桑沟湾夏季栉孔扇贝养殖笼内水质变化

以2006年桑沟湾筏式养殖的栉孔扇贝为研究对象,测定了网笼内的水质状况及栉孔扇贝的死亡率,探讨了污损生物的可能影响。结果表明,(1)经过7个月的养殖,初始密度低于30个/层的实验组,栉孔扇贝的死亡率低于6%;高密度实验组(40个/层)的死亡率高达27%;(2)网笼内、外的磷酸盐、硅酸盐浓度没有显著性差异,但是,7、8月份的氨氮浓度差异较为明显;(3)同营养盐浓度的变化相比,网笼内、外叶绿素a浓度的变化较大,在9月份,高密度组的网笼内叶绿素a浓度低于0.67mg/m3,食物可能为高密度组扇贝生长、存活的限制因子;(4)8月份,高密度组网笼内的细菌总数显著高于笼外及其他密度组。分析认为,高温期网笼内的水质状况及食物限制可能与养殖栉孔扇贝的死亡有关。     

石膏法测定海水流速

为了测量浅海扇贝养成笼内、外环境因子的变化差异，利用石膏法测定了桑沟湾扇贝养殖海区、养成笼内的海水流速变化，并与挪威产SD6000型自动记录海流计进行了比较。同时，时影响石膏块溶解的因子进行了探讨，得出了石膏块的溶失与水体积、温度、盐度、时间、水流之间的相关曲线。结果表明，石膏块的溶失与水流流速之间具有很好的相关性(R^2=0．982)，经校正后石膏法测得的笼外平均海流流速与海流计测得的流速之间没有显著性差异(P=0．411)。     

大连獐子岛海域虾夷扇贝养殖容量

现场测定了獐子岛海域的叶绿素a浓度、初级生产力的季节性变化和养殖虾夷扇贝的种群结构;采用生物沉积法,测定了不同规格的虾夷扇贝的滤水率和虾夷扇贝的基本生物学特性.调查结果显示,叶绿素浓度在1.23～2.85 mg·m-3范围内,均值为(1.78±0.57)mg·m-3;初级生产力的平均值为(76.6±41.9)mg C·m-2·d-1,虾夷扇贝单位个体的滤水率为(0.55±0.25)L·h-1.结合虾夷扇贝的年产量、海域面积和有关的水文状况等数据,计算了食物限制性指标的数值,摄食压力和调节比率在0.05和1.0之间,而滤水效率小于0.05.结果显示,由于该海域的叶绿素浓度和初级生产力水平较低,海水流速大,因此,水交换带来的悬浮颗粒物为主要食物来源.目前的虾夷扇贝的养殖量(32亿粒)接近生态容量,如果开展筏式养殖,利用整个海域的水体,养殖量增大20倍的空间并达到养殖容量,预计年产量将达到256亿粒.     

筏式养殖虾夷扇贝“褐色沉积症”形成原因初步研究

为分析筏式养殖虾夷扇贝贝壳内侧褐色沉积症状形成机制,讨论虾夷扇贝夏季大规模死亡和褐色沉积症状相关性。2017—2019年的3—10月开展流行病学调查,调查虾夷扇贝褐色沉积症症状发生过程和出现比例,统计虾夷扇贝累积死亡率。设计防咬合扇贝养殖笼,统计褐色沉积症扇贝出现比例。利用傅里叶红外光谱分析法分析褐色沉积物质成分,讨论内在形成原因。结果显示,防咬合扇贝养殖笼内养殖扇贝累积死亡率为87.6%,褐色沉积症状出现比例为74.5%,扇贝间咬合导致的损伤不是褐色沉积症出现的原因。褐色沉积物质红外光谱谱型与牛血清白蛋白粉末谱型一致,且具备蛋白质特征峰酰胺Ⅰ带和酰胺Ⅲ带,揭示贝壳内侧褐色沉积物质主要成分为蛋白质。虾夷扇贝褐色沉积症出现时间具有规律性,6月中下旬出现症状后持续至8月,与扇贝开始死亡时间吻合。2017—2019年褐色沉积症状比例为85.7%、1.54%和10.9%,扇贝累积死亡率分别为90.4%、49.2%和48.16%,揭示褐色沉积症状与筏式养殖虾夷扇贝夏季死亡具有相关性(r=0.992),其形成原因可能与病原感染相关。     

牡蛎塭池中多环芳烃的分布、来源和生态风险评价

研究了长沙湾牡蛎塭池环境中多环芳烃的含量分布及其对养殖牡蛎质量安全的潜在风险。结果显示,牡蛎塭池水体、悬浮物、养殖牡蛎和沉积物中多环芳烃质量浓度分别为6.62~21.2 ng·L~(-1)(均值9.87 ng·L~(-1))、92.9~355μg·kg~(-1)(均值198μg·kg~(-1))、12.7~17.4μg·kg~(-1)(均值15.5μg·kg~(-1))和247~615μg·kg~(-1)(均值322μg·kg~(-1))。塭养区悬浮物平均含量高于塭养区外,但是差异不显著。塭养区水中多环芳烃平均含量与塭养区外相近,悬浮物中多环芳烃含量高于塭养区外,而沉积物中多环芳烃含量均值低于塭养区外。表层沉积物多环芳烃组成以3环为主,其次是4环。来源解析表明该区域多环芳烃主要源自化石燃料的燃烧,受养殖区周边燃煤发电工业的影响。风险评价结果显示,塭养区表层沉积物中多环芳烃含量低于效应区间低值,对养殖牡蛎安全潜在风险小,但是芴和蒽等同系物的含量介于效应区间低值和中值之间,可能会对塭养牡蛎养殖安全产生负面影响。     

全自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱法测定淡水养殖水体中的呋喃丹

本文建立了淡水养殖水体中呋喃丹的全自动固相萃取-超高效液相色谱检测方法。选取HLB固相萃取小柱作为水样的富集和净化小柱,水样以5 mL·min~(-1)的速度上样,用10 mL甲醇洗脱。洗脱液经浓缩、定容后,采用超高效液相色谱-荧光检测法分析,色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,粒径1.7μm),流动相为乙腈-水(40∶60,V/V),流速为0.200 mL·min~(-1),激发波长为270 nm,发射波长为310 nm。呋喃丹在20~1 000μg·L~(-1)范围内线性关系良好,相关系数R~20.999,方法检出限为0.100μg·L~(-1),定量限为0.250μg·L~(-1),在0.250、2.50、10.0μg·L~(-1)三种加标浓度水平下,平均加标回收率为90.4%~96.3%,相对标准偏差为2.55%~5.10%。该方法自动化程度高、操作简便、快速准确、稳定性好,适用于淡水养殖水体中呋喃丹的测定。     

循环流水水产养殖系统接种商品硝化菌的试验研究

与接种成熟滤料等方法相比,利用商品硝化菌接种生物滤器来源广泛,操作简便。本文使用一种商业上已取得一定成功的商品硝化菌液接种循环流水水产养殖系统试验模型的生物滤器。试验开始时定期接人20mL菌液(细菌含量1.5×10~10CFU·mL~(-1))以处理400g饲料产生的4.27mg·L~(-1)氨氮(TAN),12d后TAN浓度低于0.05mg·L~(-1),20d后NO_2~- -N浓度降至同样水平。在为期30d的检验期中,系统内养殖2.15kg·m~(-3)淡水白鲳,日喂饲率2％。期间养殖池TAN最大值0.465mg-L~(-1),最小值0.393mg·L~(-1),平均值0.427±0.019mg·L~(-1);NO_2~- -N最大值0.062mg·L~(-1),最小值0.038mg·L~(-1),平均值0.052±0.007mg·L~(-1);EC呈线性上升状态,每周增加32.8 μs·cm~(-1);而pH呈线性下降,每周降低0.24。系统结束时生物滤器含细菌8.65×10~6CFU·mL~(-1),水质除TP超标外,其余指标均符合我国淡水水产养殖水质标准,在2.1％～1.4％的日喂饲率下淡水白鲳日增重为1.91g,饲料系数1.164。     

河北扇贝养殖海域叶绿素a含量分布特征及初级生产力估算

干2004年9月--2005年11月,对河北扇贝养殖区海域进行了10个航次的叶绿素a含量调查。调查结果表明：（1）养殖区海域表层海水中叶绿素a平均浓度为0．73～4．44μg／L,叶绿素a浓度月均值周年变化呈单峰型。最大值出现在3月份。（2）叶绿素a平均浓度区域分布为：近岸海区〉中岸海区〉远岸海区,呈现从近岸海区向远岸海区逐渐降低趋势。（3）测区初级生产力均值变化范围为52．09～1390．3mg C／m^2·d,最低值出现在11月份．最高值出现在6月份,10个航次总平均值为311．74mgC／m^2·d。海区的营养盐、浮游动物及养殖贝类的摄食是制约影响调查海区叶绿素a周年变化和空间分布的主要因素。     

闽江河口养虾塘水体可溶性有机碳、营养盐和叶绿素a浓度变化特征

为揭示河口区陆基养虾塘可溶性有机碳(DOC)、营养盐、叶绿素a时空动态变化及其生态化学计量特征,在福建省闽江河口鳝鱼滩选择3个陆基养虾塘作为研究对象,于2018年5-10月原位测定养虾塘水温、pH、盐度、溶解氧指标,并采集不同深度水样,实验室测定DOC、可溶性无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO43--P)、叶绿素a浓度,探讨其主要影响因素。结果表明,养虾塘水体中DOC、DIN、PO43--P和叶绿素a质量浓度分别介于5.73~16.79 mg·L-1、0.04~1.80 mg·L-1、0.03~0.16 mg·L-1和15.02~443.08μg·L-1,均存在明显的时空变化特征;养虾塘水体DOC、营养盐、叶绿素a浓度受到养殖水体水环境参数、人为活动、养殖生物的共同影响;养虾塘水体碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)营养元素组成与植物、土壤之间具有相似性,并且表现为碳盈余和氮限制。在养殖过程中,加强对养虾塘水体营养盐和叶绿素a的动态变化监测,通过人为方式调节养虾塘水体C、N、P比率,对于防止养虾塘水体富营养化,促进养虾塘生态系统绿色可持续生产具有重要作用。     

河北扇贝养殖区污损生物调查

海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians Lamarck1819)隶属软体动物门、瓣鳃纲、珍珠贝目、扇贝科、海湾扇贝属,原产于美国太平洋沿岸。其闭壳肌含有丰富的蛋白质,因谷氨酸含量高,味道十分鲜美,用其闭壳肌制成的干品,是海味中的珍品。深受国内外广大消费者的青睐。河北省扇贝养殖主要集中在昌黎县沿海,到2002年已经发展到2万hm2,年产量超过10.6万t,占全省海水养殖总产量的52.7%,在我省渔业中占有重要地位。污损生物(fouling organisms)是生活于水中岩石及船底等设施表面的一类动植物的总称。这些生物大量生存于扇贝养殖设施上,其多数种类是有害的,主要表现在与扇贝争夺饵料、空间、堵塞养殖笼,制约了海湾扇贝的持续健康养殖,为查清污损生物对海湾扇贝养殖的影响,2005年夏季与秋季两次对扇贝养殖筏、养殖笼与养殖球上取样,对污损生物的组成进行了分析。1种类组成两次调查采集的污损生物共30种,隶属12个门类,见表1。在所有样品中,软体动物、节肢动物最多,各为5种,各占生物种类总数的16.7%;其次是藻类(绿藻门3种,红藻门1种)4种,占13.3%;多孔动物、苔藓类各3种,分别占10%;腔肠类、...     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.