薰衣草精油改善壳聚糖基食品包装膜的应用品质

为改善现有壳聚糖基食品包装膜的机械性能和防水性能,该文使用浇铸-蒸发-碱浸法制备了添加薰衣草精油的壳聚糖基复合膜。采用红外光谱、X射线衍射对膜进行了表征,并分析了薰衣草精油添加量对膜的厚度、机械性质、可挥发物质量分数、接触角、水溶性、溶胀性等性质的影响。结果表明:薰衣草精油成分占据了壳聚糖骨架中的部分官能团的位置,降低了壳聚糖分子中共价键的振动强度,同时膜中可以与水形成亲水键的自由H基团减少,膜的含水量降低。薰衣草精油的添加,增大了膜中壳聚糖乙酸盐的含量。膜的厚度和薰衣草精油添加量并不成线性关系,所得膜的厚度范围为(20.60±0.34)~(23.35±0.65)μm。随着薰衣草精油添加量的增加,膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的变化趋势基本相同。当薰衣草精油添加量为8%时,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都达到最大值,分别为(123.44±0.33)MPa和3.74%±0.02%。与壳聚糖膜相比,薰衣草精油/壳聚糖复合膜的的可挥发物质量分数较低,薰衣草精油添加量为2%时,可挥发物质量分数最低,为8.98%±0.05%。薰衣草精油的添加,增大了膜的溶解性,但膜在水中的溶解度均不大于(1.21±0.04)mg/100 g,属于难溶物质范畴。膜的接触角和溶胀指数都随薰衣草精油添加量的增加而减小,即当薰衣草精油添加量为10%时,膜的接触角和溶胀指数都达到最大值,分别为80.73°±0.32°和0.62±0.01。薰衣草精油的加入改善了由浇铸-蒸发-碱浸法制备的CS基复合膜的机械性质和物理性质。研究结果为薰衣草精油/壳聚糖复合膜的生产和应用提供了技术依据。     

Expression of a bacterial ice nucleation gene in a yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its possible application in food freezing processes

A 3.6 kb ice nucleation gene (ina) isolated from Erwinia herbicola was placed under control of the galactose-inducible promoter (GAL1) and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast transformants showed increased ice nucleation activity over untransformed controls. The freezing temperature of a small volume of water droplets containing yeast cells was increased from approximately -13 degrees C in the untransformed controls to -6 degrees C in ina-expressing (Ina(+)) transformants. Lower temperature growth of Ina(+) yeast at temperatures below 25 degrees C was required for the expression of ice nucleation activity. Shift of temperature to 5-20 degrees C could induce the ice nucleation activity of Ina(+) yeast when grown at 25 degrees C, and maximum ice nucleation activity was achieved after induction at 5 degrees C for approximately 12 h. The effects of Ina(+) yeast on freezing and texturization of several food materials was also demonstrated.     

虚拟水理论及其在粮食安全中的应用

中国的水资源短缺直接影响到粮食生产,进而影响粮食安全。运用虚拟水理论,通过虚拟水战略,使缺水的国家和地区以贸易的方式获得本地区所需要的水资源,促进商品生产和服务,进而稳定本地区经济可持续发展。该文着重介绍了农作物和畜牧产品的虚拟水计算方法,并结合中部四省区在农业生产中的实例,指出虚拟水战略作为解决水资源短缺的一种备选方案,通过虚拟水贸易使虚拟水在全球范围进行配置。作为一种调节手段,可增加水资源紧缺地区的水资源供应,从而维护区域或国家的水资源安全和粮食安全。对实现水资源的优化配置和粮食安全生产有着重要的理论和现实意义。     

Analytical procedure for quantifying five compounds suspected as possible contaminants in recycled paper/paperboard for food packaging

Because contaminants in recycled paper intended for food packaging could be a risk to public health, analytical methods are needed to identify and quantify residues of concern in paper/paperboard. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration is considering development of a guidance document for testing levels of contaminants that might be retained through paper recycling processes. An analytical procedure was developed using paper spiked with suspected contaminants at concentrations of 1-50 ppm in the paper. Benzophenone, dimethyl phthalate, anthracene, methyl stearate, and pentachlorophenol were introduced by soaking the paper in a solution in acetone at 25 degrees C for 24 h; the paper was removed and dried by evaporating the solvent with nitrogen. The model contaminant residues were extracted from the paper using ultrasonication and quantified by GC with flame ionization and electron capture detectors. Recoveries from the spiked paper were 80-109% with a repeatability of +/-4%. The method was also used to analyze commercial recycled paperboard to validate its applicability.     

Citronella as an insect repellent in food packaging

Of five commercial plant extracts (citronella, garlic oil, neem extract, pine oil, and pyrethrum), citronella was found to be effective in deterring the infestation of cartons containing muesli and wheat germ by red flour beetles. The chemical components were applied as part of a coating on the carton board. In an experimental set up that accelerates infestation over a 2 week period, citronella-treated cartons (0.2 g/m2 of carton board) reduced beetle infestation to approximately 50% of the level observed in control cartons. Evidence was provided to indicate that an insect repellent effect persists for at least 16 weeks. Additional work on the controlled release of the insect repellent would be required to prolong the effect.     

木质素吸附缓释性质及在肥料中的应用

综述了木质素的吸附缓释性质,介绍了其作为载体基质材料在肥料中的应用开发研究进展情况,为工业木质素的综合利用和解决造纸行业及由于普通肥料流失所带来的环境污染问题提供了一条新的途径。     

基于无线射频识别的食品数字身份证设计及应用

食品质量安全可追溯体系对于保障食品安全具有重大意义.该文首先分析了食品数字身份证的具体需求,提出了通信安全性、系统的可用性、数据真实性、信息隐私性、信息权威性、可追溯性6个要求;然后对非对称加密算法NTRU(number theory research unit)和NTRU Sign数字签名算法进行了介绍,设计了安全认证协议,依据食品数字身份证的安全要求分析了安全性,建立了食品数字身份证.最后用食品数字身份证设计了电子酒类流通随附单,引入了生产商、销售商、消费者、认证中心4个角色,设立了认证注册、生产商信息写入、销售商信息写入和消费者验证4个过程,建立了系统应用原型,并分析了安全性,从根本上提高了电子酒类流通随附单的安全性和可信度.文章建立了食品数字身份证和酒类流通随附单,该工作对建立可靠、安全食品监管体系有十分重要的意义.     

采后苹果电特性与生理特性的关系及其应用

为了了解果蔬的电学特性,并为果蔬品质自动化识别提供新方法,该文从生理特性角度分析了影响采后苹果电参数变化的原因。基于电参数的变化,将BP神经网络技术应用于苹果新鲜等级的识别。研究结果指出：采后红富士苹果相对介电常数的变化规律与乙烯释放量变化规律相似,电阻率与乙烯释放量变化规律相反,在乙烯释放峰出现时,相对介电常数达到最大值,电阻率达到最小值。根据采后苹果可溶性固形物含量和pH值的变化,将苹果分为3个新鲜等级,以相对介电常数和电阻率作为BP神经网络的输入特征参数,在2-20-3的网络结构下,苹果新鲜等级平均识别率达到79%。该研究为了解采后果品电特性变化的原因提供了信息,为基于电特性的新型果品内部品质检测技术的研究提供了基础。     

Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of chitosan-HPMC-based films

To prepare composite films from biopolymers with anti-listerial activity and moisture barrier properties, the antimicrobial efficiency of chitosan-hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) films, chitosan-HPMC films associated with lipid, and chitosan-HPMC films chemically modified by cross-linking were evaluated. In addition, the physicochemical properties of composite films were evaluated to determine their potential for food applications. The incorporation of stearic acid into the composite chitosan-HPMC film formulation decreased water sensitivity such as initial solubility in water and water drop angle. Thus, cross-linking of composite chitosan-HPMC, using citric acid as the cross-linking agent, led to a 40% reduction in solubility in water. The water vapor transfer rate of HPMC film, approximately 270 g x m(-2) x day(-1) x atm(-1), was improved by incorporating chitosan and was further reduced 40% by the addition of stearic acid and/or cross-linking. Anti-listerial activity of films was determined on solid medium by a numeration technique. Chitosan-HPMC-based films, with and without stearic acid, inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes completely. On the other hand, a loss of antimicrobial activity after chemical cross-linking modification was observed. FTIR and 13C NMR analyses were then conducted in order to study a potential chemical modification of biopolymers such as a chemical reaction with the amino group of chitosan. To complete the study, the mechanical properties of composite films were determined from tensile strength assays.     

Immobilization of subtilisin on polycaprolactam for antimicrobial food packaging applications

Subtilisin was immobilized on polycaprolactam and used for food packaging applications to reduce the transference of microorganisms from the packaging material to the packaged food material. The optimized conditions for subtilisin immobilization was as follows: pH, 8; temperature, 4 °C; glutaraldehyde, 0.5%; incubation time, 25 h; and subtilisin concentration, 600 μL. The formation of -CH═N- at 1576 cm(-1) in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum confirmed the immobilization. Subtilisin-immobilized polycaprolactam (SIP) exhibited the highest residual activity of 106.67 ± 4.41% and 104.67 ± 0.88% at 40 °C and pH 8 and retained residual activity of 94% at the end of 56 days when compared to 21.33 ± 4.10% in the case of free subtilisin. SIP significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the colony forming units (CFU), dry weight, and protein and carbohydrate contents in bacterial and fungal biofilm. Practical application of the SIP on ham steaks at 4 and 20 °C showed a 2-3 times reduction of Staphylococcus aureus as well as Escherichia coli cells in the range of p < 0.05.     

Flavor volatiles and physical properties of vacuum-microwave- and air-dried sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.).

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) was dried using conventional hot air or the recently developed vacuum-microwave dryers. The effect of the drying method on the relative abundance of major flavor volatiles, rehydration rate, color, and structural integrity of the plant was evaluated. Dynamic headspace analysis of volatiles present in fresh or dried basil revealed that linalool and methylchavicol (estragole) were the two major headspace volatile compounds of the plant sample. Vacuum-microwave dehydrated basil yielded approximately 2.5 times the linalool and 1.5 times the methylchavicol of the air-dried samples. Furthermore, the vacuum-microwave-treated samples yielded more volatiles than fresh basil, due to chemical reactions during drying. Air-dried samples of basil had darker and fewer green hues than those prepared by vacuum microwave. Vacuum-microwave-dried samples had a higher rehydration rate, whereas the potential of the plant material to rehydrate was hindered in air-dried samples. This is likely attributed to the dramatic and pronounced structural collapse of the air-dried cells as revealed by the scanning electron microscope.     

纳米氧化锌改性LDPE食品包装薄膜中锌粒子的迁移规律

为探究纳米氧化锌改性(low-density polyethylene,LDPE)薄膜中纳米锌粒子的迁移规律,依照欧盟法规(EU)No.10/2011,分别采用蒸馏水、30 g/L乙酸溶液、体积分数10%的乙醇溶液、体积分数95%的乙醇溶液作为中性、酸性、脂肪性和酒精性食品模拟物,研究在不同温度条件下(40、70℃)纳米锌粒子的迁移情况,同时探究微波和紫外处理对迁移结果的影响。研究发现,纳米锌粒子在4种食品模拟物中的迁移量从高到低依次为:酸性食品模拟物、中性食品模拟物、酒精性食品模拟物和脂肪性食品模拟物,并且随温度的升高,纳米锌粒子的迁移量增大。此外,微波处理能促进纳米锌粒子的迁移,而紫外处理则没有促进效果。纳米锌粒子的迁移量范围为0.52~14.17 mg/kg。根据欧盟规定所允许的最大迁移量5 mg/kg,迁移试验表明纳米氧化锌改性LDPE薄膜还需要进一步开展减少纳米粒子迁移的研究工作,以确保其在食品包装中的安全使用。     

Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

The effect of the treatment of chitosan at various concentrations (0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1%) upon sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) before seeding and transplanting was investigated in aspects of the amount of phenolic and terpenic compounds, antioxidant activity, and growth of the basil, as well as the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. The total amount of the phenolic and terpenic compounds increased after the chitosan treatment. Especially, the amounts of rosmarinic acid (RA) and eugenol increased 2.5 times and 2 times, respectively, by 0.1% and 0.5% chitosan treatment. Due to the significant induction of phenolic compounds, especially RA, the corresponding antioxidant activity assayed by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging test increased at least 3.5-fold. Also, the activity of PAL, a key regulatory enzyme for the phenylpropanoid pathway, increased 32 times by 0.5% chitosan solution. Moreover, after the elicitor chitosan treatment, the growth in terms of the weight and height of the sweet basil significantly increased about 17% and 12%, respectively. Our study demonstrates that an elicitor such as chitosan can effectively induce phytochemicals in plants, which might be another alternative and effective means instead of genetic modification.     

Effect of sorbed oil on food aroma loss through packaging materials.

Mass transport of six food aroma components, D-limonene, n-decane, ethyl caproate, phenylethanol, 1-hexanol, and hexanal, through three sealable polymer films suitable for direct food contact, ultra-low-density polyethylene (ULDPE), ionomer (ION), and modified polyester (mPET), was analyzed by permeation experiments. Transport was characterized by the permeability coefficient and its two contributing factors, the diffusion coefficient (related to kinetics) and the solubility coefficient (related to equilibrium). The results show that ULDPE is more permeable to aromas that ION, which is more so than mPET. Differences in diffusivity are mainly responsible for barrier improvement. With aromas, nonpolar compounds permeate faster than polar ones through ULDPE. The effect of sorbed oil on the behavior of these materials as food aroma barriers was investigated. The sorption of oil apparently resulted in polymer swelling, increasing the solubility of aromas into the polymer matrixes. Little or no effect was found on the values of the diffusion coefficient. The permeability coefficient was affected as a consequence of changes in solubility. When aromas were compared, the transport of nonpolar penetrants showed a considerable increase while permeability values for the polar ones were either unaffected or even reduced. This behavior has been discussed in terms of polymer/oil/aroma compatibility.     

农产品光学参数测量的双积分球系统及其应用

为了得到农产品生物组织光学参数,设计了一套双积分球系统实验测量装置。文中描述了其测量原理、系统组成和测量技术,采用650 nm的半导体激光器作为光源,对Intralipid溶液和Evans Blue溶液进行了实际测量,验证了该测量系统的准确性。通过实测,纯牛奶的散射系数为27.719±0.836,吸收系数为0.014±0.001,各向异性因子g=0.846±0.002。通过与其它测量方法对照,相对误差小于5%,该装置能够较准确地获得样品的散射与吸收系数,使之适用于农产品(如果品蔬菜、动物肉、牛奶等)光学参数的测量。     

胍盐聚合物添加量对抗菌食品包装膜抗菌性及物理性能的影响

为了开发出一种安全高效的抗菌食品包装材料,添加不同质量分数(0～7%)的聚六亚甲基双胍盐酸盐(polyhexamethylene biguanidine hydrochloride,PHMB)抗菌母粒到聚乙烯基材中,制成PHMB抗菌膜,比较PHMB母粒添加量对抗菌食品包装薄膜的抗菌性和性能的影响。结果表明,随着PHMB母粒添加量的增大,薄膜抗菌性增强。PHMB母粒添加量为4%时,薄膜对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和杂菌样品的抗菌率分别为99.1%、99.2%和83.4%,且存放6个月后薄膜仍保持较强的抗菌作用;添加PHMB母粒后,薄膜的透光率、水蒸气透过率影响较小;薄膜的力学性能在PHMB母粒添加量为4%时最优;PHMB(4%)抗菌膜对实际试样(鳕鱼干)表现出良好的微生物抑制作用。因此,确定抗菌薄膜中PHMB母粒最佳添加量为4%,薄膜具备强抗菌作用和良好的性能。该研究为抗菌材料的研制提供了参考。