分关1号黄栀子不同枝龄扦插育苗及育苗成本分析

通过统计分析,分关1号黄栀子不同枝龄的插穗在不同苗床覆盖物情况下育苗,插穗的成活率差异显著,覆盖物与枝龄存在交互效应。1年枝龄不同覆盖物的苗高、根颈处分枝数差异显著,地径、第一侧根数差异不显著;2-3年枝龄不同覆盖物的苗高、地径、第一侧根数差异显著,根颈处分枝数差异不显著;4年及以上枝龄不同覆盖物的苗高、地径、根颈处分枝数、第一侧根数差异均显著。用1-3龄枝条、黑薄膜进行苗床覆盖培育苗木,质量最优,育苗成本最低。     

柳树杂种数量性状的主成分分析

应用主成分分析方法研究柳树杂种一代苗木的苗高、底径、枝下高、主梢长、枝干距、分枝数、分枝长和分枝粗等数量性状的遗传变异。结果表明:上述性状组合问差异是显著的,第一、第二和第三特征根累计贡献率分别是59.88％、83.98％和96.04％,第一主成分各性状系数除枝下高外其余皆为正值,反映了生长量的高低,称为生长因子。第二主成分主要是由分枝长,分枝粗提供的,称为干形因子。用主成分综合指标来评价杂种应以第一主成分综合指标高,第二第三主成分低为优良。     

不同截干高度多穗柯枝构型比较

对种植1 a后的多穗柯林分采用不同高度截干处理(分别在主干离地面10、30、100 cm处截干),以不截干自然生长为对照(CK),研究不同高度截干处理对多穗柯分枝率、枝长度、分枝角、枝径比等指标的影响。研究结果表明:截干处理后,枝构型发生了一定程度的变化,不同处理间存在差异。截干处理使树高降低,总分枝率显著低于对照,逐级分枝则极显著或显著高于对照,总体分枝长度提高,分枝角变小。除第2级枝级直径与第1枝级直径的比率(RBD_(2∶1))为对照处理最大外,其它各级枝径比均为截干处理大于对照。不同截干高度间,随着截干高度降低,差异化程度渐大。以在主干离地面10 cm处截干处理为最优。总体上截干处理分枝能力增强,末级分枝数量较多,有利于多穗柯矮化密植。     

不同生境对紫薇构型的影响

通过对位于林冠和林下2种生境中人工种植的紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)的分枝长度、枝倾角、分枝率、叶面积等19个构型指标进行研究,结果表明,林冠和林下的紫薇在二级枝长度、逐步分枝率SBR2:3及叶倾角上存在显著差异,在一级枝分枝角度、三级枝分枝角度、总体分枝率、逐步分枝率SBR1:2及叶长指标尚存在极显著差异。这些差异表明,紫薇对不同生境有不同的适应策略,林下的紫薇主要通过调整一级枝和三级枝的角度、降低总体分枝率和SBR1:2以及增加叶片长度来适应弱光的生存环境。     

树木分枝结构研究概述

从枝条的分枝级数（数量）、分枝模式、分枝率、着枝角度及其空间配置状态等方面,论述了树木分枝结构的研究概况。     

不同杨树品种的分枝及与生长和干形的关联

以3个欧美杨和3个美洲黑杨品种为对象,在其6年生人工林中设立样地,采用样木解析法研究其分枝特性及分枝与生长和干形之间的相关关系。结果表明:各品种间的分枝特性(分枝的数量、长度、角度和粗度)存在差异,相比3个美洲黑杨品种,供试欧美杨品种平均分枝数量较多、长度较短、角度较大、粗度较细。不同冠层间的分枝性状也有差异,且此差异从树冠下层向上层逐渐变小,其中分枝长度和分枝粗度总体表现为从树冠上层向下层增大,而分枝角度的变化规律则不明显。分枝性状在不同冠层中的遗传力也不同,呈现出第1轮枝中较强、第2、3轮枝中较弱的规律。相关分析得出分枝数量与生长指标(胸径、树高和材积)和地上生物量呈正相关,分枝长度和粗度在第1轮和第2轮枝中与生长和干形(胸高形数和每轮枝上部与下部主干的直径差)呈负相关,在第3轮枝中呈正相关。依据测定指标6个供试杨树品种的冠型划分为3类。     

窄冠福建柏与福建柏不同生长阶段构型差异分析

对窄冠福建柏和福建柏的冠型结构、枝系特征和叶片形态特征进行分析,结果表明,在年龄和环境条件基本一致的情况下,二者对环境条件变化的适应策略不同:1)窄冠福建柏的冠长、冠幅和树冠率均小于福建柏,而树高和胸径则显著大于福建柏。2)福建柏各生长阶段的总体分枝率、逐步分枝率、一级枝长度、枝径比及枝倾角均大于窄冠福建柏。3)二者总体分枝率在幼苗、幼树阶段差异不显著,在成树阶段达到显著水平;逐步分枝率除幼苗和成树阶段SBR1:2差异显著,其它生长阶段的逐步分枝率差异都不显著;一级枝长度、枝径比及枝倾角差异均达到极显著水平。4)从叶片特征看,二者叶片长度在幼苗阶段差异显著,叶片宽度和长宽比在幼树、成树阶段差异显著,叶面积在各生长阶段差异均达到显著水平。     

不同浓度NAA+IBA混合液对柽柳硬枝扦插的影响

指出了柽柳是宁夏本地的乡土植物,具有较高的开发和利用价值。为了加快柽柳的繁殖速度,提高其硬枝扦插繁殖速率,比较了不同浓度的NAA+IBA混合液速蘸2～3 s后柽柳硬枝插条对其成苗效果的影响。结果表明:用500 mg/L的NAA+IBA混合液处理柽柳硬枝插条的成活率最高,为95.67%;200 mg/L和清水处理最低。用500 mg/L的NAA+IBA混合液处理柽柳插条的平均分枝(根)数、新生枝(根)长,均显著高于其他处理。因此,生产上建议采用浓度为500 mg/L的NAA+IBA混合液速蘸处理柽柳硬枝插条,可显著提高其成苗率,有效促进生长,加快繁育速率。     

麻疯树2年生人工林构筑型对修枝与土壤肥沃性的响应

本文首次采用固定枝级划分方法,试验研究了麻疯树构筑型对土壤肥沃性的响应,并探究了构型调控效果的资源反应。结果表明:1)土壤肥沃时麻疯树分枝率高、分枝角度小、枝长较长,构型为密集型;土壤瘠薄时麻疯树分枝率低、分枝角度大、枝长较短,构型为游击型;2)人为修枝也没有明显影响构型对土壤肥沃性的响应策略,但却显著增加了肥沃生境下构型的密集性(30→22°);3)人为修枝改变了贫瘠生境下一级枝长度、一级枝枝径与二级枝长度,具有壮枝作用,而对肥沃生境树体枝条大小影响不明显(二级枝枝径例外);4)据分析,同龄顶芽间距离为间隔子,分枝间夹角为分枝角度,分枝率是分枝强度,类似于克隆植物构型;5)构型枝级划分采用了固定枝序法确定,主干分枝为一级枝,一级枝分支为二级枝,增加了枝级的稳定性,与传统枝级划分方法相反;6)分析还发现,麻疯树构型对资源异质性的响应根源在于一级枝分枝角度,该参数塑造了游击性与密集性的构型特性。     

紫枝玫瑰硬枝扦插技术的研究

就紫枝玫瑰硬枝扦插的技术方法进行了研究,其扦插基质采用泥炭土50% 珍珠岩50%;剪成5cm、10cm、15cm3种不同长度的插条,分别采用不同浓度的NAA和IBA,ABT2号生根粉对插穗进行处理。通过方差分析,结果表明:不同插穗的长度对生根的影响差异极显著;不同激素种类对紫枝玫瑰硬枝插穗生根情况影响极显著。综合考虑,以IBA(1000mg/L)对紫枝玫瑰硬枝插穗生根情况最佳。     

假槟榔茎干分枝的形态发生

描述分枝假槟榔的形态特征,并对其成因进行分析。认为假槟榔这个侧枝是直接从主干叶腋中由茎花芽逆转后萌发生成,为偶发分枝,其生长方式与花苞类似,但这个叶鞘包被的是叶芽而不是花芽,由于营养生长相对于主干较弱,侧枝比主干略小,侧枝的环痕间距也比主干窄。     

Regeneration dynamics of planted seedling-origin aspen (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tremuloides</Emphasis> Michx.)

Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is a foundational tree species of the North American boreal forest. After disturbance, clonal aspen stands quickly achieve canopy closure by sending up numerous clonal shoots (root suckers) from their lateral root system. Controlled aboveground disturbance will commonly induce prolific root suckering and thereby increase stem density in clonal aspen stands, but it is unclear if increases in stem density will be observed in planted seedling-origin aspen stands. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) overall root suckering response of planted aspen to aboveground disturbance; (2) if different cut heights of the stem or infliction of root damage impact the number of root suckers produced. We found that planted aspen regenerated readily after disturbance, averaging five root suckers per cut tree. However, individual response was highly variable, ranging from zero to 29 root suckers per root system. Of the cut trees, 75% produced at least one root sucker and 60% produced at least one stump sprout. Cutting trees close to the soil surface produced more root suckers than leaving a 25 cm stump. While root system size (mass and length) was well correlated with aboveground measures of planted aspen, root suckering was not related to root system size. As a result of increased forest reclamation efforts in the boreal forest region the planting of aspen has become a more common practice, necessitating a better understanding of the regeneration dynamics and root suckering potential of these planted and seedling-origin aspen forests.     

3种海拔对团竹生物量分配和克隆形态特征的影响

通过对四川省北川县片口自然保护区不同海拔梯度下（2700 m、2800 m与2900 m）团竹分株种群特征进行调查，研究其生物量分配格局和克隆形态特征。结果表明，（1）分株及构件生物量随海拔增加而增加；在不同海拔条件下，地下茎生物量分配有显著差异，其他构件生物量分配无明显差异；秆在构件生物量分配比值中最大，为38％；（2）地上构件形态特征随海拔升高而变化显著；地下构件中根的数量、地下茎基茎、地下茎长度和分蘖强度都随海拔升高呈现出先增加后减少的趋势，且在海拔2800 m时达到最大值，因此宜选择海拔2800 m地带的团竹苗用于人工种植。团竹在不同海拔环境中具有生物量分配和克隆形态的可塑性，有利于其种群对水分、光资源等的有效利用。     

硝基芳香化合物罗硝唑对冬珊瑚幼苗根系发育的影响

摘要：本研究以冬珊瑚幼苗为实验材料,在MS培养基中加入不同浓度的罗硝唑,探究其对植物根系发育的影响。结果表明：不同浓度罗硝唑的处理导致根系总长度、下胚轴长、根体积、根尖数、根系分叉数、根系表面积和投影面积、生物量及根茎比等表现出显著（P〈0．05）或极显著（P〈0．01）差异。根系总长度随着浓度的增加而减小,根系下胚轴长度随着浓度的增加而增加,根段平均直径随着罗硝唑浓度增加同时增加,坦没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）;外源罗硝唑的使用降低了冬珊瑚幼苗根系的侧根的形成,而且也会导致根系分叉数、根系表面积及投影面积下降;根系高度在各处理之间均没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）,幼苗根系外部途径长度在各处理之间差异也都不显著（P〉O．05）;随着外源罗硝唑浓度的增加,冬珊瑚幼苗生物量逐渐下降,低浓度的罗硝唑可增加根茎比,而高浓度则降低根茎比。     

Adventitious root formation of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species on log and soil in an old-growth subalpine forest in central Japan

We assessed stem burial and adventitious root formation of two late-successional species, Abies mariesii and A. veitchii, in central Japan. In a plot (5 × 5 m), all seedlings between 8 and 24 cm tall were excavated: six A. mariesii seedlings in soil, and six and four A. veitchii seedlings in soil and on logs, respectively. For each sampled seedling, the number of terminal bud scars (TBS) was counted on the aboveground and belowground stems. Stem length was measured, and divided into aboveground and belowground stems. Among the three groups (A. mariesii seedlings in soil and A. veitchii seedlings in soil or on logs), there was no significant difference in height or total root weight (sum of adventitious roots and primary roots), but diameter at ground level and number of TBS were significantly different. Counting TBS on the aboveground stem of seedlings in soil underestimated seedling age, whereas the estimate was much closer to the true age for seedlings on logs. Seedlings in soil formed more adventitious roots than seedlings on logs. A large proportion of the stem was buried in humus for seedlings in soil, while most of the stem was not buried in humus for seedlings on logs. These results suggest that substrate affects adventitious root formation, the formation of which is important to shade tolerance. Thus, our preliminary results suggest that consideration of adventitious root formation is necessary to understand seedling bank dynamics and estimate seedling ages of these Abies species in spatially heterogeneous old-growth subalpine forests.     

Root architecture in relation to tree-soil-crop interactions and shoot pruning in agroforestry

Desirable root architecture for trees differs between sequential and simultaneous agroforestry systems. In sequential systems extensive tree root development may enhance nutrient capture and transfer to subsequent crops via organic pools. In simultaneous systems tree root development in the crop root zone leads to competition for resources.Fractal branching models provide relationships between proximal root diameter, close to the tree stem, and total root length or surface area. The main assumption is that a root branching proportionality factor is independent of root diameter. This was tested in a survey of 18 multipurpose trees growing on an acid soil in Lampung (Indonesia). The assumption appeared valid for all trees tested, for stems as well as roots. The proportionality factor showed a larger variability in roots than in stems and the effects of this variabilily should be further investigated. A simple index of tree root shallowness is proposed as indicator of tree root competitiveness, based on superficial roots and stem diameter.Pruning trees is a major way to benefit from tree products and at the same time reduce above-ground competition between trees and crops. It may have negative effects, however, on root distribution and enhance below-ground competition. In an experiment with five tree species, a lower height of stem pruning led to a larger number of superficial roots of smaller diameter, but had no effect on shoot:root ratios or the relative importance of the tap root.     

Fractal analysis of canopy architectures of Acacia angustissima, Gliricidia sepium, and Leucaena collinsii for estimation of aboveground biomass in a short rotation forest in eastern Zambia

A study was conducted at Msekera Regional Agricultural Research Station in eastern Zambia to (1) describe canopy branching properties of Acacia angustissima, Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena collinsii in short rotation forests, (2) test the existence of self similarity from repeated iteration of a structural unit in tree canopies, (3) examined intra-specific relationships between functional branching characteristics, and (4) determine whether allometric equations for relating aboveground tree biomass to fractal properties could accurately predict aboveground biomass. Measurements of basal diameter (D10) at 10cm aboveground and total height (H), and aboveground biomass of 27 trees were taken, but only nine trees representative of variability of the stand and the three species were processed for functional branching analyses (FBA) of the shoot systems. For each species, fractal properties of three trees, including fractal dimension (Dfract), bifurcation ratios (p) and proportionality ratios (q) of branching points were assessed. The slope of the linear regression of p on proximal diameter was not significantly different (P < 0.01) from zero and hence the assumption that p is independent of scale, a pre-requisite for use of fractal branching rules to describe a fractal tree canopy, was fulfilled at branching orders with link diameters >1.5 cm. The proportionality ration q for branching patterns of all tree species was constant at all scales. The proportion of q values >0.9 (fq) was 0.8 for all species. Mean fractal dimension (Dfract) values (1.5?1.7) for all species showed that branching patterns had an increasing magnitude of intricacy. Since Dfract values were ≥1.5, branching patterns within species were self similar. Basal diameter (D10), proximal diameter and Dfract described most of variations in aboveground biomass, suggesting that allometric equations for relating aboveground tree biomass to fractal properties could accurately predict aboveground biomass. Thus, assessed Acacia, Gliricidia and Leucaena trees were fractals and their branching properties could be used to describe variability in size and aboveground biomass.     

Effect of variable retention cutting on the relationship between growth of coarse roots and stem of Picea mariana

Silviculture heading for structural heterogeneity creates many single trees standing at stand margins, inner edges or in remnant tree groups. As they played just a minor role in the age class forest, the growth behaviour of strongly released trees is rather unexplored. Here we show how retention cutting, presently spreading in the boreal of Québec province, affects stem and coarse root growth of remained single black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton]. Increment cores from roots and stems of 125 trees show that retention cutting triggers coarse root growth of the remaining trees. Compared with reference trees retention trees accelerate root in relation to stem growth. Mean and variability of the root–stem allometry significantly rise after retention cutting. The found acceleration of root in relation to stem growth means mechanical stabilisation of the retention trees and corroborates the retention cutting method. Evaluation of silvicultural treatments can be incomplete and misleading as long as they are just based on aboveground reactions and neglect root growth.     

Dependence of the aboveground respiration of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) on tree size

Nighttime respiration was measured at monthly intervals over one year on the aboveground parts of five sample trees in an 8-year-old hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl.) stand, by an enclosed standing-tree method. The respiration rate rose rapidly from early spring to a maximum in June, and decreased abruptly in July and then gradually toward autumn and winter. The seasonal change in the respiration rate was synchronized with stem volume increment rather than with monthly mean air temperature. The respiration rate, r, of individual trees increased with increasing tree dimensions, such as stem volume, v(S), and stem girth at the base of the live crown, G(B). The dependence of respiration rate on tree size was successfully represented by a power function. The r - v(S) dependence was rather stronger than the r - G(B) (2) dependence, especially toward the end of the growing season (from July to September). The observed respiration rate was almost the same as the respiration rate corrected for the monthly mean air temperature. The annual respiration of individual trees was directly proportional to their phytomass or to its increment. Although the annual respiration of individual trees decreased proportionally to the square root of the leaf mass, it decreased abruptly in the range close to the smallest sample tree. Combining the monthly relationship between respiration rate and stem volume with the tree size distribution in the stand, the stand aboveground annual respiration was estimated to be 20.4 Mg CO(2) ha(-1) year(-1) (= 12.5 Mg dry mass ha(-1) year(-1)) for an aboveground biomass of 17.4 Mg ha(-1) with an annual increment of 6.51 Mg ha(-1) year(-1), i.e., the stand aboveground annual respiration amounted to the equivalent of 72% of the biomass or to almost twice the biomass increment.     

Belowground competition in a broad-leaved temperate mixed forest: pattern analysis and experiments in a four-species stand

We investigated fine root biomass and distribution patterns in a species-rich temperate Carpinus–Quercus–Fagus–Tilia forest and searched for experimental evidence of symmetry or asymmetry in belowground competition. We conducted extensive root coring and applied the recently introduced in situ-root growth chamber technique for quantifying fine root growth under experimentally altered intra- and interspecific root neighbourhoods in the intact stand. In 75% of all soil cores, fine roots of more than two tree species were present indicating a broad overlap of the root systems of neighbouring trees. Quercus trees had more than ten times less fine root biomass in relation to aboveground biomass or productivity (stem growth) and a much higher leaf area index/root area index ratio than Carpinus, Fagus and Tilia trees. The root growth chamber experiments indicated a high belowground competitive ability of Fagus in interspecific interactions, but a low one of Quercus. We conclude that (1) interspecific root competition is ubiquitous in this mixed stand, (2) root competition between trees can be clearly asymmetric, and (3) tree species may be ranked according to their belowground competitive ability. Fagus was found to be the most successful species in belowground competition which matches with its superiority in aboveground competition in this forest community.