喷施球孢白僵菌16h、24h、36h和48h后的二斑叶螨分别饲喂智利小植绥螨,测定智利小植绥螨连续两代的致死率、生长发育及繁殖力变化.结果表明...