ASARDL项目正式运行

ＡＳＡＲＤＬ项目正式运行“退化土地利用及其社会经济手段研究ＡＬＴＥＲＮＡＴＩＶＥＳＯＣＩＯＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＥＳＴＯＲＥ－ＣＬＡＩＭＩＮＧＤＥＧＲＡＤＥＤＬＡＮＤＳ”（简称ＡＳＡＲＤＬ）项目经近两年的准备，已于１９９５年１０月１日正式运...     

苹果树腐烂病综合防治研究进展

苹果树腐烂病综合防治研究进展高克祥，刘晓光（河北林学院林学系保定０７１０００）关键词苹果树，腐烂病，综合防治中图分类号Ｓ７６３．１３ＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＩＮＴＥＧＲＡＴＥＤＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＯＮＴＨＥＶＡＬＳＡＣＡＮＫＥＲＦＯＲＡＰＰＬＥＴＲＥＥＳ...     

生态文明浅论

生态文明浅论张惠敏，刘台云（河北林学院保定０７１０００）关键词生态文明，自然，人类中图分类号Ｘ２４ＡＤＩＳＣＵＳＳＩＯＮＯＮＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＣＩＶＩＬＩＺＡＴＩＯＮＺｈａｎｇＨｕｉｍｉｎＬｕｉＴａｉｙｕｎ（ＨｅｂｅｉＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ...     

苹果树腐烂病研究概况

苹果树腐烂病研究概况高克祥，刘晓光（河北林学院林学系保定０７１０００）关键词苹果树，腐烂病，侵染循环中图分类号Ｓ４３６．６１１．１ＲＥＶＩＥＷＯＦＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＶＡＬＳＡＣＡＮＫＥＲＯＦＡＰＰＬＥＴＲＥＥＳＧａｏＫｅｘｉａｎｇＬｉｕＸ...     

China Aerial Seeding Achievement and Development

ＣＨＩＮＡＡＥＲＩＡＬＳＥＥＤＩＮＧＡＣＨＩＥＶＥＭＥＮＴＡＮＤＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴ￥ＢｙＬｉＮｕｙｕｎａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＪｉｎｇｃｈｕｎＣｕｒｒｅｎｔｌｙ，ａｅｒｉａｌｓｅｅｄｉｎｇｉｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｔｈｉｓｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｓｑｕｉｃｋ，ｅ...     

A TYPICAL CASE OF GETTING RICH IN MOUNTAINOUS AREA──Notes on Yanggangjing Village Social Forestry

ＡＴＹＰＩＣＡＬＣＡＳＥＯＦＧＥＴＴＩＮＧＲＩＣＨＩＮＭＯＵＮＴＡＩＮＯＵＳＡＲＥＡ──ＮｏｔｅｓｏｎＹａｎｇｇａｎｇｊｉｎｇＶｉｌｌａｇｅＳｏｃｉａｌＦｏｒｅｓｔｒｙＢｙＨｅＰｅｉｋｕｎ；ＣａｏＱｉｎｇｌｉｎｇ；ＧａｏＬｉｎｎｉｎｇ；ＳｈｉＴｉｎｇ...     

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高等植物体细胞突变体离体筛选技术及其在林木抗盐育种上的应用

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VILLAGE FORESTRY STATIONS PERFORM AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CHINA’S SOCIAL FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT

ＶＩＬＬＡＧＥＦＯＲＥＳＴＲＹＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＳＰＥＲＦＯＲＭＡＮＩＭＰＯＲＴＡＮＴＲＯＬＥＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ’ＳＳＯＣＩＡＬＦＯＲＥＳＴＲＹＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＢｙＺｈｕＴｕｅ；ＷａｎｇＬｉｐｉｎｇ；ＳｈｉＷｅｎｋａｉＴｈｅＲｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐＢｅ...     

Local Regulations" and Social Forestry in China

“ＬＯＣＡＬＲＥＧＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＳ”ＡＮＤＳＯＣＩＡＬＦＯＲＥＳＴＲＹＩＮＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＢｙＨｅＰｉｋｕｎＤｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｏｎｇｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｓｏｃｉａｌｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＶｉｌｌａｇｅｒｓｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｅｉｎｔｈｅ...     

Apple stem grooving virus naturally infects Himalayan wild cherry (Prunuscerasoides D. Don)

Himalayan wild cherry (Prunus cerasoides), widely distributed in the Himalayas, was found to exhibit severe virus‐like symptoms (chlorotic spots, chlorosis along the margins of the leaf and necrotic spots). Of 47 symptomatic and asymptomatic leaf samples tested through DAS‐ELISA, dot‐blot hybridization and RT‐PCR, only three were found to be positive for Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) infection. The complete coat protein gene from all the three positive samples was molecularly characterized and sequencing of the amplicons confirmed presence of the virus. The three characterized isolates of Himalayan wild cherry (HWC‐15, HWC‐16 and HWC‐47) grouped with the ASGV apple isolates from India, Brazil and China. Of the three, two isolates (HWC‐15 and HWC‐47) shared around 100% sequence identity among themselves while 96.2% with the third isolate (HWC‐16) (both at nucleotide and amino acid level), respectively. While they all shared an overall identity of around 92.8–99% at (aa) and 86.5–99.5% at (nt) with rest of the isolates from different hosts and geographical locations. Experimental host range of the variant HWC‐16 isolate identified C. amaranticolor, C. sativus, C. quinoa, P. vulgaris, N. benthamiana and N. glutinosa as positives for the ASGV isolate‐inducing epinasty, symptomless carrier, chlorotic spots, interveinal chlorosis, chlorotic spots and chlorotic patch. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first report of natural infection of ASGV on Himalayan wild cherry.     

马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒单克隆抗体的制备和应用

纯化的马尾松毛虫质型多角体病毒（ＤｐＣＰＶ）云南文山株的病毒粒子经ＳＤＳＰＡＧＥ分析,其结构蛋白有１２０ｋｄ、１１６ｋｄ、１１０ｋｄ、６６ｋｄ和３３ｋｄ５个组分,而它的多角体蛋白含３０ｋｄ和２８ｋｄ两个主要组分。以纯化的ＤｐＣＰＶ粒子为抗原制备了２Ｄ５、２Ｄ１０、３Ｄ４和６Ｂ３共４种单克隆抗体,并测定了它们的亚类。制得的单克隆抗体用于ＤｐＣＰＶ的ＥＬＩＳＡ检测。对ＤｐＣＰＶ在棉铃虫卵巢细胞系ＳＦＥＨＡ８２１２和ＳＦＥＨＡ８３１中增殖动态的检测结果表明,ＤｐＣＰＶ感染培养细胞具有释放病毒量小和呈现持续感染等特点。用Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹法在ＳＦＥＨＡ８３１细胞感染ＤｐＣＰＶ后第１８ｈ检测到病毒抗原的合成。运用所建立的免疫学检测方法,对几批采自ＤｐＣＰＶ防治林区的幼虫样品进行分析,结果表明,该方法适用于对ＤｐＣＰＶ的防治效果及其自然流行进行长时期、大规模的监测。     

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒防治油桐尺蠖的研究

油桐尺蠖能被油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒感染致死。防治试验表明:病毒浓度大时,潜伏期短,死亡快、死亡率大,浓度低时,潜伏期相应延长,死亡率也相应增大;不同的感染方式其致病力不同,死亡时间也不相同;在林地大面积防治效果为95％以上,并有远距离的扩散和后效作用。     

提高昆虫病毒杀虫效果的荧光增白剂的研究

荧光增白剂是生物防治研究中最近发现的一类能显著提高昆虫病毒杀虫能力、加快病毒致死昆虫速度、提高昆虫病毒对紫外光的保护作用的化学因子。林间增加效果明显而稳定。荧光增白剂可发展成为有效提高和改善昆虫病毒制剂持续控制农林害虫的重要助剂。虽然荧光增白剂能显著增强昆虫病毒毒力的机理还不清楚，但该机理的阐明可以为生物防治农林害虫提供新的途径甚至理论。本文综述了近10a来国外在应用荧光增白剂提高昆虫病毒毒力和实际应用防治农林害虫的研究进展。并提出了荧光增白剂能扩大病毒的宿主范围，改变昆虫病毒感染宿主的途径和诱发昆虫病毒潜伏侵染的推论。对荧光增白剂应用中的问题也进行了讨论。     

性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验

性信息素加病毒诱芯技术的风洞试验赵博光，杨秀莲，柯立明（南京林业大学南京２１００３７）关键词自传播技术，性信息素，核型多角体病毒，风洞，大袋蛾Ｉｇｎｏｆｆｏ将有目的地利用昆虫本身传播昆虫病原生物以控制害虫种群的方法，定义为自传播法或自传播技术［１］。...     

Nachweis des Nelkenadernscheckungsvirus (CVMV) mit verschiedenen ELISA-Systemen

Zusammenfassung Für die Diagnose des Nelkenadernscheckungsvirus (CVMV) wurden der direkte Double-Antibody-Sandwich-ELISA (DAS) und der indirekte Protein A-Sandwich-ELISA (PAS) verglichen. Dabei konnte beim PAS-ELISA das Virus noch in einer 1:10.000- bzw. einer 1:50.000-Verdünnung eines CVMV-haltigen Bartnelkenpreßsaftes nachgewiesen werden, während beim DAS-ELISA Preßsaftverdünnungen mit CVMV nur bis 1:100 statistisch signifikant von der Nullkontrolle abzugrenzen waren. Unabhängig von der Wahl des mit Protein A gekoppelten Markerenzyms (alkalische Phosphatase, Peroxidase, Penicillinase, Galactosidase) zeigte der PAS eine gleich hohe Sensitivität. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß der DAS viel spezifischer war als der PAS-ELISA.

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Identification of carnation vein mottle virus (CVMV) with different ELISA-systems

The direct double antibody sandwich-ELISA (DAS) and the indirect protein A sandwich-ELISA (PAS-ELISA) were compared for the detection of carnation vein mottle virus (CVMV). The PAS-ELISA turned out to be much more sensitive than the direct system. The virus could be detected significantly in a 1:10.000- or 1:50.000-dilution of plant sap of CVMV-infected pinks (Diantbus barbatus), whereas with DAS the virus could be measured significantly only in a 1:100-dilution. Using four different enzymes as markers (alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, penicillinase, -D-galactosidase) linked with protein A as conjugate in PAS, there was no difference concerning the detection limit. However, DAS was found to be much more specific than PAS-ELISA.

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3 Abbildungen und einer Tabelle     

Occurrence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi’ in apple trees in China

Young apple trees exhibiting symptoms of little leaf, margin involute and yellows were observed in an open‐air nursery in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. Transmission electron microscopy showed typical phytoplasma bodies in the sieve tube elements of symptomatic leaf samples. In two nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, products of expected size of 1.1 and 1.2 kb were separately generated from the total DNAs of symptomatic samples. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the purified 1.2 kb PCR products indicated that the disease associated with apple trees was ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ziziphi’. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ziziphi’ infecting apple trees in China.     

The detection of poplar mosaic virus and its occurrence in a range of clones in England and Poland

The incidence of poplar mosaic virus evidenced by foliage symptoms, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or bioassay (infectivity) was greater in stooled clones having Aigeiros (especially as the female) parents than in those of Tacamahaca parentage. The overall prevalence of the virus in clones growing in England was less (84/344, 24%) than in clones growing in Poland (143/256, 56%). Whereas symptoms in PMV-infected P. deltoides were prominent and common, in P. nigra, another species assigned to the Section Aigeiros they were indistinct and rare. Evidence of poplar mosaic virus inferred from ELISA alone was found in only one aspen of 52 tested clones in the Sections Leuce, Leuce × Leuce or Leucoides.     

Immunocytochemical localization of pathogenesis-related proteins in roots of Norway spruce infected with Heterobasidion annosum

The occurrence and accumulation of β-1, 3-glucanase and chitinase in seedling roots of spruce (Picea abies) following challenge by the root-rot pathogen Heterobasidion annosum were studied. Chitinase activity increased 2–3 fold following inoculation, whereas no significant increase in the activity levels of glucanase was recorded during infection. With TEM immunogold labelling, the enzymes were localized in protein aggregates in host tissues and in the cell walls of intercellular hyphae. Gold particles were sparse and irregularly distributed within host-cell walls. Only minor labelling was observed on hyphal walls coated with electron-dense materials. The labelling intensity increased with infection time and was always higher than in non-infected seedling roots. When this experiment was repeated using root samples inoculated with the saprophyte Phlebiopsis gigantea, a similar labelling pattern was observed. The cross reactivity of antisera raised against sugar-beet chitinase and glucanase with spruceroot enzyme extracts was demonstrated using dot-blot assays and ELISA.     

Windthrow resistance of apple trees grafted in an orchard

Pull-down tests were conducted for apple trees grafted in an orchard and for support posts in order to discuss the failure mode in windthrow damage, the effect of rootstock types on the uprooting strength, and the reinforcing effect of support posts on young trees. The test samples were ten mature trees (20–23 years old) of three varieties grafted on two types of rootstocks, three young trees (7 years old) grafted on dwarf rootstocks, and nine support posts of larch logs and steel pipes. The failure modes were found to be uprooting for mature trees and rootstock breakage for young trees. The uprooting strength of apple trees was considerably smaller than the uprooting strength of forest trees reported in previous studies. However, the windthrow resistance of the apple trees with respect to the critical wind velocity was estimated to be sufficient despite their low uprooting strength because of their small height. Young trees should be supported with wooden posts for a few years after grafting so that they acquire sufficient windthrow resistance. Part of this study was published in the report for the Grant-in-Aid for Collaborative Research by NOASTEC (No. H17-kyo-048)