A giant impact origin of Pluto-Charon

Pluto and its moon, Charon, are the most prominent members of the Kuiper belt, and their existence holds clues to outer solar system formation processes. Here, hydrodynamic simulations are used to demonstrate that the formation of Pluto-Charon by means of a large collision is quite plausible. I show that such an impact probably produced an intact Charon, although it is possible that a disk of material orbited Pluto from which Charon later accumulated. These findings suggest that collisions between 1000-kilometer-class objects occurred in the early inner Kuiper belt.     

乳房炎奶牛乳汁体细胞数与乳汁HP、SAA和AGP水平关系的研究

对8头正常奶牛和22头自发性乳房炎奶牛的混合乳汁中血清淀粉样蛋白(SAA)、结合珠蛋白(HP)、α1-酸性糖蛋白(AGP)水平和乳汁体细胞数(SCC)的关系进行了研究.结果表明:乳房炎奶牛与正常奶牛乳汁中HP水平差异显著(P<0.05),与乳汁SCC存在极显著正相关关系(P=0.000,r=0.406);乳房炎奶牛与正常奶牛乳汁中SAA和AGP的差异不明显(P>0.05),而且与乳汁SCC的相关性也均不显著,说明乳汁HP水平能反映奶牛乳腺感染的严重程度.     

不同月龄三角帆蚌幼蚌内外壳色相关性分析

供片贝内壳色显著影响所育珍珠颜色,成为珍珠贝重要遗传改良性状,但内壳色度量难度较大,严重限制了选育效率。选用4~8月龄紫色品系和白色品系三角帆蚌幼蚌为实验材料,评价三角帆蚌幼蚌内壳色与外壳色的相关性,结果表明:紫色品系三角帆蚌同时期内外壳颜色参数a^*最大相关系数为0.537(P<0.01),出现在6月龄,颜色参数b^*最大相关系数为0.724(P<0.01),出现在5月龄;紫色品系三角帆蚌5月龄外壳颜色参数a^*和4月龄外壳颜色参数b^*分别与8月龄内壳颜色参数呈现最大相关性,分别为0.414(P<0.01)和0.327(P<0.01);白色品系三角帆蚌5月龄外壳颜色参数a^*和b^*与8月龄内壳颜色参数a^*和b^*均呈现最大相关性,分别为0.424(P<0.01)和0.326(P<0.05)。综合上述结果,5月龄是通过三角帆蚌外壳色间接评价内壳色的最佳时期。揭示了三角帆蚌幼蚌外壳色与内壳色具有相关性,对指导三角帆蚌内壳色早期选育具有重要意义。     

杨陵区交通干道噪声污染分析研究

对杨陵区交通干道进行车流量和噪声的实地监测,结果表明,区内交通干道平均等效A声级Leq=67.7 dB,符合国家标准.3条典型路段车流量和交通噪声线性相关性有差异,相关系数分别为r=0.75、r=0.92和r=0.41;车流量和交通噪声的变化时间规律性明显.交通干道低频噪声污染严重,已超过65 dB.     

基于GPS资料调整中尺度模式湿度场的应用研究

利用长三角洲地基GPS观测网中124个站点的可降水量（PWV）资料,对影响长三角洲降水的“0716”号热带风暴“罗莎”进行WRF模式湿度场调整试验。结果表明,经GPS／PWV资料调整后,上海宝山站的水汽混合比从地面至模式层顶均得到了相应的调整,且模式下层的调整幅度大于模式上层,在300hPa以下模式各层相对湿度调整幅度比较均匀,基本在5％～8％;调整后的850hPa水汽通量大值中心范围缩小．数值也有所减小,水汽通量中心北侧的水汽输送带明显南压,一方面表明江苏北部水汽输送减少,不利于降水,另一方面伴随水汽通量中心南侧的水汽输送带的略微北抬,使上海、杭州湾一带水汽通量梯度增大,有利于降水,与实况江苏北部降水较小、上海及浙北降水较大相吻合。综上所述,利用长三角洲地基GPS观测网资料对WRF模式湿度场调整可使其更好地反映湿度的局地变化特征,更为接近真实大气的水汽分布。     

Momentum Transport in Turbulent Flow between Concentric Rotating Cylinders

Apparent shear stress in turbulent flow between a stationary inner cylinder and a rotating outer cylinder is measured by computing radial flux of tangential momentum by use of velocities obtained from photographs of successive positions of marker particles assumed to represent the fluid motion. Values are consistent with total shear stress at the inner cylinder found by measuring the velocity gradient.     

Equatorially dominated magnetic field change at the surface of Earth's core

Slow temporal variations in Earth's magnetic field originate in the liquid outer core. We analyzed the evolution of nonaxisymmetric magnetic flux at the core surface over the past 400 years. We found that the most robust feature is westward motion at 17 kilometers per year, in a belt concentrated around the equator beneath the Atlantic hemisphere. Surprisingly, this motion is dominated by a single wavenumber and persists throughout the observation period. This phenomenon could be produced by an equatorial jet of core fluid, by hydromagnetic wave propagation, or by a combination of both. Discrimination between these mechanisms would provide useful constraints on the dynamics of Earth's core.     

大兴安岭重度火烧迹地植被恢复过程中甲烷通量及其影响因素

为研究大兴安岭重度火烧迹地在植被恢复过程中甲烷通量变化及其影响因素,采取时空替代法,运用静态箱-气相色谱法,对不同恢复年限的兴安落叶松人工林甲烷通量进行了原位观测。结果表明,大兴安岭重度火烧迹地经过植被恢复后生长季期间均为CH₄的汇。植被恢复年限越长吸收CH₄的总量越大,恢复了28 a的兴安落叶松人工林土壤对CH₄每个生长季的吸收量（238.340 mg·m^-2）超过了天然次生林（201.128 mg·m^-2）;重度火烧迹地在植被恢复过程中土壤CH₄通量与土壤温度之间存在显著的相关性（P<0.05）;该区域大气温度不是影响土壤CH₄通量的主要影响因子,气温与土壤CH₄通量之间不存在显著的相关性。     

免耕对旱地春小麦成熟期CO_2和N_2O排放日变化的影响

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对黄土高原旱地进行为期7a的免耕和常规耕作条件下春小麦成熟期农田生态系统CO2和N2O排放通量日变化进行了研究.结果表明:春小麦成熟期CO2和N2O的排放具有明显的日变化特征.CO2排放通量明显表现为常规耕作免耕(除16∶00时观测值外),日最高排放值出现在14∶00,最低排放值出现在3∶00;N2O排放通量在10∶00、18∶00、22∶00时,表现为常规耕作免耕,其余观测时段均表现为免耕常规耕作.CO2和N2O排放通量均与地表温度、5cm地温和气温呈极显著正相关性,且常规耕作与免耕处理条件下,CO2排放通量与气温的相关系数最高,均为0.95,呈指数函数关系;N2O排放通量与地表温度的相关系数最高,分别为0.86和0.88,呈线性函数关系.     

The vega particulate shell: comets or asteroids?

The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) science team has discovered a shell of particulate material around the star Vega. At the mean distance and temperature of the shell, the expected condensation products from a protostellar nebula would be dominated by frozen volatiles, in particular water ice. It is not possible to discriminate between dirty ice and silicate materials in the Vega shell on the basis of the IRAS data. The Vega shell is probably a ring of cometary bodies with an estimated minimum mass of 15 earth masses, analogous to one that has been hypothesized for the solar system. A possible hot inner shell around Vega may be an asteroid-like belt of material a few astronomical units from the star.     

滇池内湖滨带重金属污染及其生态风险评价

水体沉积物是重金属元素的重要载体,其含量高低能反映水环境质量现状。采集滇池内湖滨带沉积物样品,分析了滇池内湖滨带表层沉积物中Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn8种重金属元素含量特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其生态危害,旨在为合理预防和治理滇池内湖滨带的重金属污染以及内湖滨带生态系统的修复提供基础资料。结果表明,与全国土壤环境质量标准对比,表层沉积物中主要是Cd、Cu、Zn超标,重金属污染强度总体上是草海>外海。不同重金属间的相关性分析结果表明,Cu-Cd之间呈极显著相关,说明这两种元素污染源可能相同,几种污染重金属与胶体矿物元素Fe、Mn间的相关性不大,说明在所调查沉积物中,Fe/Mn氧化物或氢氧化物共沉淀或吸附Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni元素量较少。由潜在生态风险评价结果可知,滇池内湖滨带表层沉积物已具极强生态危害,各重金属对滇池内湖滨带生态风险影响程度由高到低依次为:Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn≈Cr。     

一次重大雷灾事故的雷暴特征分析

通过对比分析闪电定位、多普勒雷达以及地面大气电场资料,探讨2013年9月14日重大雷灾事故的致灾过程中雷灾事发地的地闪活动和雷达回波之间以及地闪活动和地面大气电场之间的关系。结果发现,当回波顶高从8km达到13km以及垂直积分液态含水量值由33kg／rn。跃升至48kg／m2时,发生初闪;回波顶高的变化与地闪次数的变化呈正相关;回波强度在达53dBz以上后,与地闪次数的变化无明显对应关系;除峰值到达时间不一致外,垂直积分液态含水量与地闪次数变化趋势基本相同;地闪次数变化与地面大气电场场强值波动频率基本一致;同一时间不同地面大气电场仪的地面大气电场场强值波动幅度大小可以袁征该时刻发生的地闪与这些地面大气电场仪之间的距离远近。     

太白山南坡蝗虫群落排序及环境因素分析

应用主分量分析(PCA)和相关分析方法,对秦岭太白山南坡蝗虫群落垂直分布样方资料进行了分析,并通过排序值与环境参数的多元回归,对各群落类型的定量解释.结果表明,大体上可将这些蝗虫群落分为低山、中山和高山3种主要类型.其中,低山蝗虫群落包括农耕带、常绿阔叶落叶林带和辽东栎杂木林带,中山蝗虫群落包括桦木林带和冷杉林带,高山蝗虫群落包括落叶松林带及高山草甸带.相关分析及回归分析显示,其蝗虫分布主要取决于热量、温度及植被状况,它们可通过环境因素参数的数学表达式定量确定.     

Diverse gene expression for isotypes of murine serum amyloid A protein during acute phase reaction

Serum amyloid A protein (SAA) is a precursor for a major component of amyloid fibrils, which, upon deposition, cause secondary amyloidosis in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. In mice, SAA is encoded by at least three genes, which show diverse expression during inflammation. Furthermore, in amyloidosis-resistant SJL mice, the gene expression for one SAA isotype, SAA2, is defective, although SAA2 gene expression is normal in amyloidosis-susceptible BALB/c mice. Because only SAA2-derived products deposit in mouse amyloid tissues, the resistance of SJL mice to amyloidosis seems to be due to defective SAA2 gene expression. Thus, the study emphasizes the importance of SAA gene structure in determining susceptibility to amyloidosis.     

太湖源雷竹林水汽通量变化及其对净辐射的响应

利用涡度相关观测技术研究了2010年10月至2011年9月浙江省临安市太湖源镇人工高效雷竹Phyllostachys violascens林生态系统的水汽通量变化特征,同时结合常规气象观测数据,分析了水汽通量对净辐射的响应。结果显示:雷竹林全年水汽通量基本为正值,夏季最高,春秋季变化特征相似,冬季最低 ,最高月份为7月,最低月份为1月。实验区全年降水量为1 201.72 mm,蒸散量为669.84 mm,蒸散量占全年降水量的55.74%,较人工针叶林,落叶松Larix gmelinii林,红松Pinus koraiensis林,柞树Xylosma racemosum林,杂木林,杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata林等,雷竹林蒸散量偏低。2月、10月和12月蒸散量略大于降水量,其余月份蒸散量均小于当月降水量,以6月份降水量与蒸散量差别最大。雷竹林水汽通量与当地净辐射有极显著的相关性,其相关系数为0.600～0.017。图4表1参13     

The origin of planetary impactors in the inner solar system

Insights into the history of the inner solar system can be derived from the impact cratering record of the Moon, Mars, Venus, and Mercury and from the size distributions of asteroid populations. Old craters from a unique period of heavy bombardment that ended approximately 3.8 billion years ago were made by asteroids that were dynamically ejected from the main asteroid belt, possibly due to the orbital migration of the giant planets. The impactors of the past approximately 3.8 billion years have a size distribution quite different from that of the main belt asteroids but very similar to that of near-Earth asteroids.     

三角帆蚌生长性状和内壳光泽度与所育有核珍珠光泽度相关性分析

光泽度为衡量珍珠价值上限的指标,为了研究三角帆蚌供片蚌和育珠蚌对有核珍珠光泽度的相对贡献,以白蚌（内壳主体色为白色的三角帆蚌）为材料,以壳长和外壳青色为选择性状,设置不同选择策略,建立8 组三角帆蚌群体,在每组群体随机选出供片组和育珠组,开展组合插核手术。经18个月培育,发现不同育珠组合中,供片蚌和育珠蚌同时来自 Ⅰ 组选择群体的YAA育珠组合所育珍珠光泽度值最大,比YGG、YHH产珍珠光泽度分别提高15.46%、21.51%;不同组供片蚌培育珍珠的光泽度差异显著,供片蚌内壳光泽度与珍珠光泽度呈极显著正相关（ r = 0.717 ~ 0.939 ）,建立供片组内壳光泽度和珍珠光泽度回归方程为：y=16.81+0.93x(R^2=0.777),供片蚌生长性状与珍珠光泽度相关性不显著;不同组育珠蚌培育珍珠的光泽度差异显著,但育珠蚌生长性状和内壳光泽度与珍珠光泽度不存在显著相关性。以上结果说明幼蚌期选育外壳颜色青色的三角帆蚌,达到了提升珍珠光泽度的目标,可作为选育产高光泽度珍珠三角帆蚌的间接性状,供片蚌内壳光泽度与珍珠光泽度显著相关,以其作为目标性状更优。     

Comet or asteroid shower in the late Eocene?

The passage of a comet shower approximately 35 million years ago is generally advocated to explain the coincidence during Earth's late Eocene of an unusually high flux of interplanetary dust particles and the formation of the two largest craters in the Cenozoic, Popigai and the Chesapeake Bay. However, new platinum-group element analyses indicate that Popigai was formed by the impact of an L-chondrite meteorite. Such an asteroidal projectile is difficult to reconcile with a cometary origin. Perhaps instead the higher delivery rate of extraterrestrial matter, dust, and large objects was caused by a major collision in the asteroid belt.     

麦后夏播棉育种农艺与经济性状的相关与协调

麦后夏播棉花品种的早熟性和丰产性两个性状存在着矛盾 ,在一定程度上影响育种效果和质量的进一步突破与提高 ,以致影响到棉区耕作栽培改制的完善。根据以往育种实践 ,结合有关资料进行分析 ,通过对麦后连作夏播棉花品种早熟性和丰产性与其有关农艺和主要经济性状之间的相关关系 ,即相关程度的度量和相关显著性的测定 ,提出一些看法 ,为今后开展早熟育种增强科学的预见性 ,尽可能达到协调矛盾 ,力求减少和避免盲目性     

Dynamics of Saturn's magnetosphere from MIMI during Cassini's orbital insertion

The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) onboard the Cassini spacecraft observed the saturnian magnetosphere from January 2004 until Saturn orbit insertion (SOI) on 1 July 2004. The MIMI sensors observed frequent energetic particle activity in interplanetary space for several months before SOI. When the imaging sensor was switched to its energetic neutral atom (ENA) operating mode on 20 February 2004, at approximately 10(3) times Saturn's radius RS (0.43 astronomical units), a weak but persistent signal was observed from the magnetosphere. About 10 days before SOI, the magnetosphere exhibited a day-night asymmetry that varied with an approximately 11-hour periodicity. Once Cassini entered the magnetosphere, in situ measurements showed high concentrations of H+, H2+, O+, OH+, and H2O+ and low concentrations of N+. The radial dependence of ion intensity profiles implies neutral gas densities sufficient to produce high loss rates of trapped ions from the middle and inner magnetosphere. ENA imaging has revealed a radiation belt that resides inward of the D ring and is probably the result of double charge exchange between the main radiation belt and the upper layers of Saturn's exosphere.