Environmental effects on asexual reproduction in Arundo donax

Arundo donax L. (giant reed) is an invasive perennial plant that has spread widely in riparian areas in California, where it has altered wildlife habitats, created a fire hazard, compromised water conservation efforts, and affected flood control. Currently, physical removal is the primary means of controlling this weed, which is ineffective because of prolific asexual reproduction from an extensive rhizome system. We conducted controlled experiments on the sprouting potential of vegetative propagules, effects of storage duration and conditions on sprouting, and survival and growth of propagules in various soil types and moisture regimens. Sprouting and regrowth varied greatly with propagule type and size and with treatment and duration of storage after removal from the plant. Over 90% of stem and rhizome pieces with at least one node sprouted. Stem sprouting was affected by prior storage duration, temperature and moisture, whereas only storage duration and moisture affected rhizome sprouting. Sprouting was reduced by drying propagules at 30 °C for 1 week and by storage in a soil slurry. After 16 weeks, even propagules maintained optimally in moist soil showed reduced sprouting. Rhizome pieces sprouted readily from a soil depth of 25 cm, whereas stem pieces sprouted from less than 10 cm. Responsiveness of asexual reproduction in A. donax to environmental cues suggests that mechanical control can be improved by careful timing and treatment of cut biomass pieces to minimize or inhibit sprouting.     

通州区刺萼龙葵的化学防除试验研究

为了明确各类除草剂防除刺萼龙葵的效果,为其应急防控提供科学依据,于2011年在北京通州区刺萼龙葵发生地进行了田间药效评价研究。结果表明,茎叶处理剂三氯吡氧乙酸48%乳油、氨氯吡啶酸24%水剂和氯氟吡氧乙酸20%乳油能够有效防治刺萼龙葵,三氯吡氧乙酸和氨氯吡啶酸所有试验剂量对刺萼龙葵的鲜重防效均达到100.0%,氯氟吡氧乙酸设计剂量下防效为86.20%~95.58%,根据药剂的不同特性,可制定不同入侵地的刺萼龙葵的防控策略。     

外来杂草在海南的危害及病害调查

对海南13种外来杂草展开调查,其中分布广泛、危害最为严重的是飞机草和假臭草。在9种外来杂草上共分离获得17种真菌,分别是侵染假臭草的链隔孢（Alternaria sp.）、镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）,侵染飞机草的飞机草泽兰尾孢（Cerospora eupatorii Peck.）、炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）和链格孢（Alternaria sp.）,侵染蟛蜞菊的链隔孢（Alternaria sp.）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）,侵染空心莲子草的假隔链格孢（Nimbya alternantherae）和镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）,侵染小飞蓬的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）和链格孢（Alternaria sp.）,侵染阔叶丰花草和胜红蓟的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）,侵染三叶鬼针草的弯孢（Curvularia sp.）和黑孢霉（Nigrospora sphaerica）,侵染凤眼莲的链格孢（Alternaria sp.）和炭疽菌（Colletotrichum sp.）。     

外来假马鞭草的特征特性及控制

假马鞭草为马鞭草科假马鞭属多年生草本植物,原产中南美洲,19世纪末出现在中国香港,现在我国福建、广东、广西、云南南部、香港、海南和台湾有分布.文章在调查研究及查阅大量文献的基础上,归纳了外来杂草假马鞭草的形态特征、起源、入侵途径、在我国的分布、经济和生态影响、预防控制和管理措施等.     

外来入侵恶性杂草牛筋草的化学防除药剂评价筛选

牛筋草是全球危害最严重的5种杂草之一,为了筛选防除牛筋草的高效除草剂品种,采用温室盆栽法和田间小区试验测定了10种苗后除草剂对牛筋草的除草活性及防除效果。盆栽试验结果表明,30%苯唑草酮SC和40 g/L烟嘧磺隆OD对牛筋草防效优异,ED₉₀分别为8.7 g/hm~2和19.4 g/hm~2(有效成分,下同),约为各自登记低剂量的1/3和1/2。100 g/L氰氟草酯EC、10%噁唑酰草胺EC、69 g/L精噁唑禾草灵EW、120 g/L烯草酮EC和10%精喹禾灵EC对牛筋草具有较好的防效,ED₉₀分别为68.9、80.5、50.0、54.2 g/hm~2和48.6 g/hm~2,与各自的登记低剂量相当或略低。25%啶嘧磺隆WG和11%三氟啶磺隆OD对牛筋草的防效较差,ED₉₀分别为115.0 g/hm~2和112.4 g/hm~2,约为各自登记高剂量的1.5倍和2.3倍。75%硝磺草酮WG对牛筋草的防效很差,ED₉₀为742.6 g/hm~2,是其登记高剂量的3.3倍。田间试验结果表明,40 g/...     

Recruitment potential from asexual and sexual reproduction in Polymeria longifolia

Sexual and asexual reproduction in the perennial Australian weed Polymeria longifolia (polymeria take-all), was assessed using glasshouse and field studies. These studies aimed at elucidating the contribution that each reproductive mechanism makes to the success of the species as a weed in cotton in Australia. Asexual reproduction, including vegetative fragment movement because of cultivation and regeneration from in situ rhizome material, was the predominant means of dispersal and recruitment of the species. Sexual reproduction had a relatively minor but significant role in the reproductive biology of P. longifolia. Seedling establishment was <5% from buried seed in both the glasshouse and field. In the field, seedlings comprised <1% of the total number of new shoots recruited at the start of two consecutive seasons, with <3% of these reaching reproductive maturity. Vegetative fragments were more likely to survive and lead to subsequent shoot production when they were large and intact. Intensive cultivation, where plants of P. longifolia are cut into small fragments, may reduce the survival of fragments moved by cultivation and reduce recruitment from existing populations. Long-term management strategies should focus on reducing the large vegetative flushes of this weed, as well as controlling the small number of seedlings recruited.     

欧洲山芥植株挥发物对小菜蛾雌成虫选择行为的影响

利用Y型嗅觉仪在实验室内测试了莲座期和开花结籽期欧洲山芥植株挥发物对小菜蛾雌成虫选择行为的影响,以阐明其对小菜蛾雌成虫的引诱作用。结果表明,欧洲山芥两个生长期挥发物对小菜蛾雌成虫具有相似的、较强的引诱作用,小菜蛾首先选择欧洲山芥植株气味源的虫数显著多于首先选择甘蓝植株气味源的虫数,小菜蛾在与欧洲山芥植株相连接的侧臂前臂持续活动的总时间占总观测时间的百分比显著高于与甘蓝植株相连接的一侧(df=1,P<0.05)。     

A viability study of Fallopia japonica stem tissue

Vegetative regeneration of intact and split nodes of Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decraene was the focus of this greenhouse experiment. Stem material, collected in May, July and September 1997, was cut into 40-mm-long sections and incubated on the surface of moist compost in a greenhouse. All samples showed some regrowth of buds and new shoots from both intact and split nodes in any season. A maximum number of 0.25 buds per intact node was recorded after 6 days in a spring experiment. The vegetative regrowth of shoots generally appeared after 1 week and increased over time with a maximum mean height of 77 mm after 27 days and a maximum number of 0.39 shoots per intact node after 13 days. Adventitious roots developed from both intact and split nodes during both summer and autumn experiments. From this study, a maximum of 90 stem tissue propagules per square metre of F. japonica stand has been estimated. If the plant is cut as part of a control programme, these propagules can produce shoots with growth rates of up to 2.9 mm per day with a good chance of the development of adventitious roots. This considerable potential for vegetative regeneration of stem tissue shows a clear need for guidelines on the safe management and disposal of F. japonica plant material.     

欧洲山芥对小菜蛾个体发育及产卵选择性的影响

测试了欧洲山芥对小菜蛾个体发育和成虫繁殖力的影响,以及小菜蛾雌蛾经历不同植物后对其产卵选择性的影响。结果表明,在欧洲山芥开花结籽期植株上取食发育至化蛹的少量个体,与白菜、结球甘蓝上取食发育的个体相比,身体较小,繁殖力较低;欧洲山芥具有刺激小菜蛾成虫增加生殖力的作用,对甘蓝上发育出来的雌成虫,当分别提供欧洲山芥或结球甘蓝让其产卵时,在两种植物上平均每雌产卵量分别为267粒和139粒;经历不能明显改变小菜蛾雌成虫对欧洲山芥的强烈嗜好性,当小菜蛾在成虫期经历白菜或甘蓝后．对这两种植物的相对嗜好性虽有所提高,但仍将绝大部分或所有的卵产在欧洲山芥上。可见,欧洲山芥对于小菜蛾是一种较为理想的诱杀植物。     

Can sulfur fertilisation improve the effectiveness of trap crops for diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)?

BACKGROUND: The effect of sulfur fertilisation on chemical constituents of yellow rocket, Barbarea vulgaris (R. Br.), was studied with regard to its potential use as a trap crop for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Two types of B. vulgaris var. arcuata were used: the G‐type, resistant to P. xylostella and proposed as a ‘dead‐end’ trap crop, and the P‐type, not resistant to P. xylostella and used as a control. RESULTS: In G‐type B. vulgaris, sulfur fertilisation increased the content of the dominant glucosinolate (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenylethylglucosinolate by 20%. Sulfur fertilisation did not significantly change levels of the saponins 3‐0‐β‐cellobiosylhederagenin and 3‐0‐β‐cellobiosyloleanolic acid, known to act as feeding deterrents for P. xylostella larvae. In P‐type B. vulgaris, the same levels of sulfur fertilisation did not change the glucosinolate content significantly. Two‐choice oviposition preference tests with B. vulgaris plants showed that P. xylostella laid 144% and 45% more eggs on G‐ and P‐type plants with sulfur fertilisation respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The studies suggest that sulfur fertilisation could increase the effectiveness of G‐type B. vulgaris as a trap crop for P. xylostella. The effect of plant sulfur fertilisation on P. xylostella oviposition preference is associated with a quantitative glucosinolate increase, but other compounds could also be involved. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

发展化学除草重视综合治理

我国农田杂草有２５０多种，全国农田受草害面积４３００多万ｈｍ２，平均受草害减产１３．４％，每年减产粮食１７５０万ｔ，皮棉２５．５万ｔ和大豆５０万ｔ。传统农业生产采用机械作业及人力等除草。随着农村经济的发展，化学除草面积迅速扩大，全国农田化学除草面积从１９７５年的１７０万ｈｍ２增加到１９９５年的４１３３万ｈｍ２。但是，长期化学除草也带来了除草剂土壤残留对后茬作物药害、农田杂草种群更替和产生抗药性等新问题。必须重视农田杂草综合治理，通过采用各种有效的农业技术措施，为农作物保持良好的生态条件，结合化学除草才是最有效的防除杂草方法     

Long-term management of Striga hermonthica: strategy evaluation with a spatio-temporal population model

The parasitic weed Striga hermonthica poses a serious threat to cereal production in sub-Saharan Africa. Striga hermonthica seedbanks are long-lived; therefore, long-term effects of control strategies on the seedbank only emerge after several years. We developed a spatially explicit, stochastic model to study the effectiveness of control strategies in preventing invasion of S. hermonthica into previously uninfested fields and in reducing established infestations. Spatial expansion of S. hermonthica and decrease in millet yield in a field was slower, on average, when stochasticity of attachment of seedlings to the host was included and compared to the deterministic model. The spatial patterns of emerged S. hermonthica plants 4–7 years after point inoculation (e.g. seeds in a dung patch) in the spatial-stochastic model resembled the distribution typically observed in farmers' fields. Sensitivity analysis showed that only three out of eight life cycle parameters were of minor importance for seedbank dynamics and millet yield. Weeding and intercropping millet with sesame or cowpea reduced the seedbank in the long term, but rotations of millet with trap crops did not. High seedbank replenishment during years of millet monoculture was not sufficiently offset by seedbank depletion in years of trap crop cultivation. Insight from simulations can be employed in a participatory learning context with farmers to have an impact on S. hermonthica control in practice.