磷、铝胁迫对玉米幼苗生长和养分吸收的影响

选取5个基因型玉米品种,采用营养液培养,研究低磷和铝毒条件下不同基因型玉米苗期生长状况及对磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锌的吸收。结果表明,耐低磷基因型玉米品种适应低磷的能力较强,具有较长的根系和较大的根干重,株高受低磷的影响明显小于敏感基因型玉米品种。低磷胁迫增大了植株的根冠比,改变了植株对营养元素的吸收及其地上部和根系的分配。铝胁迫下,铝敏感基因型玉米品种根伸长受到铝的抑制作用大于耐铝基因型玉米品种,各种营养元素的吸收累积明显受抑制,耐铝基因型玉米品种地上部和根系相对干重下降较少,而敏感基因型玉米品种相对干重显著下降。     

铝胁迫对狗牙根种质资源营养元素吸收的影响

铝胁迫处理下营养元素的吸收、运输和分布是铝毒害的基础。采用水培法研究狗牙根种质资源在铝胁迫处理下对铝的吸收和运输,以及铝胁迫对氮、磷、钾、钙等元素的吸收和运输的影响。结果表明:铝胁迫处理显著增加了狗牙根植株体内的铝含量,且铝主要集中在根系;铝胁迫处理抑制了狗牙根对N、P、K、Ca的吸收,地上部分N、P、K、Ca的含量平均减少了25.00%、33.67%、29.29%、25.82%,根系N、P、K、Ca的含量平均减少了28.69%、14.58%、26.28%、27.07%。这说明铝胁迫后,P、K主要分布在根系,向地上部分的运输减少;铝胁迫后可以转运更多的Ca到地上部。     

不同供镁浓度对芝麻生长及养分累积的影响

 为促进芝麻高产营养与栽培,探讨不同镁浓度对芝麻生长和养分累积的影响。以品种中芝13为材料,设置5个供镁浓度处理（0、50、100、500和1 000μmol/L）,30d后测定不同处理芝麻生物量、根系形态参数、氮磷钾含量等指标。结果显示：不同供镁浓度对芝麻生长有着不同程度的影响,镁在100μmol/L及以下时,芝麻出现缺素症状,表现为植株矮小、老叶失绿黄化,根系生长受阻。芝麻植株生物量随着供镁浓度增加而增加,根系生长对镁浓度的变化尤为敏感,缺镁抑制根系生长。与1 000μmol/L相比,3个缺镁浓度（0、50和100μmol/L）处理下根系干重分别减少97.83%、93.88%和86.65%,且侧根长、侧根数、根表面积、根体积以及根平均直径显著降低。同时,随着镁浓度增加,芝麻叶片和根系中氮、磷、钾累积量显著上升,说明适宜供镁有利于芝麻生长和养分累积。此外,与供镁浓度500μmol/L相比,1 000μmol/L处理下的芝麻植株,叶片与根系中钙的积累量均显著降低,暗示芝麻在钙和镁吸收方面可能存在拮抗关系     

低磷胁迫下水稻根系的发生及生长素的响应

 研究了5个磷浓度下（0,10,50,100,300 μmol/L）水稻植株的生物量以及水稻根系发生和伸长,并测定正常供P（300 μmol/L）与低磷(10 μmol/L)条件下水稻不同部位生长素浓度以及生长素外流蛋白OsPIN家族基因的表达情况。结果表明,与正常供P处理相比,随着供P浓度的降低,水稻地上部的干质量降幅显著,进而导致根冠比显著增加;与正常供P处理相比,低P处理的水稻根冠比增幅约为100%。水稻种子根、不定根和侧根的长度随供P浓度降低而显著增加,而不定根数及侧根密度随着供P浓度的降低而降低。与正常供P处理相比,低P处理的水稻倒1叶、根茎结合处和根系的生长素浓度显著上升,增幅分别为85%、161%和86%,差异达显著水平。RT PCR结果表明,与正常供P相比,低P处理24 h和96 h的水稻根系OsPIN5a表达上调。低P胁迫下水稻生长素合成和从地上部到根系极性运输的增强是水稻根系发生对低P胁迫响应的重要生理机制之一。     

铝胁迫造成橡胶苗死亡的机制研究

铝毒是酸性土壤中抑制植物生长和产量的主要因子,但其对橡胶幼苗生长的影响研究甚少。本研究设置50、100、200 mmol/L 3种Al³⁺处理浓度,采用水培试验研究了铝胁迫下橡胶幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、根系导水率、H₂O₂和O₂^-含量变化。结果表明：叶片SPAD值、叶片相对含水量、根系活力、根系导水率随胁迫时间的延长而逐渐降低,H₂O₂和O₂^-含量则逐渐增加,且浓度越高对各个指标的影响越显著。铝毒害可造成根系活性氧（H₂O₂和O₂^-）的累积,进而造成根系活力和导水率下降,叶片SPAD值和相对含水量下降,最终导致橡胶幼苗死亡。     

砷胁迫下磷用量对不同磷效率水稻苗生长、磷和砷吸收的影响

 通过盆栽试验研究了苗期砷胁迫下磷用量对磷高效水稻99011和磷低效水稻99056生长以及对P、As吸收的影响。试验设3个磷水平（0、30、150 mg/kg）和5个砷水平（0、25、50、100、200 mg/kg）。结果表明,苗期施砷显著增加了两个水稻品种地上部及地下部砷的含量,降低了两个水稻品种的株高、分蘖数、地上部及地下部干质量;施磷不但促进了两个水稻品种的生长,而且还增加了根系对砷的吸收量。当土壤砷浓度为25 mg/kg和50 mg/kg时,施用30 mg/kg磷抑制了两个水稻品种砷向地上部的转移,但施用150 mg/kg磷却促进了砷向地上部的转移。相同的处理,磷高效水稻99011地上部干质量和根干质量均显著高于磷低效水稻99056。施砷后,在30 mg/kg磷水平上磷低效水稻99056的砷转移系数最低。     

盐胁迫下粉蕉植株营养元素的吸收与分布特征

盐胁迫是农业中阻碍植物正常生长的常见因子。广西南端具有面向南海的绵长海岸线，海岸线上广泛种植香蕉，海水常常倒灌进陆地，造成高浓度的盐胁迫。每年8—9月为台风高发期，从南海上形成的水汽随台风进入内陆，则会引起低浓度的盐胁迫。本研究以粉蕉为研究对象，测定盐胁迫下粉蕉植株各部位的营养元素和土壤成分，研究营养元素的吸收与分布特征，分析其耐盐机制。结果显示：当土壤的盐浓度为0.01%时，各部位的营养元素含量与对照差异不显著；当盐浓度>0.01%时，随着盐浓度的升高，各部位的全氮、全磷、全钾、全镁和全钙均呈逐渐下降的趋势，这表明较高浓度的盐处理降低了粉蕉从土壤中吸收养分的能力，但叶片的全镁、全钙含量下降速度较其他部位慢，且下降比例也小于其他部位，这表明叶片可能具有选择性吸收Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的能力；当盐浓度>0.01%时，根和假茎中的Cl、Na含量快速升高，且升高速度和幅度远大于叶片和球茎，因此，研究认为粉蕉耐盐机制是将较多的Cl、Na贮存于根部以及Cl、Na在向叶片运输过程中被茎吸收。当盐浓度>0.2%时，土壤的碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾...     

不同生育期水分胁迫对水稻根系生长及产量的影响

研究水分胁迫对水稻根系生长和产量的影响。以桂两优2号为材料,通过聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）模拟不同程度的水分胁迫,在水稻分蘖盛期和抽穗扬花期分别水分胁迫16 d,然后恢复正常供水。水分胁迫及复水10 d后测定水稻根系形态、根活力和干物质,成熟期测定产量。结果表明：分蘖盛期和抽穗扬花期适度的水分胁迫均能提高水稻根系活力;处于不同生育期的水稻根系对干旱的耐受程度不同,在分蘖盛期水分胁迫期间,轻、中度水分胁迫对水稻根长、根表面积、根体积的生长具有促进作用,复水后,促进效果不显著;而在抽穗扬花期水分胁迫期间,     

低温对玉米苗期根系生长及磷养分吸收的影响

利用盆栽实验研究了低温对春玉米苗期根系生长、根际和非根际土壤磷的有效性及玉米磷吸收的影响。结果表明,低温抑制了玉米根系的生长,降低了玉米对磷的吸收。同时,低温胁迫下玉米苗期根际和非根际土壤有效磷均低于对照,且根际土壤磷素与非根际土壤磷素没有明显差异。     

不同供氮模式对水稻根系形态及生理特征的影响

【目的】为明确氮素优化管理模式(OPTs)下水稻根系形态和生理特征及其与氮素吸收和产量形成的关系。【方法】以镇稻11为材料,采用营养液培养,通过三种氮素供应模式分别模拟农民习惯施肥(FFP)、高效施肥(HE)及高产高效施肥(HEHY),研究了不同供氮模式对水稻主要生育期生物量和氮素累积、根系形态和生理特征以及产量形成的影响。【结果】与FFP相比,HE和HEHY(OPTs)通过提高每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重而使水稻籽粒产量分别增加5.7%和16.0%。与FFP相比,OPTs增加了生育期内水稻根系生物量、根系长度、根系总表面积、根系体积以及单个分蘖不定根数目,并提高了灌浆期根系活力、根系氮素同化能力以及叶片光合速率。相关分析表明,开花期根系生物量、总表面积、根体积、单个分蘖平均不定根数目、伤流液流速和谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均与总氮素累积量及产量显著正相关。【结论】因此,OPTs通过养分调控,可促进水稻根系的生长、优化根系形态结构,并能维持水稻生育后期较高的根系活力,从而促进了水稻对氮素的累积以及产量的形成。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).