几种侵蚀红壤中有机质和团聚体的关系

以3种侵蚀红壤（轻度、中度、严重）为供试材料,利用干湿筛法获得其不同粒径的水稳性团聚体（〉4 mm,2～4 mm,1～2 mm,0.5～1 mm,0.25～0.5 mm）,分析团聚体中有机质的分布。结果显示,随着侵蚀程度的增强,〉0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量逐渐下降,而团聚体的分散度却依次升高;无论何种侵蚀程度,湿筛后团聚体的组成均以小粒径团聚体（〈0.25 mm）占优势。轻度和中度侵蚀的红壤,其有机质含量随着团聚体粒径的增大而增大,严重侵蚀的则相反;侵蚀红壤有机质含量和〉0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体呈显著正相关,3种侵蚀红壤团聚体对土壤有机质的贡献为轻度侵蚀〉中度侵蚀〉严重侵蚀。     

浙南易蚀土壤的团聚体稳定性及其稳定机理

土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性是衡量土壤质量和可蚀性的重要指标。应用常规湿筛法和Le Bissonnais法测定了紫砂岩母质发育的柑橘园土壤团聚体稳定性,分析了土壤团聚体稳定性与胶结物质组成的关系。结果表明,供试土壤团聚体稳定性差异较大,湿筛法测定的水稳性团聚体MWD在0.75～3.49mm,MWD干筛-湿筛为0.15～2.89mm;Le Bissonnais法测定的水稳性团聚体平均MWD为1.57～3.12mm,其平均MWD与湿筛法测定的0.25mm团聚体含量、MWD、5～2mm团聚体破坏率和MWD干筛-湿筛呈极显著相关,表明两种方法测定的结果具有可比性;5～2mm土壤团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)3种处理后,团聚体崩解产物的MWD表现为FWSWWS,团聚体崩解产物的粒级分布随处理方式不同而不同,经快速湿润处理后,大多数团聚体崩解,崩解成较小粒径的水稳性团聚体,表明崩解的主要机制是由于团聚体内部的闭塞空气产生的压力引起的;土壤团聚体的稳定性指标与黏粒和游离氧化铁含量呈显著正相关,而有机质主要影响水稳定性团聚体的数量,它与土壤中MWD呈极显著正相关。     

不同修复措施下红壤水稳性团聚体中有机质分布特征

试验设置作物对照(CK)、作物+PAM(聚丙烯乙酰)(C1)、作物+稻草覆盖(C2)、作物+带状牧草(C3)、作物+PAM+带状牧草(C4)和作物+稻草覆盖+带状牧草(C5)6个处理,分别于种植花生前(A)、花生收获后(B)和小麦收获后(C)采集表层土样,研究不同修复措施下鄂东南侵蚀红壤团聚体的稳定性及水稳性团聚体中有机质的分布特征。结果表明,C时期各处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量的平均值比A时期提高了24.78%,以C2处理的水稳性团聚体含量最高。不同时期土壤和各级水稳性团聚体中有机质含量表现为B>C>A。随着团聚体粒径(>4mm,4～2mm,2～1mm,1～0.5mm,0.5～0.25mm)减小,水稳性团聚体中有机质含量逐渐降低。土壤有机质含量与各粒径水稳性团聚体有机质含量呈线性正相关,小粒径(2～0.25mm)水稳性团聚体的有机质含量与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关(相关系数为0.779 2～0.828 6)。综合考虑土壤有机质含量和团聚体稳定性2个因素,稻草覆盖措施对侵蚀红壤的修复效果较好。     

侵蚀程度对不同粒径团聚体中养分含量和红壤有机质稳定性的影响

以三种侵蚀程度的红壤(轻度、中度、严重)为供试材料,研究其>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中的养分(全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质)和不同形态有机碳(易氧化态和难氧化态)的含量状况和分布特点。结果表明:随着红壤由轻度、中度到严重侵蚀的变化,>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中有机质、全氮和全磷含量逐渐降低;>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体中的养分对土壤养分的贡献率为[>4 mm]>[0.5～1 mm]>[1～2 mm]>[2～4 mm]>[0.25～0.5 mm];侵蚀红壤的全氮、全磷和有机质均与>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量显著正相关。土壤有机碳、易氧化碳和难氧化碳的含量随着红壤侵蚀程度的增强逐渐降低,并且均与>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体、有机质、全氮、全磷呈极显著正相关。有机质氧化稳定性系数与不同粒径水稳性团聚体、土壤有机质、全氮和全磷均呈负相关。     

侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响

在华中地区采集不同侵蚀程度(轻度、中度、严重)的红壤,利用干湿筛法获得不同粒径的水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)。通过测定不同粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)碳量,以及向不同侵蚀程度的各粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中添加不同浓度(0.06、0.6 g L-1)的胡敏酸,分析侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:随着侵蚀程度的增加,供试红壤和水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分含量减少;轻度和中度侵蚀红壤中,大粒径(4和2~4 mm)水稳性团聚体的胡敏酸碳量较小粒径(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的高;同种侵蚀程度下,除严重侵蚀红壤中2~4 mm团聚体的富里酸碳量与1~2 mm团聚体中的有显著差异外,不同粒径团聚体中富里酸碳量差别不大。3种侵蚀程度红壤的胡富比总体上小于1,其中中度侵蚀红壤和各粒径水稳性团聚体的胡富比均大于其他两种侵蚀程度的。腐殖酸组分与水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量呈极显著正相关,与胡敏酸碳量的相关系数最大(r=0.85**,n=19)。添加不同浓度(0.06和0.6 g L-1)胡敏酸后,3种侵蚀程度红壤各粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的含量均增加,且小粒径团聚体(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的增加量要高于大团聚体(2~4、4 mm)的。     

模拟酸雨对红壤结构体及其胶结物影响的实验研究

通过模拟酸雨对浙江杭州红壤的淋溶实验 ,研究了酸雨对红壤结构体及其胶结物的影响。结果表明 ,酸雨降低了红壤团聚体的稳定性 ,表现为水稳性大团聚体的含量随酸雨 p H值的降低、持续时间的延长而减少 ;酸雨导致团聚体破坏率增高、稳定性降低。酸雨对红壤胶结物质的影响 ,表现为土壤有机质淋失增加 ,氧化铁活性提高。红壤团聚体的稳定性和结构性变差 ,会加速土壤侵蚀 ,表现出酸雨对红壤的可蚀性。     

降雨过程中红壤表土结构变化与侵蚀产沙关系

通过人工模拟降雨和表土微形态观测,研究了发育于泥质页岩、第四纪红粘土和花岗岩3种母质的红壤在降雨侵蚀过程中表土土壤结构的变化及其对侵蚀的影响。结果表明:降雨过程中,泥质页岩红壤极易形成土壤结皮,增加径流,响应结皮的形成,径流速率和含沙量较高,且迅速达到最大值,随后径流稳定而含沙量持续下降。第四纪红粘土红壤团聚体稳定,较难形成结皮,且结皮易被破坏,导致侵蚀过程中产流产沙量较低,均随降雨时间的延长而呈缓慢上升趋势。花岗岩红壤基本上不能产生结皮,粗化现象严重,因此产流量和产沙量也较低;由于土壤团聚体稳定性差以及径流的选择性运移,泥质页岩红壤和花岗岩红壤侵蚀泥沙中细颗粒(<0.02mm)含量远高于土壤中该粒径颗粒。而第四纪红壤侵蚀泥沙中粗颗粒较多,以多级团聚体的团聚体为主。     

侵蚀红壤中结合态腐殖质及其与水稳性团聚体的关系

以亚热带地区3种侵蚀程度(依据其植被、坡度以及土层厚度不同分为轻度、中度和严重侵蚀)的红壤为供试材料,利用湿筛法获得粒径4、2~4、1~2、0.5~1、0.25~0.5 mm的水稳性团聚体,分析侵蚀红壤和团聚体中3种结合态(紧结态、松结态和稳结态)腐殖质含碳量的分布特征,及其对0.25 mm团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:随着红壤侵蚀程度的增强,3种结合态腐殖质的含碳量均逐渐减小。在轻度侵蚀的红壤中,随着团聚体粒径的增大,其紧结态和松结态腐殖质的含碳量逐渐升高,稳结态腐殖质的含碳量逐渐降低;但是在中度和严重侵蚀红壤中,不同粒径团聚体的3种结合态腐殖质的含碳量基本相同。侵蚀红壤的紧结态、松结态腐殖质的含碳量与其0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的含量均呈极显著正相关(r分别为0.88,0.74),说明土壤中腐殖质与矿物质的结合方式和松紧程度不一样,其对侵蚀红壤的结构具有不同的影响。     

不同栽培年限日光温室土壤团聚体的组成及稳定性

[目的]揭示不同栽培年限日光温室土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的变化趋势,为探明设施蔬菜栽培土壤结构变化规律提供理论依据。[方法]以辽宁省新民市设施蔬菜栽培基地温室土壤为研究对象,并以温室外露地土壤为对照,研究了栽培年限为2,5,8,16a的日光温室土壤团聚体不同粒级的组成分布、机械稳定性、水稳性和团聚体破坏率的变化趋势。[结果]不同栽培年限的土壤0.25mm团聚体数量、机械稳定性和水稳性均呈降低趋势,且低于露地土壤;栽培时间长于5a后,0.25mm团聚体数量、机械稳定性和水稳定性有所升高。供试土壤在栽培初期,土壤中有机质对团聚体的形成和稳定性维持没有起到促进作用,随着栽培时间的增长,有机质促进了团聚体的形成和稳定。[结论]研究区域温室土壤团聚体稳定性随栽培年限的增长呈先降低后升高的趋势。     

应用Le Bissonnais法测定富铁土中团聚体的稳定性及其意义

土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性是衡量土壤抗蚀性和土壤质量的重要指标,应用LeBissonnais法对富铁土团聚体的稳定性和物理学机制进行了研究。结果表明,LeBissonnais法测定的团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)与常规湿筛法测定的>0.25mm团聚体含量、MWD和>2mm团聚体破坏率(PAD)呈极显著正相关。富铁土中5～2,2～1,1～0.5mm团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)处理后,稳定性团聚体的粒级分布随处理方式和初始团聚体大小的不同而不同;经FW处理后,大多数团聚体崩解;团聚体崩解产物的MWD表现为FW相似文献   

Aggregate Stability and Its Relationship with Some ChemicalProperties of Red Soils in Subtropical China

The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and A1 oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates,especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm.In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fed, Ald, Feo and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC.     

中国亚热带红壤团聚体稳定性与土壤化学性质的关系

The stability of aggregates in the surface soil is crucial to soil erosion and runoff generation. Thus, to understand the stability and the breakdown mechanisms of soil aggregates as well as the relationship between aggregate stability and selected soil chemical properties, such as different forms of Fe and Al oxides, organic matter, CEC and clay content, the aggregates of slightly and severely eroded red soils derived from Quaternary red clay in subtropical China were analyzed using the routine wet sieving and the Le Bissonnais methods. The results indicated that the aggregates of the severely eroded soils were more stable than those of the slightly eroded soils. Different aggregate breakdown mechanisms resulted in different particle size distribution. The slaking from entrapped air in aggregates severely destroyed the soil aggregates, especially in the slightly eroded soils. Meanwhile, mechanical breakdown and microcracking had little effect on the aggregates compared to slaking. The fragments resulting from slaking were mainly microaggregates that increased in size with increasing clay content. The main fragment size of the slightly eroded soils was 1.0-0.2 mm, while for the severely eroded soils it was 5.0-2.0 mm and 1.0-0.5 mm. Overall, more than 20% of the fragments were smaller than 0.2 mm. In addition, aggregate stability was positively and often significantly correlated with Fe_d, Al_d, Fe_o and clay content, but significantly and negatively correlated to SOC.     

湘东地区典型土壤团聚体稳定性的影响因素

[目的]揭示湘东地区土壤团聚体的分布规律及其影响稳定性因素,为研究南方土壤团聚体胶结机制提供一定的理论依据。[方法]在湘东地区选择3种常见成土母质(第四纪红土、花岗岩风化物、板岩风化物)上发育的典型自然林地、水田与旱地,采集表层土壤(0—20cm)与底层土壤(40—60cm),利用湿筛法测定土壤水稳性团聚体组成。[结果]土地利用方式、母质类型及土层部位显著影响土壤团聚体的组成及稳定性,且它们的交互作用也非常明显。不同利用方式下土壤团聚体稳定性总体表现为:水田林地旱地;但利用方式对团聚体稳定性的影响仅局限于表层土壤,同时在花岗岩风化物发育质地较砂的土壤上表现不明显。不同母质间土壤团聚体稳定性呈现出如下规律:第四纪红土板岩风化物花岗岩风化物,但表层土壤或旱地、林地利用下该规律不甚明显。同时,表层土壤团聚体稳定性一般要显著高于底层土壤,但对于第四纪红土发育质地较为黏重的土壤或水田利用方式下并非如此。[结论]成土母质、利用方式、土层部位通过对土壤质地、有机质、氧化物等的影响间接影响着湘东地区土壤团聚体的分布。     

中南地区典型地带性土壤团聚体抗张强度的变化及影响因素

团聚体的力稳性是决定土壤抗侵蚀能力的关键因素。为探究地带性土壤团聚体抗张强度的变化规律及其影响因素,自北向南选取我国中南部地区6种典型地带性土壤(褐土、黄褐土、棕红壤、红壤、赤红壤和砖红壤)的不同粒径(1~2,2~3,3~5,5~10mm)团聚体作为研究对象,通过测定团聚体的抗张强度(TS),探究其与土壤基本理化性质的关系,揭示该区域团聚体抗张强度的变化特点和稳定机制。结果表明:(1)供试土壤皆为黏性土壤,自北向南,随着水热条件的增加,土壤的pH值逐渐降低,高岭石含量和游离氧化物(Fe_d、Al_d)呈现明显的增加趋势;有机质含量随土壤深度的增加而降低。(2)同种土壤团聚体的抗张强度随着粒径的增大而逐步减小,从北至南,相同粒径团聚体的抗张强度整体呈现减小的趋势。(3)TS与pH、粉粒含量、蛭石含量呈极显著正相关(r0.63,p0.01),TS与黏粒含量、1.4nm过渡矿物含量、高岭石含量、游离氧化铁、铝(Fe_d、Al_d)呈显著负相关(r-0.53,p0.05)。(4)逐步回归分析表明,Fe_d和CEC可以较好的预测和评价3~5mm团聚体的抗张强度(R~2=0.80,p0.01)。总体而言,黏土矿物类型及其含量是影响地带性土壤团聚体力稳性的重要因素。研究结果可为该区域土壤侵蚀预测提供一定的理论依据。     

Aggregation in soils with small amounts of swelling clays. I. Aggregate stability

The respective role of organic materials and poorly-ordered Al and Fe hydrous oxides on soil aggregate stability was studied in silty soils with little swelling clay, using both multivariate analysis and physico-chemical approaches. Soil disaggregation is a function of the hydrophobic character of organic matter (OM), which depends on the nature of the organic materials, cationic environment and the aggregating effect of Al and Fe hydrous oxides.
Two kinds of aggregates >50 μm can be distinguished in organic soils, one being about six times more stable than the other. In soils poor in organic matter, weak aggregates dominate; the binding agents are Ca or Al OM rich in polysaccharides and peptides.     

Aggregate breakdown dynamics under rainfall compared with aggregate stability measurements

Aggregate breakdown due to rainfall action causes crusting and interrill erosion. Erodibility is seemingly determined by the capacity of surface aggregates to resist the effects of rainfall. In this paper, we evaluated the relevance of an aggregate stability measurement, which comprises three treatments, in order to characterize aggregate breakdown dynamics. Two cultivated soils were studied: a clay loam slightly sensitive to erosion and a more susceptible silt loam. We compared the size distributions of microaggregates produced by the three aggregate stability treatments with the results from a rainfall simulation. The behaviour of four initial aggregate size classes (< 3 mm, 3–5 mm, 5–10 mm and 10–20 mm) was also compared to study the influence of the initial aggregate size on the nature of resulting aggregates. The mean weight diameter was from 200 to 1400 µm for the silt loam and from 600 to 7000 µm for the clay loam. The two experiments – aggregate stability measurements and aggregate breakdown dynamics under rainfall – yielded similar results. Qualitative analysis showed that for both soils the sizes of fragments produced by breakdown with the aggregate stability tests and under rainfall were similar and seemed to be qualitatively independent of the size of initial aggregates. We first schematized the structural organization of aggregates in cultivated horizons with a simple hierarchical model at two levels: (i) < 250 µm microaggregates and (ii) > 250 µm macroaggregates made by the binding together of microaggregates. We then developed a model of aggregate breakdown dynamics under rainfall which gives, for various rainfall durations, the size distributions of resulting fragments on the basis of aggregate stability measurements. We obtained a correlation coefficient, r, of 0.87 for the silt loam and of 0.91 for the clay loam, showing that the experimental and predicted mass percentages were linearly related for each size fraction.     

铵、钾同时存在时, 土壤对铵的优先吸附

The water stability of aggregates in various size classes separated from 18 samples of red soils under different managements, and the mechanisms responsible for the formation of water-stable soil aggregates were studied. The results showed that the water stability of soil aggregates declined with increasing size, especially for the low organic matter soils. Organic matter plays a key role in the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. The larger the soil aggregate size, the greater the impact of organic matter on the water stability of soil aggregates. Removal of organic matter markedly disintegrated the large water-stable aggregates (> 2.0 mm) and increased the small ones (< 0.25-0.5mm) to some extent, whereas removal of free iron(aluminium) oxides considerably destroyed aggregates of all sizes, especially the < 0.25-0.5 mm classes. The contents of organic matter in water-stable aggregates increased with aggregate sizes. It is concluded from this study that small water-stable aggregates (< 0.25-0.5 mm) were chiefly cemented by Fe and Al oxides whilst the large ones (> 2.0 mm) were mainly glued up by organic matter. Both free oxides and organic matter contribute to the formation and water stability of aggregates in red soils.     

湿润速率和粘粒含量对红壤沟间侵蚀的影响

An aggregate stability test and a simulated rainfall test were conducted on four representative Ultisols from southeastern China. The soils selected, with clay contents ranging between 117 and 580 g kg-1 , were derived from shale and Quaternary red clay. The stability of aggregates (2–5 mm in diameter) obtained from the soil samples were determined by the Le Bissonnais method. For determination of infiltration, runoff, and erosion, the soil samples were packed in 30 cm × 60 cm trays, wetted at rates of 2, 10, and 60 mm h-1 , and then exposed to simulated rainfall at 60 mm h-1 for 1 h. The results indicated that both aggregate stability and slaking caused by fast wetting increased with increasing clay content. The effect of wetting rate (WR) on infiltration and seal formation varied with clay contents. In the soil with low clay content (sandy loam), the infiltration rate was affected slightly by WR due to low aggregate stability and slaking. In the soils with medium clay content (silt clay loam and clay), WR affected infiltration significantly due to the high aggregate slaking force. In the soil with high clay content, the effect of WR on infiltration was significant, but not as evident as in the soils with medium clay content, which may be related to high aggregate stability by wetting partially compensating for slaking force. The effect of WR on soil loss was similar to that of runoff, but more pronounced. The findings from this study indicated that the relationship between wetting rate and clay content should be considered when predicting interrill erosion in Ultisols.