4种国外河溪健康评价方法述评

河流健康评价是河流生态修复和科学管理的前提.介绍了美国的快速生物监测协议RBPs,澳大利亚的溪流状况指数(ISC)和GRS,瑞典的农业景观区域河岸带与河道环境评估方法(RCE)4种河溪健康评价方法和操作程序.比较了这4种方法在应用对象、指标选择、标准设定、结果表达等方面的异同.探讨了各评价指标的优缺点,并在7个方面对各种评价方法进行了总结评估,以期为我国不同地区的河流健康评价提供参考.     

矩阵生态工程系统技术修复富营养化水体的优越性

生态修复技术是修复富营养化水体最值得推荐的一种无污染的绿色修复技术。本文阐述了矩阵生态工程系统技术按照仿生学原理和自然规律,依据物质守恒和能量守恒定律创造性地把水生植物、水生动物和水体中的微生物科学地有机组合在一起,同时把水生态修复和生态生产相结合达到在修复富营养化水体的同时产出财富和提供就业,实现生态效益、经济效益、社会效益和景观效益的和谐统一。     

生态—社会—环境系统变迁中的陕西省“三农”融合发展路径研究

[目的]探讨陕西省"三农"融合发展路径,并揭示生态—社会—环境系统变迁对"三农"融合发展的影响,为实现建设"富裕陕西""和谐陕西"及"美丽陕西"的目标服务。[方法]通过实地调研与文献研究,分析生态—社会—环境系统变迁与"三农"融合发展的关联性及趋势。[结果]"三农"融合发展路径沿着消费结构→产业结构→职业结构→收入结构→阶层结构→社会结构的脉络依次展开。影响陕西省"三农"融合发展的压力在于"三农"割裂式发展形成相互牵制的循环圈,以及滞后于经济社会总进程的"三农"发展和生态保育;"三农"融合发展的潜力源自"三农"自身及变革中的生态—社会—环境系统;促使"三农"兼容和协调发展的5大动力分别是:国家作用、市场力量、组织角色、职业农民和生态环境。[结论]为了保证陕西省"三农"融合发展路径的顺畅,应从顶层设计、内涵发展和协同视角三方面,进一步健全与完善生态—社会—环境系统。     

黑河流域生态环境演变研究综述

随着生态环境问题的日益突出,区域生态环境演变研究成为生态环境研究领域的热点.黑河流域位于河西走廊农牧交错带上,是典型的生态敏感区.近年来流域生态环境严重退化,成为我国区域生态环境演变研究的重点地区之一.分别从黑河流域生态环境退化状况、生态环境演变及驱动力等方面对已有的研究成果进行总结:在气候变化与人类活动的共同作用下,黑河流域生态环境以不同的时间尺度在发展演变.近年来,人类不合理的活动导致一系列生态环境问题的出现.指出当前研究中存在的不足:主要集中于黑河流域生态环境现状研究,缺乏历史时期流域生态环境演变研究.期望为今后黑河流域及其他内陆河流域生态环境演变研究的深入提供参考.     

Ecological Environment Protection in Chinese Rural Hydropower Development Practices: A Review

This paper reviews the ecological environment protection measures of Chinese rural hydropower development schemes. China??s rapid economic growth is making great energy demands and developing rural hydropower currently provides 30.4?GW annually. There is a conflict of interest between hydropower development and ecological and environmental protection. Potential problems include changes in hydrological condition, eutrophication, downstream nutrient reduction, sediment deposition, aquatic ecosystem alteration, and ecological water demand variation. Since most of the rural hydropower resources are located in ecologically fragile regions, it is significantly more important that ecological environment protection is being considered. As exploitation of rural hydropower has developed in China, ecological environment protection schemes had to adapt to changing boundary conditions. Due to improvements in environmental protection management, various environmental impact assessment methods have been applied including fuzzy analysis hierarchy process, ecological scheduling, pressure-state-response, and ecological environment evaluation index. The latter index can both qualitatively and quantitatively analyze ecological environment impacts and has become the most frequently used tool in the evaluation of rural hydropower exploitation. To rebalance the interests regarding energy generation and environmental protection, countermeasures originating from different aspects such as engineering design optimization, management improvement, and ecological restoration were recommended to promote ecological environment protection. The review concludes that by taking ecological environment protection into consideration in the whole rural hydropower plan, adopting ecological scheduling to guarantee river ecological water demand and implementing ecological restoration in watershed management are the most effective approaches in furthering sustainable development of rural hydropower.     

创造自然生态的城市水环境——以北京植物园水系工程为例

以植物园水系工程为例,介绍了项目的概况及规划思路,提出了如何防止水土流失和保持良好水质的工程措施,并且评价了工程完成后的生态和社会效益。     

生态环境建设刍议

陕西省水土流失面积 13 73万km2 ,经过几十年的努力 ,全省仅初步治理 8万km2 ,真正达标的只有 4万km2 。生态环境建设的核心是综合治理。基本农田建设是生态环境建设的突破口 ,只有搞好农田基本建设 ,精种多收 ,才能促进陡坡地退耕还林还草。水土保持是生态环境建设的主体 ,它容三大措施为一体 ,形成综合体系 ,发挥着群体防护效应 ;水土保持与生态环境建设无论是在治理措施上 ,还是达到的预期目标上都是一致的     

Occurrence of Organotin Compounds in the Aquatic Environment of Greece

The presence of organotin (OT) compounds was investigated in coastal areas (10 stations), wastewater treatment systems (six stations), rivers (19 stations) and lakes (12 stations) throughout Greece, in three sampling campaigns organized between October 1998 and September 1999. A screening method for the determination of toluene extractable organotins (TEOTs) by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (ETAAS) was used during the first two sampling campaigns. TEOTs (sum of tributyltin, TBT, dibutyltin, DBT and triphenyltin, TPhT) were detected in most seawater and wastewater samples at concentrations up to 19.4 and 89.9 ng l^?1, respectively, while they were detected occasionally in surface water. During the third sampling campaign, OT compounds were extracted in selected stations using direct derivatization with NaBEt₄ in acidic medium and analysed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). In seawater, the levels of TBT, DBT and monobutyltin (MBT) were varied between < 2 and 70, 159 and 19 ng l^?1, respectively and tend to decrease with increasing distance from the coastline. TPhT was not detected in any of the samples. Significant concentrations of OT species were detected in influent wastewater, up to 384, 76.2 and 67.8 ng l^?1 for TBT, DBT and MBT, respectively. OTs were mainly associated with the suspended solids and were totally removed during wastewater treatment.     

隧道工程行为的生态环境影响及其生态化策略

随着国家对基础设施建设投入的加大,隧道建设日趋增多,在其施工技术提高和修建规模增大的同时,隧道工程行为对生态环境也产生了深远影响。论述了隧道工程行为的内涵及其对生态系统的影响,分析了隧道工程行为的生态效应,包括物理效应、化学效应、生物效应和社会效应。在此基础上,提出了隧道工程行为生态化理念,并从勘测设计、施工和后期运营等几个方面探讨了隧道工程行为生态化策略。通过隧道工程行为的生态化策略可较好消减其对生态系统结构和功能的干扰和破坏,减轻对生态系统健康的威胁,为实现隧道建设和环境保护的协调发展提供参考。     

3种挺水植物对水体中毒死蜱去除的过程和效率分析

以水培试验为基础,比较了3种挺水植物在抑菌和不抑菌条件下对培养液中毒死蜱的降解作用。结果表明,植物处理系统中毒死蜱的去除率显著高于无植物对照,不抑菌条件下的显著高于抑菌条件下（P〈0.05）;不同植物处理系统,植物和微生物对毒死蜱的降解贡献差异较大。水生鸢尾、水葱和菖蒲的去除贡献分别为39.98%、62.37%和65.29%,微生物的去除贡献分别为41.28%、17.92%和13.79%,植物的贡献起主导作用。抑菌条件下植物生物量增量低于不抑菌条件下的,微生物对植物生长有促进作用。     

符合生态工法之林道植生工程技术

"生态工法"是以生态学为基础的应用概念,是将生物学及地域生态学的知识活用于构造物的建设或保全上的技术。生态工法主要是利用水、土石、植物等自然性素材为基础,建造能达成自然保全或改善景观机能的构造物,其功能有助于复原被破坏的自然环境,同时对地域景观的改善也有帮助。植生工程（Vegetation engineering）以植生被覆为主要目的,辅以工程方法,用以防止地表冲蚀、浅层崩坍、涵养水源、减少洪害、美化景观。此种方法之优点不仅美化景观,并兼具安全上的考量。例如,植物可吸收水分,降低坡体内的孔隙水压;其根系且     

浅析氮磷化肥的使用、利用及对农业生态环境污染

较为详细地阐述了氮磷肥料品种、用量、施入土壤后的去向、损失率和利用率，以及氮磷化肥对农业生态环境的污染状况。并提出控制施肥总量，讲求施肥技术，改变化肥剂型，开发生物肥料和有机肥料，防止或减轻施肥对环境的污染。