Role of temperature in regulating timing of germination in soil seed reserves of Lamium purpureum L.

Fresh seeds of Lamium purpureum L. were dormant at maturity, and when buried and exposed to natural seasonal temperature changes they exhibited an annual dormancy/non-dormancy cycle. During burial in summer, fresh seeds and those that had been buried for 1 year afterripened and thus were non-dormant by September and October; light was required for germination. During autumn and winter seeds re-entered dormancy, and during the following summer they became non-dormant again. Dormant seeds afterripened when buried and stored over a range of temperatures, becoming conditionally dormant at low (5, 15/6°C) and non-dormant at high (20/10, 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C) temperatures. Conditionally dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5, 15/6 and 20/10°C, while non-dormant seeds germinated to high percentages additionally at 25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C. Low temperatures caused non-dormant seeds to re-enter dormancy, while high temperatures caused a sharp decline in germination only at 30/15 and 5°C. The temperature responses of L. purpureum seeds are compared to those of L. amplexicaule L.     

Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried Lamium amplexicaule seeds

Spring-produced seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. were buried in pots of soil in an unheated glasshouse in June 1978, and at 1–2-month intervals, for 27 months, they were exhumed and tested for germination in light and darkness at temperatures simulating those in the habitat from early spring to late autumn. Freshly-matured seeds were dormant, but by autumn 85% or more germinated in light at 15/6, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C but only 7% or less in darkness. During late autumn and winter germination in light decreased at 25/15 and 30/15 °C but not at 15/6 and 20/10 °C, and germination in darkness increased at 15/6 and 20/10 °C. During late winter and early spring germination in light at 15/6 and 20/10 °C decreased, and seeds lost the ability to germinate in darkness. By the second autumn of burial, seeds germinated to near 100% in light at 15/6 to 30/15 °C and to 10–25% in darkness at 15/6 and 20/10 °C. The cycle of germination responses was repeated during the second winter and spring and the third summer of burial. Autumn-produced seeds were dormant when buried in November 1979, but by spring they germinated to 81 and 36% at 15/6 and 20/10 °C, respectively, in light. These seeds afterripened further during summer. The consequence of seasonal changes in germination responses is that (1) seeds can germinate in the habitat in late summer, autumn and spring but not in early- to mid-summer or in late autumn and winter and (2) during both germination seasons, seeds produced during the previous spring(s) and/or autumn(s) can germinate.     

Seed dormancy and field emergence in Solanum nigrum L.

Solanum nigrum L. showed a consistent seasonal pattern of seedling emergence; it began in early May, reached a peak in late May or June, declined in July and August and ceased in September. Germination tests indicated that a requirement for a temperature approaching 20° C for part of the day probably precludes earlier emergence, while seeds removed from burial in late summer showed evidence of a change in dormancy status which could prevent germination at that time. A strict requirement for diurnally fluctuating temperatures was apparent in fresh, dry-stored, moist-stored and buried seeds: germination of dry-stored seeds at constant temperatures was promoted by gibberellic acid and that of moist-stored seeds by potassium nitrate also. Fresh seeds gave only low percentage germination at fluctuating temperatures in the dark but this increased during moist storage and was also promoted by potassium nitrate and gibberellic acid. Data on seed survival in cultivated soil and on duration of the life cycle are presented and discussed. Dormance des semences et levée au champ de Solanum nigrum L. Solanum nigrumL. a montré un cycle saisonnier bien établi de levée des plantules; ce cycle a commencé au début de mai, a atteint un maximum à la fin de mai ou en juin, a diminué en juillet et en août et s'est arrêté en septembre. Les essais de germination ont révélé la necessité d'une temperature de 20°C environ pendant une partie du jour; cette température empêche probablement une levée plus précoce, alors que les semences déterrées à la fin de l'été ont révélé un changement évident de l'état de dormance qui pourrait prévenir la germination à cette époque. Un besoin strict de fluctuation dans les températures diurnes s'est manifesté chez les semences fraîches, conservés à sec ou à l'humidité, et enterrees. La germination des semences conservées à sec à température constante a été déclenchée par l'acide gibbérellique; celle des semences conservées à l'humidité l'a été aussi par le nitrate de potassium, Les semences fraîches ont donné seulement un faible pourcentage de germination à des températures fluctuantes, à l'obscurité, mais ce pourcentage s'est accru durant le stockage humide et il a été aussi favourisé par le nitrate de potassium et l'acide gibbérellique. Des résultats sur la survie des semences dans un sol cultivé sont présentés et discutés. Dormanz und Feldaufgang bei Solanum nigrum L. Das Auflaufen von Solanum nigrum L. war deutlich von der Jahreszeit abhängig: es begann Anfang Mai, erreichte ein Maximum Ende Mai oder Juni, nahm im Juli und August ab und hörte im September auf. Keimversuche ergaben, dass vermutlich Temperaturen von etwa 20°C zumindest kurzfristig am Tag erreicht werden müssen, wodurch ein Auflaufen früher im Jahr ausgeschlossen wird. Samen, die im Spätsommer geprüft wurden und bis dahin im Boden waren, hatten offensichtlich ein veränderies Dormanzverhalten, das sie am Keimen zu diesem Zeitpunkt hinderte Bei frischen, trocken und feucht gelagerten Samen, sowie bei Samen die im Boden vergraben waren, waren täglich wechselnde Temperaturen eine unbedingte Vorausset-zung für die Keimung, Die Keimung von trocken gelagerten Samen (bei konstanter Temperatur) wurde durch Gibberellin-säure gefördert, und bei feucht gelagerten Samen wirkte Kaliumnitral keimungsfördernd. Frische Samen hatten im Dunkeln bei Wechseltemperaturen eine niedrige Kemrate; die Keimung war aber bei feuchter Lagerung besser und wurde auch durch Kaliumnitral und Gibberellinsäure erhöht. Es werden Angahen zum Überleben in kultiviertem Boden und zur Dauer des Lebenszyklus dieser Art gemacht und diskutiert.     

Effect of temperature during burial on dormant and non-dormant seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. and ecological implications

Spring-produced seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. were dormant at maturity in May and after-ripened when buried and stored over a range of temperatures, becoming conditionally dormant at low (5, 15/6 and 20/10°C) and non-dormant at high (25/15, 30/15 and 35/20°C) temperatures. Conditionally dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5 and 15/6°C, and non-dormant seeds germinated to high percentages at 5, 15/6, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C. Seeds that became conditionally dormant at 5°C afterripened completely (i.e. became non-dormant) after transfer to 30/15°C. Buried seeds that became non-dormant in a non-temperature-controlled glasshouse during summer were still non-dormant after 12 weeks of storage at 30/15°C, while those stored at 5°C for 12 weeks had entered conditional dormancy. Thus, low temperatures cause reversal of the afterripening that takes place at high temperatures, but not that which takes place both at low and at high temperatures. Low winter temperatures cause dormant autumn-produced seeds and non-dormant seeds in the soil seed pool to become conditionally dormant. The ecological consequences of these responses to temperature are discussed in relation to the timing of seed germination in nature.     

Seed dormancy and periodicity of seedling emergence in Veronica hederifolia L.

Emergence of Veronica hederifolia seedlings began in mid-October and continued into spring; few appeared from June to September. Ripe seeds shed in June were dormant but wben buried in soil outdoors developed a capacity for germination initially at low temperatures (constant4 C; daily alternations of 4-10° and 4-1 5 C) and later at somewhat higher temperatures, with peak germination in September-November. During winter, spring and early summer thc germination capacity declined, to increase again in late summer and early autumn. Cyclic physiological changes thus occur in seeds of V,hederifolia present in the soil, with which lhe consistent seasonal periodicity of seedling emergence is associated. In dry storage ihe capacity for germination progressively increased, but alter 12 months there was a sharp decline in germination at 4° C. Few seeds germinated at 20° C, but moistening with GA 4/7; brought about complete germination at this temperature.     

Study of seasonal variation in dormancy of Spergula arvensis L. seeds in a condensed annual temperature cycle

Changes in dormancy of Spergula arvensis seeds were studied during pre-incubation at constant temperatures and under a temperature regime that condensed the annual temperature cycle into 73 days. Each day in the regime represented the mean day and night temperatures and day lengths of 5 successive days of an average year in The Netherlands. Incubation occurred in water or loamy sand, in darkness. Germination of the seeds was tested in water or KNO₃ over a range of temperature. Seeds were irradiated with saturating doses of red light. In half of the treatments, pre-incubated seeds were dehydrated at the transfer to the conditions of the germination test. Breaking of dormancy occurred under conditions of 'spring'. It did not depend on exposure to low‘winter’temperatures, but was induced by rising 'spring’temperatures. Seeds developed secondary dormancy in late‘autumn'. The expression of the changes in dormancy that were induced during pre-incubation depended on the conditions of the germination test. Light, nitrate and dehydration stimulated germination. The experiments predicted that field emergence from nitrate-poor soils that have not been dehydrated will be restricted to a short period in autumn, whereas disturbance of nitrate-rich soils followed by a dry spell will stimulate germination of S. arvensis seeds from early spring to late autumn. The data presented good explanations for the cosmopolitan character and the serious weediness of this species. Its classification as a summer or winter annual is discussed.     

Variation in the annual dormancy cycle in buried seeds of the weedy winter annual Viola arvensis

Seeds of Viola arvensis collected in different years and in different months within those years were buried in soil under natural seasonal temperature cycles, and changes in their germination requirements monitored. Seeds were dormant at maturity in May or June, but nondormant by autumn. During winter, some seeds entered dormancy, while others entered conditional dormancy, i.e. retained the ability to germinate at 15/6 and 20/10^oC but not at other thermoperiods. Dormant and conditionally dormant seeds became nondormant the following summer. Seeds collected in 1981 exhibited an annual dormancy:nondormancy cycle, while those collected in 1982 exhibited an annual conditional dormancy:nondormancy cycle. The type of dormancy cycle found in these seed lots during their first year of burial persisted in subsequent years. Thirty–five and 36% of seeds collected in May 1983 and 1986, respectively, were conditionally dormant the following May, while only 5 and 9% of those collected in the same field in June 1983 and 1986, respectively, were conditionally dormant. Dormant seeds collected in 1981,1982 and 1984 and buried at 5^oC during summer germinated to 0, 33 and 0% respectively, at 15/6^oC in autumn. After the 1982 seeds became nondormant during summer, only 25% entered conditional dormancy when buried at 5^oC, but after the 1981 and 1984 seeds became nondormant, 100% entered conditional dormancy at 5^oC. Thus, the persistent seed bank of V. arvensis at a population site may consist of seeds with an annual dormancy:mondormancy cycle and others with an annual conditional dormancy:nondormancy cycle. This is the first report of the two types of annual seed dormancy cycles in the same species.     

Seed dormancy and seedling emergence studies in Avena fatua L

Studies were made of seedling emergence of three phenotypes of Avena fatua L. with dif ferent coloured lemmas (fA, fB, fC) originally collected from one site. Each phenotype was grown under the same conditions in 1975 and the resulting seed buried 25 mm deep in soil im mediately after collection. The soil was either left uncultivated (all phenotypes) or cultivated monthly (phenotype fA only). Seedling emergence was assessed weekly and the number of remaining viable seeds was determined at the end of three years. Seeds of different lines of A. fatua (fA phenotypes) obtained from separate locations were grown under the same conditions in 1983, buried and seedling emergence moni tored for 85 months. Without cultivation, overall emergence (mean of three phenotypes) in successive autumns and springs was 9%, 18%, 9%, 33%, < 1%, 14% and <1%. A further 3% of viable seeds were recovered at the end of the experiment. Periodicity of emergence was the same for all phenotypes. Actual numbers of seedlings emerging in each of the periods varied between phenotypes. Total emergence of seed from the inner zone of panicles was significantly less than that from the outer zone, although there was little difference between the two zones in each of the natural emergence periods. Cultivation increased emergence, particularly from secondary seed in the first spring after burial, but did not changes its periodicity. By the second spring seed numbers had declined, and seedling counts were similar from cultivated and non-cultivated soil. No viable seed remained in the cultivated soil after three years. Emergence from the two lines of fA was very different. Seedling emergence occurred after hot dry con ditions, or in warm periods immediately after periods of chilling, particularly those below 4°C.     

黄顶菊种子休眠与种子寿命研究

黄顶菊是一种新近传入我国的入侵植物。初步研究黄顶菊种子休眠和种子寿命特性发现,黄顶菊种子不具有原生休眠,但需要一定的时间完成其后熟阶段。室温储藏下4年后,黄顶菊种子仍保持很高的萌发率,说明黄顶菊种子的寿命较长,但长时间的冷冻(-18℃)和自然条件下深埋(10 cm土层)会显著缩短黄顶菊种子的寿命。     

Biology of Commelina benghalensis L. in south-eastern Queensland. 2. Seed dormancy, germination and emergence

Germination of freshly harvested seeds of Commelina benghalensis L. varied from 0–3% for small aerial seeds, 20–35% for large aerial seeds and from 33% for small underground seeds to 90% for large underground seeds. Innate dormancy of all seed types was completely overcome by clipping the seed coat. Exposure to 90°C dry heat for 2 h was also effective in increasing germination of the three strongly dormant seed types. Optimum temperature for germination varied with the different seed types. Periods of likely major weed infestation from the four seed types were predicted using soil temperature data. Exposure to light increased germination but was not essential and underground seeds responded more to light than aerial seeds. Optimum depth of emergence for the four seed types was from 0 to 50 mm and there was a positive correlation between maximum depth of emergence and seed weight.     

Seed dormancy,germination, emergence and seed longevity in Galinsoga parviflora and G. quadriradiata

Galinsoga quadriradiata (hairy galinsoga) and Galinsoga parviflora (smallflower galinsoga, gallant soldier) are very troublesome weeds in many vegetable row crops in Europe. To optimise management strategies for Galinsoga spp. control, an in‐depth study of germination biology was performed. Germination experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of light and alternating temperatures on germination of a large set of Galinsoga populations. Seedling emergence was investigated by burying seeds at different depths in a sandy and sandy loam soil. Dormancy of fresh seeds harvested in autumn was evaluated by studying germination response in light at 25/20°C with and without nitrate addition. Seed longevity was investigated in an accelerated ageing experiment by exposing seeds to 45°C and 100% relative humidity. Galinsoga spp. seeds required light for germination; light dependency varied among populations. Seedling emergence decreased drastically with increasing burial depth. Maximum depth of emergence varied between 4 and 10 mm depending on soil type and population. In a sandy soil, emergence percentages were higher and seedlings were able to emerge from greater depths than in a sandy loam soil. Freshly produced G. parviflora seeds, harvested in autumn, showed a varying but high degree of primary dormancy and were less persistent than G. quadriradiata seeds that lack primary dormancy. Lack of primary dormancy of freshly harvested G. quadriradiata seeds and light dependency for germination may be used to optimise and develop Galinsoga management strategies.     

Breaking dormancy of Avena fatua L. seed by treatment with ammonia

Wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed dormancy was broken by treating the air-dry seed with ammonia. Loss of dormancy was proportional to the concentration and/or time of exposure to the gas. The dormancy of several other grass weed species was also broken by ammonia but the gas had no effect on the dormancy of dicotyledonous weed seeds. The dormancy-breaking effect of ammonia was irrevocable and treated seeds could be stored for months without any decrease in germination. Germination of seed treated with sub-optimal concentrations of ammonia increased with after-ripening. Ammonia caused an increase in leakage of electrolytes from treated seeds, indicating an increase in permeability of the seed coat. The increase in permeability cannot, however, explain the loss of dormancy in deeply dormant wild oat where dormancy resides in the embryo. Des traitements à l'ammoniaque pour lever la dormance de graines de Avena fatua L. La dormance de graines de la folle avoine (Avena fatua L.) a pu être levée en traitant à l'ammoniaque les graines séchées à l'air. La perte de dormance s'est révélée fonction de la concentration et/ou du temps d'exposition au gaz. La dormance de plusieurs autres graminées a pu être levée par l'ammoniaque mais le gaz n'a pas eu d'effet sur les graines d'adventices dicotylédonées. L'effet de l'ammoniaque en levant la dormance était irréversible; le stockage des graines traitées pendant plusieurs mois n'a amené aucune diminution de la germination. La germination de graines traitées avec des concentrations d'ammoniaque sous-optimales a augmenté suite à une maturation après la récolte. L'ammoniaque a amené une fuite d'électrolytes plus importante chez les graines traitées, ce qui indique une plus grande perméabilité du tégument. La plus forte perméabilité, cependant, n'explique pas la perte de dormance chez des folles avoines profondément dormantes, car chez cette espèce la dormance réside dans l'embryon. Abbruch der Ruheperiode von Avena fatua L.-Samen durch Behandlung mit Ammoniak Die Behandlung lufttrockener Samen von Avena fatua L. mit Ammoniak führte zu einem Abbruch ihrer Ruhezeit. Der Verlust der Ruheperiode war proportional zu Konzentration und/oder Expositionszeit. Ammoniak brach ebenfalls die Samenruhe verschiedener anderer Ungrasarten, zeigte aber keine Wirkung bei zweikeimblättrigen Unkräutern. Die Beendigung der Samenruhe durch Ammoniak war unwiderruflich und behandelte Samen konnten während Monaten ohne Abnahme ihrer Keimfähigkeit gelagert werden. Mit zunehmender Dauer einer Nachreifung nahm die Keimung der Samen zu, die mit unteroptimalen Konzentrationen von Ammoniak behandelt worden waren. Ammoniak verursachte ein verstärktes Austreten von Elektrolyten aus den Samen, was auf eine erhöhte Permeabilität der Samenschale hinweist. Dieser Permeabilitätsanstieg kann jedoch den Verlust der Samenruhe bei Wildhafer nicht erklären, da die Ursache der Ruheperiode im Embryo zu suchen ist.     

20种茎叶处理除草剂对冬小麦田宝盖草的防效及安全性测定

为筛选防除冬小麦田宝盖草的高效茎叶处理除草剂,本试验连续两年选取20种除草剂进行冬小麦田宝盖草的防除研究。结果表明,在小麦返青期施药,200 g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸异辛酯乳油、50%吡氟酰草胺水分散粒剂和10%苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂有效成分用量分别为210、120和60 g/hm~2时,药后40 d对宝盖草的株防效和鲜重防效均达到90%以上,并且对冬小麦表现安全,可大面积示范推广。     

Effect of seed age and cultivation on seedling emergence and seed decline of Avena fatua L. in winter barley

Avena fatua was sown in a cultivation experiment in the autumn of 3 successive years. For each population seedling emergence and viable seeds in the soil were recorded for 4 years in crops of winter barley in which new seed production was prevented. About half of the seeds sown were recovered after 1 year. In subsequent years viable seeds in the soil declined more rapidly with tine cultivation than with ploughing. After 4 years up to 5% of the original seeds were still viable. One population exhibited greater seed dormancy than the other two populations, due it is thought to higher summer rainfall and the greater availability of moisture during seed maturation. Most seedlings emerged in the autumn and spring, between 12 and 18 months after sowing. A total of 950 seedlings emerged from 12 000 seeds sown; 21% of these seedlings came from new seeds (< 1 year old), 57% from seeds 1–2 years old, 14% from seeds 2–3 years old and 8% from seeds 3–4 years old. Autumn seedlings arose fairly evenly from all age groups while spring seedlings mostly came from the 1–2-year-old seeds. With tine cultivation total seedlings over 4 years represented 9–7% and with ploughing 6–2% of the original seeds sown. A. fatua was more persistent than in previous experiments in spring barley, which suggests that control measures would have to be applied for longer in a succession of winter cereals than spring-sown crops to reduce A. fatua to low populations.     

Factors affecting seed dormancy and germination of Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.

Seeds of Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] germinated to higher percentages (20–30% higher) when incubated at 28 and 35° C than at 10 or 22° C. After-ripening was accelerated by dry storage of these seeds at 50°C. Seeds pre-chilled at 6°C for 2–4 weeks followed by incubation at 28°C germinated 40–60%. Light effects on germination were related to incubation temperatures; inhibitory at 22°C; no response at 28°C; and stimulatory at 35°C. Effects of gibberellin A₃ (GA₃) also varied depending on incubation temperature, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) immersion and light conditions. Immersion of dry seeds in either 700 mM NaOCl, 900 mM H₂O₂ or concentrated H₂SO₄ before incubation in water was effective in breaking dormancy. This result suggests the modes of action of H₂SO₄ in the termination of dormancy may be similar to those of NaOCl and H₂SO₄ as previously suggested by Hsiao & Quick (1984), that is by modification or scarification of the hull or seed coat membranes, and also by the supply of additional oxygen to the seed.     

Seed dormancy and germination in the summer annual Galeopsis speciosa

This study examined germination and dormancy in Galeopsis speciosa (Lamiaceae), a common summer annual weed in cold‐temperate areas. Seeds collected in southern Sweden were subjected to several experiments. The seeds were dormant at maturity. Seeds sown outdoors after collection produced a small number of seedlings that emerged early in the spring. After long cold stratification or stratification outdoors over two winters, the maximum germination was 40–50%; germination occurring over a wide range of temperatures. Warm stratification preceding cold stratification had no effect on germination, but repeated warm and cold periods seemed to promote germination. Gibberellic acid (GA) stimulated germination, but full germination was only achieved after more than 2 months of incubation at the most suitable temperature regime tested. Excised embryos grew and developed into normal seedlings. With these results, the species does not fit into the currently used system for seed dormancy classifications. The response to GA and the growth of excised embryos indicate non‐deep or intermediate physiological dormancy, but dormancy alleviation by stratification was not in line with the guiding principles for these classifications. Galeopsis speciosa has a strong dormancy that is sufficiently alleviated during the winter to allow germination of only part of a seed batch each year; hence a stepwise germination pattern occurs over a period of several years.