烟碱对大鼠心电图的影响

烟碱对心率的作用具有阶段性,初期引起心率短暂性减弱,紧接着发生瞬时增加。为进一步确定烟碱对大鼠心脏的作用,对描记烟碱作用后大鼠心电图进行分析,发现烟碱能引起大鼠心电图显示较长的QT间期,增加了PR间期及T波面积,与肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素引起的QT间期延长相似,且能被M受体阻断剂阿托品所阻断,说明烟碱能够诱导局部释放乙酰胆碱或者作用于部分副交感神经控制的毒蕈碱受体。     

静脉注射3种药物对兔相关生理指标的影响

为观察肾上腺素、乙酰胆碱、阿托品对兔呼吸幅度、呼吸频率、心率等相关生理指标的影响,笔者将兔用速眠新麻醉后，先后通过耳缘静脉注射肾上腺素、乙酰胆碱、阿托品,记录5 min内呼吸运动曲线和心电曲线。试验结果表明,耳缘静脉注射肾上腺素后兔的呼吸幅度、心率增强，呼吸频率下降；注射乙酰胆碱后兔的呼吸幅度、心率减弱，呼吸频率增加;注射阿托品兔的呼吸幅度降低，呼吸频率、心率增加。说明肾上腺素、乙酰胆碱、阿托品对兔的相关生理指标有一定的影响作用。     

睾丸肾上腺素能受体和胆碱能受体的分布及神经递质对睾丸间质细胞增殖的影响

试验旨在研究不同发育时期小鼠睾丸肾上腺素能受体(β1AR、β2AR、β3AR、α1A、α1B和α1D)和胆碱能受体(M1、M2、M3、M4和M5)mRNA的表达,以及神经递质去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine,NE)和乙酰胆碱(acetylcholine,Ach)对发育期小鼠睾丸间质细胞增殖的影响。RT-PCR结果表明,β1AR和β2AR mRNA在睾丸发育的3个时期都表达,β3AR、α1A和α1B mRNA在小鼠发育早期的睾丸表达,在成年期睾丸不表达,α1D mRNA在睾丸发育的早期不表达,成年期表达;胆碱能受体M1R、M2R、M3R和M5R mRNA在睾丸发育的3个时期都表达,而M4R mRNA主要在成年期表达。另外通过NE和Ach处理体外培养的发育期睾丸间质细胞,发现Ach处理组BrdU阳性细胞的数量明显增加(P＜0.01)。结果表明,肾上腺素能受体和胆碱能受体在小鼠睾丸的整个发育时期都表达,Ach可促进发育期小鼠睾丸间质细胞的增殖。     

噻拉嗪对大鼠不同脑区DA及NE含量的影响

为研究噻拉嗪对大鼠不同脑区兴奋性单胺类神经递质含量的影响,探讨噻拉嗪的中枢麻醉作用机制。将32只大鼠随机分成4组(对照组、麻醉组、恢复Ⅰ组和恢复Ⅱ组)。用HPLC-荧光检测法测定各脑区去甲肾上腺素(NE)和多巴胺(DA)含量。结果显示,腹腔注射60 mg/kg体重噻拉嗪后,麻醉组大脑、小脑、脑干、丘脑、海马内NE含量降低,差异显著(P<0.05),其中大脑、丘脑、海马内DA含量降至最低,且差异显著(P<0.05);小脑、脑干内DA含量变化不明显,差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明大脑、小脑、脑干、丘脑、海马内NE含量和大脑、丘脑、海马内DA含量的降低,可能是噻拉嗪产生全麻作用的重要机理之一。     

噻拉嗪对山羊不同脑区NE及DA含量的影响

本实验以山羊为研究对象,研究噻拉嗪对山羊不同脑区去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)含量影响的研究来探讨噻拉嗪麻醉的中枢作用机制。本试验用25只健康山羊随机分为5组(n=5),生理盐水对照组,诱导组,麻醉组,恢复1组和恢复2组,试验组山羊肌肉注射噻拉嗪12.8 mg/kg·bw。在相应麻醉期取不同区域脑组织,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定不同脑区NE及DA的含量。结果注射噻拉嗪后大脑、海马和丘脑内NE和DA的含量在麻醉期显著降低,恢复期恢复到正常水平(P<0.05)。小脑和脑干内NE和DA含量变化不明显,差异不显著(P>0.05)。表明大脑、海马和丘脑内是噻拉嗪麻醉引起山羊NE及DA含量变化的作用部位。噻拉嗪的中枢麻醉作用机制可能与抑制大脑、海马和丘脑内NE及DA的释放相关。     

五根散对缺血性脑损伤大鼠海马内去甲肾上腺素含量的影响

对42只雌性成年大鼠施行双侧颈总动脉夹闭手术，建立缺血性脑损伤动物模型。喂藏药五根散治疗或喂水（对照组）50d后，用高效液相色谱仪检测各组大鼠海马组织中去甲肾上腺素（NE）含量变化，对比观察了喂药组、喂水组和正常对照组之间NE含量的组间差异。结果表明，NE含量喂水组显著低于正常组（P＜0．05）；而喂药组却明显高于喂水组（P＜0．05），NE含量回升接近正常水平。这些结果提示，五根散调节脑内单胺类神经递质代谢活动，使紊乱的代谢恢复正常，对脑组织有保护作用。     

去甲肾上腺素对犬腹主动脉瘤的影响

探讨不同剂量去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine, NE)对犬腹主动脉瘤(abdominal aortic aneurysm, AAA)的影响。选取健康成年比格犬12只,雌性,体质量(11±1.5) kg,随机分为4组,每组3只,分别设NE低剂量组(0.2μg·kg^-1·min^-1)、中剂量组(0.4μg·kg^-1·min^-1)和高剂量组(0.8μg·kg^-1·min^-1),对照组每次只给予5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液60 mL。手术分离腹主动脉并做血管插管,将弹力蛋白酶注射到腹主动脉插管段中膜,使注射部位形成AAA。在AAA形成后,静脉滴注不同剂量NE和5%葡萄糖氯化钠注射液,速度为60 mL/h,每天1 h,连续用药14 d。BL-420 N生物信号采集器监测AAA内血压变化,B超监测AAA直径及血流速度变化,计算机数值模拟血管壁面剪切应力(wall shear stress, WSS)变化;停药21 d后,牺牲试验犬,做HE和EVG切片染色观察AAA...     

烟碱对LPS诱导的兔子宫内膜上皮细胞炎症因子及前列腺素分泌的影响

试验旨在探索α7烟碱乙酰胆碱受体（α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,α7nAChR）的高亲和力激动剂烟碱对脂多糖（lipopolysaccharides,LPS）诱导的兔子宫内膜上皮炎症的作用机制。分离发情后期兔的子宫内膜上皮细胞,用100 ng/mL LPS对细胞进行炎性刺激12 h。用CCK8法检测不同浓度烟碱（5、10和20 μg/mL）对细胞存活率的影响,筛选合适浓度的烟碱进行后续试验。将细胞分为对照组（CON）、LPS、LPS+烟碱、LPS+烟碱+甲基牛扁碱（MLA）（α7nAChR的特异性颉颃剂）组,通过ELISA法检测细胞培养上清液中白细胞介素-1β（interleukin 1β,IL-1β）、IL-6、IL-8、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α）、前列腺素E₂（prostaglandin E₂,PGE₂）和前列腺素F_2α（PGF_2α）的含量。试验成功分离兔子宫内膜上皮细胞,且传至第5代仍保持良好的生长状态。CCK8检测结果显示,20 μg/mL烟碱组细胞存活率显著降低（P<0.05）,10 μg/mL烟碱对细胞存活率无显著影响（P>0.05）,所以选择10 μg/mL烟碱进行后续试验。ELISA结果显示,与对照组相比,LPS组IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、PGE₂和PGF_2α的含量显著增加（P<0.05）;与LPS组相比,LPS+烟碱组显著降低IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、PGE₂和PGF_2α的含量（P<0.05）,LPS+烟碱+MLA组炎性因子和前列腺素的含量差异不显著（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,烟碱对LPS诱导的兔子宫内膜上皮细胞分泌IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α、PGE₂和PGF_2α具有下调作用,推测烟碱通过α7nAChR介导炎性因子和前列腺素分泌下调而发挥抗炎作用,该结果可为研究α7nAChR作为子宫内膜炎治疗靶点的药物选择提供参考。     

冷应激反应的神经机制及对免疫系统的影响

一、动物对冷应激反应的神经机制 （一）中枢神经系统反应冷应激下，中枢肾上腺素能神经元被激活，引起外周自主神经（主要是交感神经）的活动加强，使外周神经和交感-肾上腺髓质系统（SAM）处于长时间高度激活状态，E（肾上腺素）和NE（去甲肾上腺素）的合成、释放和周转增强，     

成年大鼠睾丸去精索上神经对睾丸功能及肾上腺素能受体表达的影响

试验旨在研究精索上神经（superior spermatic nerve,SSN）对睾丸功能的影响,25只成年Wistar大鼠随机分为2组,试验组左右睾丸切除精索上神经,手术30 d后两组大鼠同时处死取样分析。结果显示,睾丸去精索上神经不影响睾丸指数的大小但使附睾尾精子数极显著降低（P＜0.01）,平均日增重显著增加（P＜0.05）。增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）免疫组织化学染色结果显示,睾丸去精索上神经不影响曲细精管精原细胞和初级精母细胞的增殖,但影响曲细精管的形态和生殖细胞的规则排列。RT-PCR结果显示,睾丸去精索上神经明显上调β1AR mRNA的表达,下调β2AR mRNA的表达;另外切除精索上神经不影响睾丸3β-羟胆固醇脱氢酶（3β-HSD）mRNA表达,但显著抑制类固醇快速调节蛋白（StAR）、胆固醇侧链裂解酶（P450scc）mRNA表达（P＜0.05）。结果表明,支配睾丸的精索上神经通过调节肾上腺素能受体β1AR和β2AR的表达及StAR和P450scc影响睾丸睾酮的合成和精子的发生。     

不同妊娠状态伊犁马心率变异性变化规律研究

【目的】研究流产伊犁马与正常分娩伊犁马在妊娠期心率变异性(HRV)的变化规律,以防止不良妊娠结局的发生。【方法】选取妊娠时间为29孕周的伊犁马21匹(其中流产5匹,正常分娩16匹)及7匹空怀伊犁马,分别在妊娠中期第30孕周,妊娠后期第45孕周及分娩前后1天对母马进行24 h HRV采集,包括时域指标：全部R-R间期的平均值(Mean RR)、全部R-R间距的标准差(SDNN)、平均心率(Mean HR)、相邻R-R间期差值的均方根(RMSSD)、相邻R-R间距差>50 ms的个数(NN50)和相邻R-R-间距差>50 ms的个数占总心跳次数的百分比(pNN50);频域指标：极低频率(VLF)、低频功率(LF)和高频功率(HF);非线性指标：全部R-R间距的标准差(Y)(SD1)、全部R-R间距的标准差(X)(SD2)。【结果】时域指标中,流产组和正常分娩组Mean RR、SDNN、RMSSD、NN50、pNN50极显著或显著低于空怀组(P<0.01;P<0.05),Mean HR极显著高于流产组和正常分娩组(P<0.01);频域指标中,流产组和正常分娩组H...     

梅花鹿和驯鹿外周血和茸血对牛蛙离体心脏心肌收缩力和心率的影响

为探讨鹿血对牛蛙离体心脏收缩力和心率的影响,采用斯氏法离体蛙心,分别用不同的鹿血对离体心脏进行灌流,用BL 420E生物技能试验系统记录离体心脏给药前、后心肌收缩力和心率的变化。试验结果表明:梅花鹿外周血、梅花鹿茸血、驯鹿外周血和驯鹿茸血与任氏液对照组相比心肌收缩力增加42.27%¹26.62%,差异极显著(P<0.01),其中梅花鹿外周血和驯鹿外周血较比梅花鹿茸血和驯鹿茸血对增强离体蛙心心肌收缩力更为明显,但对各组间的心率没有影响(P>0.05)。     

The Effect of Training on Yili Horse 1 600 m Test Results and Heart Rate Variability

【Objective】 The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different training stages on the performance and heart rate variability(HRV) of Yili horses and to provide data for reference in the conditioning training of 1 600 m distance Yili horses.【Method】 Eight 3-year-old Yili horses (stallions) were selected as test subjects.A 3-month speed specific performance training program was conducted, and a speed test race was organized in the last week of each month of training, and HRV was collected before, immediately after, 0.5 h after, and 1 h after 1 600 m test race.Among them, the time-domain indexes included the mean of all R-R intervals (Mean RR), the standard deviation of all R-R intervals (SDNN), the mean heart rate (Mean HR), the root mean square of the difference between adjacent R-R intervals (RMSSD), the number of adjacent R-R intervals with a difference greater than 50 ms (NN50), and the percentage of adjacent R-R intervals with a difference greater than 50 ms to the total number of heartbeats (pNN50).Frequency domain metrics included very low frequency (VLF), low frequency power (LF), high frequency power (HF) and nonlinear metrics:standard deviation (Y) of all R-R-spacing (SD1), standard deviation (X) of all R-R-spacing (SD2).Consequently, the variability of HRV indexes in horses at different training stages was analyzed.【Result】 The race time in the post training period in 1 600 m speed test race of Yili horses was significantly lower than that in the early training period (P<0.05), and Mean RR, NN50 and pNN50 in the middle and post training periods were significantly lower than that in the early training period (P<0.05).Mean HR in the beginning of training was significantly lower than that in post training (P<0.05).VLF and LF in the end of training were significantly lower than that in the beginning of training (P<0.05).【Conclusion】 Under the conditions of this test, the HRV indexes of 1 600 m test race of Yili horses in different conditioning training stages were analyzed.The outcomes demonstrated that the types of neural activity in Yili horses at the beginning, middle and end of training presented some differences, showing changes of increased sympathetic excitability and decreased parasympathetic excitability, and the horses' athletic performance improved.Therefore, HRV could be considered as an effective tool to evaluate the training load and intensity of Yili horses during training.     

雄性文昌鸡雏鸡体重、内脏器官生长发育及心率变化规律的研究

为了探究不同周龄雄性文昌鸡雏鸡体重、内脏器官生长发育及心率变化规律,在1~6周对雏鸡体重及主要内脏脏器指数进行测量,同时应用BL-420S生物机能实验系统,记录不同周龄雏鸡Ⅱ导联心电图并计算心率。结果表明:雏鸡体重在0~2周龄时增长缓慢,3~5周龄呈线性增长;而各器官发育变化规律并不一致,消化器官发育最早,需能器官次之,生殖器官发育最晚;雏鸡心率随着周龄的增加而下降,且周龄越大心率越稳定。     

Locomotor Response to Exercise in Relation to Plasma Lactate Accumulation and Heart Rate in Andalusian and Anglo-Arabian Horses

To establish the effect of the locomotor pattern on heart rate (HR) and plasma lactate (LA), 28 horses, 18 Andalusian (AN) and 10 Anglo-Arabian (AA), aged 3–4 years, were studied. After a warm-up period, the horses performed a four-step test at 5, 6, 7 and 8 m/s, covering 1000 m at each velocity. HR was monitored, LA was analysed at rest and after each workload, and images were filmed. The locomotor parameters determined were stride duration (SD), frequency (SF) and length (SL), step and bipedal support durations, stance (restraint and propulsion) and swing phase durations, and stride vertical component. The HR and LA were significantly higher in the AN horses from velocities of 5 m/s. Similarly, the stride vertical component was higher in the AN horses at the trot and in the leading forelimbs at the gallop. Conversely, at all the galloping velocities, swing phase duration and stride length were longer in the AA horses. Significant correlations between HR, LA and locomotor pattern were only found in the AN horses. It was concluded that the greater stride vertical component in the AN horses limits SL and the cranial advancement of the hoof, with the result that reaching a longer SL triggers an increase in HR and LA. AA horses reach a balance between SL and SF, improving the efficiency of the gait.     

怀孕母山羊及围产期胎儿心率的M型超声心动图测定

利用M-型超声波对怀孕母山羊以及围产期山羊胎儿的心率进行检测,并对三者的检测结果进行比较,以观察分娩前后胎儿的超声心动图之间的相同点和不同点,以及围产期胎儿和成年山羊的超声心动图之间的异同点。并对围产期胎儿心率以及母山羊心率的M-型超声心动图进行分析,以观察围产期胎儿心脏和成年羊心脏不同结构部位博动的超声情况。从而得到健康山羊及围产期胎儿的正常心率的M型超声心动图生理指标,为以后动物的心血管疾病的超声诊断提供数据。     

配种后子宫注入不同药液对母牛受胎率的影响

通过应用抗生素与中草药制剂——清宫液两种不同子宫冲洗液对配种牛处理,结果表明;试验组对母牛受胎率的提高有显著效果（P〈0．05）,两种不同试验组问无显著差异（P〉0．05）。说明配种后用这两种药物冲洗子宫可显著提高受胎率,由于中草药付作用小,故中草药剂——清宫液可为首选药。     

Retrospective Evaluation of the Effect of Heart Rate on Survival in Dogs with Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually is associated with a rapid ventricular rate. The optimal heart rate (HR) during AF is unknown.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Heart rate affects survival in dogs with chronic AF.

Animals

Forty‐six dogs with AF and 24‐hour ambulatory recordings were evaluated.

Methods

Retrospective study. Holter‐derived HR variables were analyzed as follows: mean HR (meanHR, 24‐hour average), minimum HR (minHR, 1‐minute average), maximum HR (maxHR, 1‐minute average). Survival times were recorded from the time of presumed adequate rate control. The primary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR <125 bpm versus ≥125 bpm.

Results

All 46 dogs had structural heart disease; 31 of 46 had congestive heart failure (CHF), 44 of 46 received antiarrhythmic drugs. Of 15 dogs with cardiac death, 14 had CHF. Median time to all‐cause death was 524 days (Interquartile range (IQR), 76–1,037 days). MeanHR was 125 bpm (range, 62–203 bpm), minHR was 82 bpm (range, 37–163 bpm), maxHR was 217 bpm (range, 126–307 bpm). These were significantly correlated with all‐cause and cardiac‐related mortality. For every 10 bpm increase in meanHR, the risk of all‐cause mortality increased by 35% (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P < 0.001). Median survival time of dogs with meanHR<125 bpm (n = 23) was significantly longer (1,037 days; range, 524‐open) than meanHR ≥125 bpm (n = 23; 105 days; range, 67–267 days; P = 0.0012). Mean HR was independently associated with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality (P < 0.003).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Holter‐derived meanHR affects survival in dogs with AF. Dogs with meanHR <125 bpm lived longer than those with meanHR ≥ 125 bpm.